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Nuclear magnetic resonance

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	Magnetic resonance imaging - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Magnetic resonance imaging was developed from knowledge gained in the study of nuclear magnetic resonance.
		When the object to be imaged is placed in a powerful, uniform magnetic field, the spins of the atomic nuclei with non-zero spin numbers within the tissue all align in one of two opposite directions: parallel to the magnetic field or antiparallel.
		Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), also known as MRSI (MRS Imaging) and Volume Selective NMR Spectroscopy, is a technique which combines the spatially-addressable nature of MRI with the spectroscopically-rich information obtainable from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging (2923 words)

	Nuclear magnetic resonance - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a physical phenomenon based upon the magnetic property of an atom's nucleus.
		NMR studies a magnetic nucleus, like that of a hydrogen atom, by aligning it with an external magnetic field and perturbing this alignment using an electromagnetic field.
		The resultant magnetic momenta, space quantised from the angular momentum axis, no longer have the same energy since one state has a z-component aligned with an external field and are lower in energy (positive I values) and the other opposes the external field and is higher in energy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance (3839 words)

	AllRefer.com - magnetic resonance (Physics) - Encyclopedia
		magnetic resonance, in physics and chemistry, phenomenon produced by simultaneously applying a steady magnetic field and electromagnetic radiation (usually radio waves) to a sample of atoms and then adjusting the frequency of the radiation and the strength of the magnetic field to produce absorption of the radiation.
		In cyclotron resonance the magnetic field is adjusted so that the frequency of revolution of a charged particle around the field lines is exactly equal to the frequency of the radiation.
		Magnetic resonance can also occur without an external magnetic field from interactions of the electron and nuclear spins; such resonance produces the fine and hyperfine structure of atomic spectra.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/M/magnet-r.html (480 words)

	Encyclopedia: Magnetic resonance imaging
		Paramagnetism is the tendency of the atomic magnetic dipoles, due to quantum-mechanical spin, in a material that is otherwise non-magnetic to align with an external magnetic field.
		Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (or fMRI) describes the use of MRI to measure hemodynamic signals related to neural activity in the brain or spinal cord of humans or other animals.
		Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (or fMRI) describes the use of MRI to measure the hemodynamic response related to neural activity in the brain or spinal cord of humans or other animals.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Magnetic-resonance-imaging (4416 words)

	Magnetic Resonance Imaging
		Magnetic resonance imaging is also the optimal examination to detect primary and metastatic neoplasms in the spinal column, spinal cord, or paravertebral soft tissues.
		Magnetic resonance imaging, as cited previously, may reveal infections or tumors that are not detected from radionuclide scans, and MRI evaluates soft tissues in ways that scans do not.
		Magnetic resonance imaging, therefore, leaves considerable importance to such information as may be gained from other tests and, most especially, to the judgment of the treating physician.
	www.simmonsortho.com /literature/Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging/magnetic_resonance_imaging.html (3346 words)

	Neuroguide.com - Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
		In magnetic resonance studies, an object is put in a strong, externally-imposed magnetic field ("main magnetic field"); the spin-axes of all the nuclei in the object line up with the field, with the north poles of the nuclei pointing in the "southward" direction of the field.
		This creates an average vector of magnetization of the object that points parallel to the magnetic field (the main magnetic field is conventionally referred to as pointing along the z-axis) (Horowitz, 1995).
		The amount by which the magnetization vector tilts away from the z-axis is controlled by the intensity and duration of the RF pulse; for example, if a 5 msec pulse at a certain intensity caused it to deviate 90 degrees from the z-axis, then a 10 msec pulse would cause a 180 degree deviation.
	www.neuroguide.com /gregg.html (1871 words)

	IBM Research \| Almaden Research Center \| Science and Technology \| Nanoscale Science \| Atomic Scale Microscopy and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM) is a new microscopic imaging technique that combines aspects of atomic force microscopy (AFM) with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
		The magnetic tip is attached to a sensitive micromechanical cantilever that will bend in response to small forces, including the magnetic forces due to the magnetic nuclei in the sample.
		By applying a suitably modulated radiofrequency (rf) magnetic field using a small coil, the magnetic moment of the nucleus within the resonant slice can be flipped up, down, up, down, etc., thus generating an alternating force on the tip that causes the cantilever to vibrate slightly.
	www.almaden.ibm.com /st/nanoscale_science/asms/mrfm (843 words)

	Press Release: The 2003 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
		Atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field rotate with a frequency that is dependent on the strength of the magnetic field.
		The resonance phenomenon is governed by a simple relation between the strength of the magnetic field and the frequency of the radio waves.
		However, patients with magnetic metal in the body or a pacemaker cannot be examined with MRI due to the strong magnetic field, and patients with claustrophobia may have difficulties undergoing MRI.
	nobelprize.org /medicine/laureates/2003/press.html (1606 words)

	Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
		When the nuclear magnetic moment associated with a nuclear spin is placed in an external magnetic field, the different spin states are given different magnetic potential energies.
		Note that the electron spin magnetic moment is opposite to the electron spin while the proton spin magnetic moment is in the direction of the proton spin.
		The Larmor frequency of the electron spin is in the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum and is used in electron spin resonance.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/nuclear/nmr.html (523 words)

	New Page 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an imaging method used primarily in the medical profession.
		Once called Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) or, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging (NMRI),the term “Nuclear” was eliminated around 1979 because of the general public’s tendency to associate the term “nuclear” with radioactivity.
		It is based on the principles of nuclear magnetic resonance, which is a spectroscopic (a spectroscope measures and studies the series of colored bands dispersed by the passage of white light through a prism or other dispersing device) technique used by scientists to obtain microscopic chemical and physical information about molecules.
	www.sinc.sunysb.edu /Class/cei511/mri.htm (648 words)

	Magnetic resonance imaging definition - Cancer information on MedicineNet.com
		Magnetic resonance imaging: A special radiology technique designed to image internal structures of the body using magnetism, radio waves, and a computer to produce the images of body structures.
		The magnet creates a strong magnetic field that aligns the protons of hydrogen atoms, which are then exposed to a beam of radio waves.
		Magnetic resonance occurs in magnetic fields between atomic nuclei and electromagnetic waves of radio frequencies.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11609 (779 words)

	Introduction to MRI Physics, Page 1
		Magnetic Resonance Imaging has at its root the chemical technique known as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.
		The faster it moves or the larger the charge, the larger the magnetic field it produces.
		Spinning protons are little magnets which are frequently referred to as just spins.
	www.simplyphysics.com /page2_1.html (228 words)

	Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		The gas phase resonance in each spectrum was set to 0 ppm and arised primarily from ^129Xe in the lungs in (A) and presumably from ^129Xe in the intubation tubing in (B).
		The blood/tissue resonance are observed in the whole body spectrum (A) at 197 and 211 ppm relative to the gas resonance.
		A single blood/tissue resonance is observed in the head spectrum (B) at 195 ppm relative to the gas resonance.
	www.umich.edu /~amophys/mri2.html (585 words)

	Synthetic Models
		Micromechanical sensing of magnetic force was used to detect nuclear magnetic resonance with exceptional sensitivity and spatial resolution.
		The results suggest that magnetic force sensing is a viable approach for enhancing the sensitivity and spatial resolution of nuclear magnetic resonance microimaging.
		The envisioned "magnetic resonance force microscope" would have elemental identification capability and be able to determine nuclear positions with subangstrom spatial resolution in three dimensions.
	www.almaden.ibm.com /vis/models/models.html (366 words)

	Magnetic Resonance Angiogram (MRA)
		Although the strong magnetic field used for a magnetic resonance angiogram (MRA) does not appear to be harmful, MRA usually is not done during pregnancy.
		Open magnetic resonance image(MRI) machines are now made so that the magnet does not completely surround the person being tested; however, these machines may not be available in all medical centers.
		It is recommended that an MRA be delayed 6 weeks after the placement of a stent in the coronary arteries of the heart to reduce the risk of movement of the stent by the magnet used in the MRA.
	my.webmd.com /hw/heart_disease/aa155441.asp (1781 words)

	Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Magnetic Resonance Imaging does not use X-Rays (nor any other type of "ionizing" radiation).
		Instead, it is a technique that combines a large magnetic field and some radio frequency antennas ("coils").
		First, the magnetic field causes the protons in the atoms of water within the patient to all "line-up".
	rad.usuhs.mil /rad/home/mri.html (145 words)

	NMR Spectroscopy
		Over the past fifty years nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, commonly referred to as nmr, has become the preeminent technique for determining the structure of organic compounds.
		The magnetic moment of the lower energy +1/2 state is alligned with the external field, but that of the higher energy -1/2 spin state is opposed to the external field.
		The magnitude or intensity of nmr resonance signals is displayed along the vertical axis of a spectrum, and is proportional to the molar concentration of the sample.
	www.cem.msu.edu /~reusch/VirtualText/Spectrpy/nmr/nmr1.htm (5986 words)

	Electron Magnetic Resonance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		EMR is a generic name for a branch of magnetic resonance spectroscopy involving 'free' or unpaired electrons.
		The measurements owe their origin to the magnetic properties of the electron which, since it has a magnetic moment (associated with the electron spin), will interact with an external magnetic field.
		Resonance techniques are generally used to measure this intriguing phenomenon, with the measurements finding uses in science topics as diverse as anthropology, the brewing industry, metalloenzyme biochemistry and the study of the electronic properties of molecules and atoms, Like its' cousin, nuclear magnetic resonance, EMR is also developing as an imaging technique such as MRI.
	www.chm.bris.ac.uk /emr (274 words)

	Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) - Texas Heart Institute Heart Information Cente
		Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a scan that lets doctors see inside your body without having to perform surgery.
		The magnetic field surrounding your body reacts with the magnetic elements within your body to transmit a faint radio signal.
		When doctors use an MRI machine to study the blood vessels leading to the brain, kidneys, and legs, it is called magnetic resonance angiography (MRA).
	www.tmc.edu /thi/dimri.html (703 words)

	Dowsing with Magnetic Resonance
		Magnetic resonance imaging can detect underground water, a claim also made by users of these dowsing pendulums.
		A distant cousin to medical MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), the instrument uses magnetic fields to map the density and depth of subsurface water.
		According to NMR theory, if a collection of nuclei is placed in a static magnetic field, and a second oscillatory field is applied, the nuclei will respond by generating their own oscillating magnetic field, which can be detected with a suitable wire loop.
	focus.aps.org /story/v3/st27 (615 words)

	Materials by Design: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Doctors perform Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) on a patient in order to examine soft tissues such as cartilage, membranes, and brain tissues without the need for exploratory surgery.
		Electromagnets made with superconductors surround the chamber to produce a large magnetic field in order to cause hydrogen nuclei in the patient's body tissue to line up in the direction of the magnetic field.
		By varying magnetic field strengths along the patient in all three dimensions, radio waves of different frequencies will be emitted by the resonating hydrogen nuclei in different areas of body tissue.
	www.mse.cornell.edu /courses/engri111/mri.htm (280 words)

	NMR Spectroscopy - Theory
		When the nucleus is in a magnetic field, the initial populations of the energy levels are determined by thermodynamics, as described by the Boltzmann distribution.
		The magnetic field at the nucleus is not equal to the applied magnetic field; electrons around the nucleus shield it from the applied field.
		The difference between the applied magnetic field and the field at the nucleus is termed the nuclear shielding.
	www.shu.ac.uk /schools/sci/chem/tutorials/molspec/nmr1.htm (1675 words)

	NMR Spectroscopy Tutorial (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		When a spinning nucleus is placed in a magnetic field, the nuclear magnet experiences a torque which tends to align it with the external field.
		When this spin transition occurs, the nuclei are said to be in resonance with the applied radiation, hence the name nuclear magnetic resonance.
		The amount of electromagnetic radiation necessary for resonance depends on both the strength of the external magnetic field and on the characteristics of the nucleus being examined.
	chipo.chem.uic.edu /web1/ocol/spec/NMR1.htm (328 words)

	MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: MRI
		MRI is a non-invasive procedure that uses powerful magnets and radio waves to construct pictures of the body.
		Because the strong magnetic fields can displace or disrupt the action of implanted metallic objects, people with cardiac pacemakers cannot be scanned and should not enter the MRI area.
		An MRA, or magnetic resonance angiogram, is a special type of MR that creates three-dimensional reconstructions of vessels containing flowing blood and is often utilized when conventional angiography cannot be performed due to renal failure or other contraindications.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/ency/article/003335.htm (1195 words)

	Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		In 1952 the Nobel Prize in physics was awarded to Felix Bloch and Edward Purcell for their discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance.
		Magnetic resonance imaging (MRl) uses a strong magnetic field, radio waves, and computers to look inside the patient's body.
		The unit of measure for a magnetic field is called the "Gauss." In this way, Karl Friedrich Gauss lends his name to magnetic resonance imaging.
	www.xray.hmc.psu.edu /rci/ss4/ss4_19.html (385 words)

	EMRFonline - Headlines; MR news and information, continuing education,
		Since 1988, these conferences focus upon the latest advancements in contrast agent research and application, aimed at magnetic resonance imaging and intermodality approaches, including any technology that has significant advances in targeted in vivo diagnostics, for example nuclear, optical and ultrasound imaging.
		To honor those scientists who have made a major contribution to magnetic resonance in medicine on a European scale, the European Magnetic Resonance Forum confers the European Magnetic Resonance Award to two European researchers.
		European Magnetic Resonance Award The award is a crystal owl, representing Athena, the goddess of crafts and skilled peacetime pursuits.
	www.emrf.org (750 words)

	Magnetic Resonance Periodic Table (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		This periodic table is customized to be of most utility to users and researchers of magnetic resonance.
		Magnetic Susceptibiltiy of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds,E-119 - E-124.
		The Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Laboratory and the University of Illinois provide this service to the magnetic resonance community at large to foster scientific communication and progress.
	bic.beckman.uiuc.edu /mritab1 (164 words)

	Magnetic Resonance - RadiologyChannel.net
		The world of medical imaging was still becoming accustomed to CT and ultrasound when the word got out that there was going to be a new way of imaging by using magnets and magnetic fields.
		Basically, the patient is placed in a tube where various magnetic fields are applied to the body.
		The way the body responds to those fields and how it relaxes when the magnetic field is removed is noted and sent to a computer along with information about where the interactions occurred.
	radiologychannel.net /magneticresonance (891 words)

	2005 GRC on Magnetic Resonance
		You are invited to participate in the forthcoming Gordon Research Conference on MAGNETIC RESONANCE.
		MAGNETIC RESONANCE (MR) is a far reaching concept which is based on the spin quantum number of elementary particles like electrons and nuclei.
		Transitions between their quantum states can be induced by the application of magnetic fields at radio- and microwave-frequencies leading either to a wealth of spectral lines or in the time domain to complex quantum evolutions which can be controlled almost at will in order to serve specific purposes.
	www.grc.uri.edu /programs/2005/magres.htm (593 words)

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