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	Magnetic sail - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Magnetic sails are an attractive propulsion technology because calculations show that superconducting magnetic sails could have a better thrust-to-mass ratio than solar sails.
		When the magnetic sail's field is oriented in the opposite direction as the magnetosphere it experiences a force inward and toward the nearest pole, and when it is oriented in the same direction as the magnetosphere it experiences the opposite effect.
		Magnetic sails could also be used with beam-powered propulsion, by using a high-power particle accelerator to fire a beam of charged particles at the spacecraft.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Magnetic_sail (1333 words)

	Magnetic sail -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Magnetic sails are an attractive propulsion technology because calculations show that superconducting magnetic sails could have a better thrust-to-mass ratio than (Click link for more info and facts about solar sail) solar sails.
		A magnetic sail can also thrust directly against planetary and solar (The magnetic field of a planet; the volume around the planet in which charged particles are subject more to the planet's magnetic field than to the solar magnetic field) magnetospheres.
		Magnetic sails could also be used with (Click link for more info and facts about beam-powered propulsion) beam-powered propulsion, by using a high-power (A scientific instrument that increases the kinetic energy of charged particles) particle accelerator to fire a beam of charged particles at the spacecraft.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/m/ma/magnetic_sail.htm (1359 words)

	Magnetic sail (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Magnetic sailsare an attractive propulsion technology because calculations show that superconducting magnetic sails could have a betterthrust-to-mass ratio than solar sails.
		In theory, it is possible for a magnetic sail to launch directly from the surface of a planet near one of its magnetic poles,repelling itself from the planet's magnetic field.
		Magnetic sails could also be used with beam-poweredpropulsion, by using a high-power particle accelerator to fire a beam of charged particles at the spacecraft.
	www.therfcc.org /RFCC/magnetic-sail-69522.html (1093 words)

	Mini-magnetospheric plasma propulsion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Magnetic sails' efficiencies fall off as the square of their distance from the sun.
		The solar and magnetic sails have a thrust that falls off as the square of the distance from the sun.
		A tank of gas is required to replace the ions of the cloud that leak from the magnetic field.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mini-magnetospheric_plasma_propulsion (705 words)

	Encyclopedia: Magnetic-sail (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In physics, a magnetic field is an entity produced by moving electric charges (electric currents) that exerts a force on other moving charges.
		Diagram of a magnetic sail in a plasma wind.
		Diagram of a magnetic sail in a magnetic field.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Magnetic_sail (1998 words)

	Articles: Sailing the Photon Sea: Spaceflight with Solar and Magnetic Sails, by Paul Lucas
		However, solar sails never run out of sunlight to use, so while their accelerations and decelerations are extremely slight (about 1/7000th of a G for the most common designs), this will mount over the weeks, months or even years a solar sail might be en route.
		Payloads are usually envisioned as being embedded in the center of a sail or its rigging, or towed behind the sail by kilometers of super-strong wire.
		As the magnetic sail is approaching a pole, it orients its magnetic field to attract the pole, thus accelerating itself.
	www.strangehorizons.com /2004/20040315/sails.shtml (3379 words)

	Magnetic sail (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A magnetic sail would be stored coiled up on board a spacecraft when not in use.
		Some people believe that a magnetic sail cannot exceed the speed of the plasma pushing it, but this is false.
		A related concept is mini-magnetospheric plasma propulsion, which uses a cloud of plasma to form its magnetic sail instead of a loop of cable.
	www.ukpedia.com /m/magnetic-sail.html (1122 words)

	Magnetic sail (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A magnetic sail or magail is a proposed method of spacecraft propulsion.
		It is important to note that a magnetic sail oriented in the same direction as the magnetosphere isn't stable, and will have to prevent itself from being flipped over to the opposite orientation by some other means.
		In interstellar spaceflight outside the heliopause of a star, a magenetic sail could act as a parachute, to decelerate a spacecraft.
	www.termsdefined.net /ma/magnetic-sail.html (1204 words)

	Interstellar Sailing Ships (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Where L=3.9x10^26 Watts and is the solar luminosity, A is the total area of the sail, r is the reflectance of the sail, R is the distance of the sail from the Sun, c is the speed of light and m is the mass of the sail.
		For orbital calculations involving the sail it must be borne in mind that the equations of motion of the lightsail are complicated due to the fact that it undergoes continuous acceleration.
		A second class of sail is the heliogyro, which operates using the same principle as do helicopter blades, the blades of the heliogyro stay rigid and in the same plane due to rapid rotation.
	www.scientium.com /diagon_alley/commentary/bowden_essays/startrip/starship/sails.htm (4126 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Tether propulsion
		When the tether cuts the planet's magnetic field, it generates a current, and thereby reduces the energy of the spacecraft.
		When direct current is pumped through the tether, it exerts a force against the magnetic field, and the tether accelerates the spacecraft.
		In a planetary magnetic field, a rotovator can be an electrodynamic tether, and its angular momentum can be charged electrically from solar or nuclear power, by running current through a wire that goes the length of the tether.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Space_tether (1910 words)

	Sailing the Proton Wind
		Magnetic sails are related to the more familiar lightsails in that they both utilize ambient energy for propulsion.
		The concepts of sailing a boat on a lake and riding a rocket to Mars are rarely associated.
		While it is doubtful that magnetic sails could serve to accellerate a rocket ship at a high enough rate to make interstellar travel feasible, they could function nicely as a decellerating factor for interstellar vehicles.
	casa.colorado.edu /~danforth/science/magsail/magsail.html (2493 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Like the sails on terrestrial boats, a large barrier is put in the way of some momentum-carrying flow (wind in the case of yachts, photons in the case of solar sails).
		As the flow strikes the sail, it provides thrust which, by tilting the plane of the sail, can be used for all sorts of sophisticated maneuvers.
		The 1/r^2 problem remains as in solar sails, but any passengers or cargo on a magnetic windjammer would be totally protected from dangerous solar storms and sleets of high- energy charged particles.
	casa.colorado.edu /~danforth/science/magsail/proposal.html (538 words)

	Stellar Windjammers: The Magnetic Sail Space Drive
		A sufficiently strong magnetic field must be generated to form the requisite magnetospheric boundary, but an unnecessarily strong field is inefficient.
		The magnetic axis is tilted 47° from the rotational axis and is offset by over half of Neptune's radius.
		No sail can travel downwind faster than the wind that is blowing it, and a sail's acceleration falls off as its velocity increases relative to wind speed.
	www.sjgames.com /gurps/Roleplayer/Roleplayer29/MagSails.html (2227 words)

	M2P2 Analysis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Alternatively, the magnetic flux threading the interior of the loop is compressed relative to the flux outside the loop and exerts a magnetic pressure.
		Since the external dipole magnet field is northwards, there must be a null boundary, a separatrix between the fields of the RC and the fields of the central magnet.
		Unfortunately, the expression for the magnetic field or vector potential of a RC given in Jackson, is either in terms of elliptic integrals, spherical harmonics or Bessel functions.
	bex.nsstc.uah.edu /RbS/HTML/M2P2/response.html (5194 words)

	Yorkshire CND - New Space Sail Concept Rides Stream of Laser Driven Bomblets - 11/2/01
		Laser-launched at rates of one sail every few seconds for a period of years, a "beam" of millions of sails is used to push an interstellar vehicle onward and outward.
		The sails transfer their momentum to the larger spacecraft as they are ionized by a vehicle-mounted laser, with the resulting plasma striking a magnetic field a MagSail -- that is emitted by the star-bound craft.
		The little sails go from a standing start in space up to a tenth of the speed of light in three and a half seconds.
	www.yorkshirecnd.org.uk /yspace/articles/spacesail.htm (926 words)

	Magnetic Beams Could Power Swifter Spacecraft
		Firing a magnetised plasma beam of charged particles - or ions - at a spacecraft equipped with a magnetic sail could propel the craft forward at record speeds, according to Robert Winglee of the University of Washington in Seattle, US.
		Harnessing the magnetic force of repulsion between the sail and the beam would give the spacecraft its immense thrust.
		This system involves inflating a plasma bubble or sail, which would repel the solar windís magnetic field and move forwards.
	www.rense.com /general58/meg.htm (582 words)

	Magnetosphere Article, Magnetosphere Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Earth is surrounded by amagnetosphere, as are the magnetized planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.
		One distinguishes the inner radiationbelt, a by-product of cosmic radiation discovered in 1958 by James Van Allen using the Explorer 1 and 3 satellites, and the ringcurrent, a large belt of lower energy particles deposited mainly by magnetic storms, source of a widespread magnetic field of itsown.
		The trapped plasma interacts with the low-density conductive plasma of the ionosphere, the upper layer of the atmosphere.
	www.anoca.org /earth/field/magnetosphere.html (560 words)

	SPACE.com -- Solar Windsurfing: The Fastest-Ever Propulsion
		The Earth has a magnetosphere, produced by the terrestrial magnetic field and plasma from the ionization of the upper layers of the atmosphere.
		Plasma or ionized gas is trapped on the magnetic field lines generated onboard, and this plasma inflates the magnetic field much like hot air in a balloon.
		The magnetic "balloon" eventually can inflate around a spacecraft to create magnetic field lines reaching as far as 25 miles (40 kilometers) across.
	www.space.com /businesstechnology/technology/m2p2_winglee_010621.html (977 words)

	Magnetic Bubbles In Space: A New Propulsion Concept? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The basic ingredients of a plasma sail are a magnetic solenoid and a plasma machine aboard a spacecraft.
		This concept of a plasma sail is still in the initial stages of development, according to Singh.
		UAH researchers are developing a computer model to study the basic physics of blowing the magnetic bubble as well as how the force acting on the spacecraft to the interaction of the solar wind with the blown magnetic bubble.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/rocketscience-04a.html (662 words)

	Sailing through space on a plasma beam \| csmonitor.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The sails billow under pressure from the solar "wind" - electrically charged particles from the sun - or from intense man-made plasma beams, which special satellites would aim at the sails.
		Winglee's group has taken the idea of a magnetic sail a step further with a craft that generates its own plasma.
		As the beam nears the craft, its magnetic field couples with the field the craft itself generates, ensuring that the beam will remain "locked" on the craft for as long as necessary to build the needed velocity.
	www.csmonitor.com /2004/1202/p15s01-stss.html (1208 words)

	Subject DDB (Detail) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Magnetic plasma sail is the engine that gains propellant by generating artificial magnetic sail around the probe vehicle and by interaction with solar wind.
		There has been an idea since before to form magnetic field around probe vehicle by a large super-conducting magnet of the size of about 100km diameter but the scale is difficult to realize.
		Recently the concept to form wide magnetosphere around the probe vehicle by extending the magnetic field by plasma injection was proposed by the group of University of Washington and basic research has been started.
	read.jst.go.jp /ddbs/plsql/KDI_EG_49?code=0450021714 (218 words)

	uwnews.org - News and Information from the University of Washington
		In this artist’s conception, a plasma station (lower left) applies a magnetized beam of ionized plasma to a spacecraft bound for Jupiter.
		A new means of propelling spacecraft being developed at the University of Washington could dramatically cut the time needed for astronauts to travel to and from Mars and could make humans a permanent fixture in space.
		Under the mag-beam concept, a space-based station would generate a stream of magnetized ions that would interact with a magnetic sail on a spacecraft and propel it through the solar system at high speeds that increase with the size of the plasma beam.
	www.washington.edu /newsroom/mars.htm (852 words)

	Magnetic sail (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
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		Since the magnetic sail would operate at low field strengths, typically around 0.00001 Tesla (approximately 1/3 Earth's magnetic field strength at its equator), the cable can be weak.
		Mini-magnetospheric plasma propulsion -- uses a cloud of plasma to form its magnetic sail instead of a loop of cable.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/magnetic_sail (1262 words)

	Alternate View Column AV-56
		It is the idea of Robert M. Zubrin of the Martin Marietta Corp., author of the fascinating recent Analog science-fact article "The Magnetic Sail", which the cover described as " a liberating new concept in space travel".
		This highly enriched fuel would be burned in a high efficiency engine to produce an exhaust velocity of 4,700,000 m/s, permitting the spacecraft to achieve a velocity that is 3.63 % of the velocity of light.
		He proposes to use most of the fuel for acceleration and to use a magnetic sail (see Analog, May-'92) for deceleration by creating drag against the interstellar medium.
	www.npl.washington.edu /AV/altvw56.html (1700 words)

	Strong Neodymium Rare Earth Magnets from K&J Magnetics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		We also carry a wide selection of neodymium "Mounting Magnets." These are strong neodymium magnets in a nickel plated steel casing that allows the magnets to be easily fastened to your project or structure using screws, bolts and/or nuts.
		One style of Mounting Magnet comes with a hook attached, which can be incredibly handy on your fridge, in your garage or shop, or in your locker.
		All of our surplus magnets are brand new and in perfect condition, but are available at a lower-than-new cost to you.
	www.kjmagnetics.com (803 words)

	Chicago Boyz: Comment on Magnetic Sail Plasma Beam Propulsion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The beam stuff is all new, but the team has been working on magnetic sails (using research related to the fields designed for fusion reactors) as propulsion for some time.
		Let's just state the most obvious: these orbiting magnetic thrusters, capable of propelling a ship all the way to mars, are essentially highly accurate multi-megawatt plasma cannons.
		Could also be used for missile defense, I suppose, or anything else where a focused, high-intensity magnetic field would be useful (anti-satellite warfare?).
	www.chicagoboyz.net /mt/mt-comments.cgi?entry_id=2502 (354 words)

	FuturePundit: 90 Day Mars Trip With Magnetic Sail Plasma Beam Propulsion?
		A space station beam generator would shoot ions at the spacecraft and the spacecraft would use a magnetic sail to capture the momentum of the particles blowing at it from what would essentially be an ion wind blown at the spacecraft.
		The idea of "leaving your engine behind" has been around for a while; one of the less-publicized ideas is the microwave sail (gets thrust from a beam of microwaves instead of light).
		The other is to make little circles or spheres of iron wire mesh and launch them electrostatically; if you had a strong enough magnetic field at your spacecraft the rapidly-moving conductive particle would hit the plasma in the "artificial magnetosphere", take a large current from the VxB and vaporize in the resulting electric arc.
	www.futurepundit.com /archives/002406.html (4421 words)

	Magnetosphere (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Earth's magnetic field originates in its liquidcore, where electric currents are excited by fluid flows (by a so-called dynamo process).
		Some scientists believe that without a magnetosphere, Earth would have lost the majority of its water and atmosphere, andresemble Mars or Mercury.
		However, Venus retains a dense atmosphere even though it lacks any magnetic field.
	www.therfcc.org /magnetosphere-10117.html (481 words)

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