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Topic: Magnetic storage

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	The Basics of Magnetic Recording
		Magnetic storage media are permanently magnetized in a direction (North or South) determined by the writing field.
		When a magnetic storage medium (a spinning computer disk, for example) is put in close proximity with the writing head, the "hard" magnetic material on the disk surface is permanently magnetized (written) with a polarity that matches the writing field.
		Magnetic storage devices such as disk drives are commonly ranked according to their ability to store significant quantities of computer data in a very small region.
	www.infomrt.com /readrite/magbasic.html (1721 words)

	Magnetic storage Summary
		Magnetic recording is the technique of storing electric signals as a magnetic pattern on a moving magnetic surface.
		The invention of magnetic recording tape is variously attributed to J. O'Neill (b.1909), who is said to have created a paper version in 1927 in the United States, and the German engineer Fritz Pfleumer, who in 1928 developed a tape made by bonding a thin coating of oxide to strips of either paper or film.
		Magnetic storage is a term from engineering referring to the storage of data on a magnetised medium.
	www.bookrags.com /Magnetic_storage (1187 words)

	Magnetic Tape Storage and Handling--Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Magnetic particles: The magnetic particles incorporated in the binder to form the magnetic layer on a magnetic tape.
		Magnetic remanence: The strength of the magnetic field that remains in a tape or magnetic particle after it is (1) exposed to a strong, external magnetic field and (2) the external field is removed.
		Magnetic remanence, Mr, and magnetic retentivity, Br, both refer to the ability of the tape to retain a magnetic field; however the latter is expressed in units of magnetic flux density.
	www.clir.org /pubs/reports/pub54/glossary.html (2550 words)

	Magnetism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Normally, magnetic fields are seen as dipoles, having a "South pole" and a "North pole"; terms dating back to the use of magnets as compasses, interacting with the Earth's magnetic field to indicate North and South on the globe.
		The magnetic force is actually due to the finite speed of a disturbance of the electric field, the speed of light, which gives rise to forces that appear to be acting along a line at right angles to the charges.
		Alnico magnets are made by casting or sintering a combination of aluminium, nickel and cobalt with iron and small amounts of other elements added to enhance the properties of the magnet.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Magnetic (2341 words)

	Hard disk drive design and technology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The storage capacity of this system was 5 MB with the data rate of 12.5 kB/s, and the system was rented to the end user for $130 a month.
		This current interaction with the media results in magnetization of the media, which direction depends on the current direction in the coil.
		This requires magnetic heads to fly as close to the disk surface as possible, which forces modern heads to fly at a few nanometers only (compare this to 20,000 nanometers back in 1957!).
	www.usbyte.com /common/HDD.htm (480 words)

	Magnetic Recording Measurements 2001
		Magnetic imaging techniques and measurements are developed for the authentication of recorded information and the recovery of data from samples of damaged magnetic recording media.
		Magnetic data storage products include analog audio and video products in various formats (standard and micro-cassettes, audio tapes, VHS), digital-media removable data storage (digital audio tapes, floppy disks, read/write compact disks), and non-removable data storage such as hard disk drives and airline flight data recorders.
		These sensors are used to map the microscopic magnetic fields across samples, thereby allowing investigators to reconstruct the original signal and gain insight into the recording process and history.
	www.boulder.nist.gov /div818/81803/2001/MagneticRecordingMeasurements (1661 words)

	The “Millipede”—More than one thousand tips for future AFM data storage
		Within a few years, however, magnetic storage technology will arrive at a stage of its exciting and successful evolution at which fundamental changes are likely to occur when current storage technology hits the well-known superparamagnetic limit.
		The consequence for storage is that any new technique with better areal storage density than today's magnetic recording [1] should have long-term potential for further scaling, desirably down to the nanometer or even atomic scale.
		Conventional magnetic storage, however, operates at best on the nanosecond time scale, making it clear that AFM data rates have to be improved by at least three orders of magnitude to be competitive with current and future magnetic recording.
	www.research.ibm.com /journal/rd/443/vettiger.html (6501 words)

	Magnetic Recording - an introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The remanent magnetization is the permanent magnetization that remains after the external field is removed.
		It is important that the magnetic media chosen has a small enough spatial resolution to be able to support the desired frequency range at the given velocity.
		In deposited magnetic films, the magnetization is typically created by metal crystals formed during the deposition process.
	www.ee.washington.edu /conselec/CE/kuhn/magtape/95x1.htm (3930 words)

	Webopedia: Removable Storage Reference
		On magnetic disks the data is encoded as microscopic magnetized needles on the disk's surface.
		One area of concern for those who choose magnetic removable storage is that the drives are made up of many mechanical parts and you risk a chance of having the device malfunction.
		While tapes are a very portable removable storage solution, the disadvantage of tape drives is that they are sequential-access devices, which means that to read any particular block of data, you need to read all the preceding blocks.
	www.webopedia.com /quick_ref/removable_storage.asp (1955 words)

	Secondary Storage Information
		Magnetic storage types are the most commonly used storage media and were first introduced in the second computer generation.
		There are several main types of magnetic storage including magnetic tape, magnetic diskette, and magnetic hard disk.
		Magnetic tape storage was the main storage medium in the 1950s and 1960s.
	www.mtsu.edu /~csjudy/vrml/hddinfo.html (704 words)

	Magnetic Storage
		The first floppy disks were single-headed with a storage capacity of 322 KB with a hard plastic jacket.
		Magnetic tape consists of a long strip of polyester film coated with a magnetizable recording material.
		Magnetic tape is the most widely utilized media for off-line data storage and backup protection.
	www.arches.uga.edu /~bromil/magneticstorage.html (704 words)

	Magnetic storage - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Magnetic storage uses different patterns of magnetization on a magnetically coated surface to store data and is non-volatile memory.
		As of 2006, magnetic storage media, primarily hard disks and tape cartridges, are widely used to store computer data as well as audio and video signals.
		Magnetic storage is also widely used in some specific applications, such as bank checks (MICR) and payment cards (Mag stripes).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Magnetic_storage (475 words)

	Class Definition for Class 360 - DYNAMIC MAGNETIC INFORMA- TION STORAGE OR RETRIEVAL
		A magnetic record carrier within the meaning of this class is an element which consists of a magnetizable material or is comprised of a coating or impregnation of magnetizable material which is intended for the storage of more than a single bit of information.
		Accordingly Class 242 provides for inventions in winding and unwinding of magnetic tape, film, or wire where an element such as a transducer head or similar recording structure is named as a part of the winding or unwinding path.
		Characteristics of magnetic recording or reproducing which are dictated by physical law and are not attributable to peculiarities of the record carrier are not included in this subclass.
	www.uspto.gov /go/classification/uspc360/defs360.htm (3809 words)

	The future of magnetic data storage technology
		Hard disk storage is by far the most important member of the storage hierarchy in modern computers, as evidenced by the fraction of system cost devoted to that function.
		Basic scaling for magnetic recording is the same as the scaling of any three-dimensional magnetic field solution: If the magnetic properties of the materials are constant, the field configuration and magnitudes remain unchanged even if all dimensions are scaled by the factor s, so long as any electrical currents are also scaled by s.
		If the direction of the magnetization is disturbed, it vibrates at a resonant frequency of a few tens of gigahertz, but settles back to one of the energy minima as the oscillation dies out.
	www.research.ibm.com /journal/rd/443/thompson.html (4646 words)

	Magnetic Storage Technologies
		Magnetic storage is a storage medium commonly used for large volumes of data (e.g., video, image, or remote sensing data).
		Magnetic media is made up of a thin layer that can record a magnetic signal supported by a thicker film backing.
		The first magnetic hard drive for data storage became part of a new machine, the RAMAC (Randon access Method of Accounting and Control).
	www.essdatarecovery.com /magtech.asp (375 words)

	SPM (AFM, MFM) in Data Storage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Using cantilever with magnetic coating we acquire a powerful technique known as Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM) for the characterization of bit structure of both hard disk and read/write head [1101, 1102, 1144, 1158, 1159, 1179].
		Magnetic force microscopy has become a powerful tool for mapping stray fields very close to the surfaces of magnetic materials since it features high lateral resolution.
		MFM successfully employed for characterization of various magnetic carriers such as tapes [1133, 1189], longitudal [1166, 1179, 1188] and promising perpendicular recording media [1154, 1155, 1157, 1158, 1160, 1164, 1182] as well as GMR (GMI) and magnetoresistive materials for data readout [1100, 1109, 1127].
	www.spmtips.com /bibliography/data_storage (2659 words)

	Magnetic Core Storage
		MAGNETIC CORE STORAGE.\ Magnetic core storage, although not used as much as it used to be, provides an easy way to show the general concepts of memories, including integrated semiconductor and bubble types of memories.
		With core storage, the data is retained even when there is a power failure or breakdown, since data is stored in cores in the form of magnetic charges, not electric current.
		The magnetic domains can be switched in an opposite direction by passing a current through a control circuit imprinted on top of the crystal.
	www.tpub.com /incs/3.htm (613 words)

	Sandwich clusters may improve magnetic memory storage
		ARGONNE, Ill. (Nov. 11, 2004) — A new type of molecular magnet known as a “sandwich cluster” is being studied under a joint research collaboration between the U.S. Department of Energy's Argonne National Laboratory, the University of Chicago and Keio University in Japan.
		These molecular magnets could be useful for magnetic storage or spintronics, developing technologies that could enable computers to have ultra-small storage capabilities with faster and more energy-efficient systems.
		The combined effort among the three institutions allows advanced research on the development of the new molecular magnets, which may be valuable candidates for magnetic storage and spintronics.
	www.anl.gov /Media_Center/News/2004/news041111.html (583 words)

	storage.itworld.com - IBM researchers eye 100T-byte tape drive
		The problem that Narayan's researchers are grappling with has to do with the magnetic particles that record the 1's and 0's that make up storage data, and the way they cover today's tape media.
		Magnetic particles painted on today's tapes are about one micron -- one millionth of a meter -- in size, but in order to create data tracks that are smaller than one micron, new manufacturing processes will have to be developed.
		Essentially, IBM researchers plan to change the magnetic patterns on tape media from something that is large and uncontrolled to something much smaller and tightly controlled, Narayan said, meaning the tape of the future will have much smaller magnetic particles that are densely packed into rows, somewhat like dimples on a golf ball.
	storage.itworld.com /4652/041217ibmtape/page_1.html (803 words)

	Researchers develop fail-safe techniques for erasing magnetic storage media
		Producing a magnetic field sufficient to destroy data patterns required the use of neodymium iron-boron magnets custom-designed for the project and special pole pieces made of esoteric cobalt alloys.
		The magnets, which weigh as much as 125 pounds, had to produce fields sufficient to penetrate metallic housings that surround some drives.
		In some cases, aircraft crews would simply insert removable media into a motorized mechanism that pushes them past the magnets, while for other media, crews would have to twist a knob and pull drives out of their enclosures and through a magnetic field.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-06/giot-rdf061206.php (892 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Removable Storage Works"
		In most cases, removable magnetic storage uses a drive, which is a mechanical device that connects to the computer.
		This pattern bridges the gap, and the flux magnetizes the oxide on the media.
		When the data is read by the drive, the read head pulls a varying magnetic field across the gap, creating a varying magnetic field in the core and therefore a signal in the coil.
	computer.howstuffworks.com /removable-storage2.htm (377 words)

	Improved Magnetic Storage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In most cases, magnetic moments align parallel to the plane, but in this case, they align perpendicularly, vertical instead of horizontal.
		This factor coupled with the stronger magnetic moment of a single-atom layer is transforming the magnetic recording industry of compact discs and lasers.
		Along with enhanced storage, the new magnetism revealed by Freeman's work broadens the choice of materials beyond conventional oxide discs.
	www.psc.edu /science/Freeman/Freeman-storage.html (190 words)

	Gift Idea - Kitchen Organizer, Spice Rack
		These rare earth neodymium magnets are embedded in the ABS plastic so they don't come out, and the rubber friction strips prevent slipping down.
		The MagnaRack® magnetic storage box is for the storage of file folders, hanging files, reference catalogs, postal mail, phone books, and important client or patient files.
		The rare earth magnets and impact resistent ABS plastic have a lifetime durability.
	www.magnarack.com (784 words)

	Researchers shrink magnetic storage media down to the nanoscale
		Zhu's group has fabricated patterned magnetic films by depositing magnetic materials such as Permalloy and cobalt in patterns of dots, squares, or ellipses across a surface of nonmagnetic substrates such as carbon or silicon nitride.
		In his array of magnetic dots, the two states are the two distinct spin orientations, or polarities, of the dots' internal magnetic fields.
		The technique uses an extremely coherent source of electrons to produce images with unprecedented quality at high resolution in which the amplitude and direction of local magnetization can be clearly visualized.
	www.physorg.com /news11701.html (533 words)

	Centera, magnetic storage devices, Imaging Solutions Inc.
		An electronic archival storage solution can be categorized as magnetic storage or optical storage.
		Traditional magnetic storage is on tape and this continues to be a cost-effective, removable media solution.
		Imaging Solutions can design a system that utilizes a magnetic storage device, contact us for a quote.
	www.imagingsolutions.com /products_magnetic.htm (213 words)

	Storage expert warns of short life span for burned CDs
		To overcome the preservation limitations of burnable CDs, Gerecke suggests using magnetic tapes, which, he claims, can have a life span of 30 to 100 years, depending on their quality.
		But he's quick to point out that no storage medium lasts forever and, consequently, consumers and business alike need to have a plan for migrating to new storage technologies.
		"Companies, in particular, need to be constantly looking at new storage technologies and have an archiving strategy that allows them to automatically migrate to new technologies," he said.
	computerworld.com /hardwaretopics/storage/story/0,10801,107607,00.html (969 words)

	Magnetic Storage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		A wide variety of storage options to keep your magnetic letters, numbers, etc. safe and sorted.
		This popular, sturdy, polypropylene storage box measures 8-3/8" x 12-5/8" x 2" and has twenty-four 2-1/8" x 2-1/8" x 2-1/8" compartments.
		And now we offer a new, smaller storage box which measures 6-7/8" x 9-3/4" x 1-1/2" with thirty-six 2" x 1-1/2" x 1-1/2" compartments.
	www.trcabc.com /magneticstorage.html (163 words)

	Georgia Institute of Technology :: News Room :: Fail-Safe Techniques Erase Magnetic Storage Media
		Atlanta (June 12, 2006) — After a U.S. intelligence-gathering aircraft was involved in a mid-air collision off the coast of China four years ago, the crew was unable to erase sensitive information from magnetic data storage systems before making an emergency landing in Chinese territory.
		Research Engineer David Maybury models magnetic a data destruction circuit using 3D finite element analysis.
		“We had to understand how the data is laid out on the disk so we could know where to look for the patterns, and we had to do a lot of measurements to determine exactly what kind of magnetic field is needed to destroy all data,”; said Knotts.
	www.gatech.edu /news-room/release.php?id=1010 (1017 words)

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