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Topic: Magnetoplasmadynamic thruster

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	Magnetoplasmadynamic thruster - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Magneto-Plasmadynamic (MPD) thrusters are a form of electric Propulsion which use the Lorentz force (a force exerted on charged particles by magnetic and electrical fields in combination) to generate thrust.
		Applied-field thrusters have magnetic rings surrounding the exhaust chamber to produce the magnetic field, while self-field thrusters have a cathode extending through the middle of the chamber.
		As a result, MPD thrusters have not yet been used as propulsion on any spacecraft, though a Japanese MPD test, the EPEX (Electric Propulsion EXperiment) was deployed on shuttle mission STS-72.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Magnetoplasmadynamic_thruster (461 words)

	Hall effect thruster - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		A Hall effect thruster is a type of electric propulsion rocket engine in which the propellant is accelerated by an electric field in a plasma discharge with a radial magnetic field.
		These thrusters were introduced to the West in 1992 after a team of electric propulsion specialists, under the support of the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization, visited Soviet laboratories and experimentally evaluated the SPT-100 (i.e., a 100 mm diameter SPT thruster).
		In a hall thruster, a magnetic field is used to ensure that the discharge power goes into accelerating the xenon propellant and not the electrons, thus the thruster is efficient.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Hall_effect_thruster (1093 words)

	Magnetoplasmadynamic thruster
		Magnetoplasmadynamic thrusters use the Lorentz force (a force exerted on charged particles by magnetic and electrical fields in combination) are called magnetoplasmadynamic (or MPD) thrusters.
		MPD thruster technology has been explored academically, but commercial interest has been low.
		MPD thrusters can be run in a steady state fashion or in a pulsed mode.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ma/Magnetoplasmadynamic_thruster.html (73 words)

	Electric Rocket Engines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		MPD thrusters are unique among the electric rocket engine fraternity because they are capable of producing thrusts as high as 50 pounds in an engine small enough to fix in a large shoe box.
		Typical thrusters in US laboratories are a foot or so across, use 1 to 5 kilowatts of power, operate at 2,200 sec specific impulse, produce less than one pound of thrust, and are 50 to 60 percent efficient.
		The only difference between actual PIT thrusters and the coil analogy is that a special valve and nozzle unit mounted in the center of the coil directs a short pulse of gas down to cover the face of the coil.
	www.waynesthisandthat.com /ep2.htm (4488 words)

	My Electric Rocket Engine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		What's different about MPD thrusters from normal rocket engines is that instead of producing thrust by burning chemicals, MPD thrusters create thrust by using electric currents and magnetic fields.
		That's all an MPD thruster is: an engine that passes current through two conductors and a gas to create thrust.
		MPD thrusters are the super heavyweights in the electric propulsion world and a typical one (8 inches in diameter and six long) only produces 50 pounds of thrust.
	www.waynesthisandthat.com /mpd.htm (1459 words)

	ESA Science & Technology: Electric Spacecraft Propulsion
		Magnetoplasmadynamic (MPD) thrusters pass a large current radially outwards through a neutral plasma, from a central cathode to an annular anode.
		MPD thrusters have been tested in the laboratory and have flown on test and demonstration missions.
		Ion thrusters suffer from low thrust density (available thrust per unit exhaust area) because the maximum ion current density that can be sustained is limited by space-charge distortions of the applied electric field.
	hubble.esa.int /science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=34201&fbodylongid=1537 (1421 words)

	High-Power Electromagnetic Thruster
		Two high-power thruster concepts currently under investigation by Glenn are the magnetoplasmadynamic (MPD) thruster and the Pulsed Inductive Thruster (PIT).
		In self-field versions of the thruster, an azimuthal magnetic field generated by the current returning through the cathode interacts with the radial discharge current flowing through the plasma to produce an axial electromagnetic body force, providing thrust.
		In applied field-versions of the thruster, a magnetic field coil surrounding the anode is used to provide additional radial and axial magnetic fields that can help stabilize and accelerate the plasma propellant.
	www.lerc.nasa.gov /WWW/RT2001/5000/5430lapointe.html (676 words)

	Seeded Arcjet Intro
		The thrust attainable by electrothermal thrusters is limited by the melting point of the thruster walls, which limits the temperature of the propellant and hence the thrust.
		An example of such a thruster is a Magnetoplasmadynamic (MPD) thruster which works in a similar manner to arcjets, but at much higher power and lower pressure, so that the radial current between the anode and cathode induces a magnetic field in the azimuthal direction.
		An example of an electrostatic thruster is the ion engine which operates by ionizing the propellant and then accelerating the ions through a large potential difference between perforated grids.
	www.geocities.com /kalela5/thesis/arcintro.html (3812 words)

	Magnetoplasmadynamic thruster -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		But perhaps the most impressive characteristic of MPD technology is thrust levels of up to 200 newtons (N), by far the highest for any form of electric propulsion, and nearly as high as interplanetary chemical rockets.
		This would allow use of electric propulsion on missions which require quick (Click link for more info and facts about delta-v) delta-v maneuvers (and as such are currently limited to chemical rockets), while having many times greater fuel efficiency.
		As a result, MPD thrusters have not yet been used as propulsion on any spacecraft.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/M/Ma/Magnetoplasmadynamic_thruster.htm (385 words)

	Encyclopedia: Magnetoplasmadynamic thruster
		As a result, MPD thrusters have not yet been used as propulsion on any spacecraft, though a Japenese MPD test, the EPEX (Electric Propulsion EXperiment) was deployed on shuttle mission STS-72.
		Categories: Spacecraft propulsion 2 kW Laboratory Hall Thruster in operation at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory A Hall effect thruster is a type of ion thruster in which the propellant is accelerated by an electric field in a plasma discharge with a radial magnetic field.
		A remote camera captures a close-up view of a Space Shuttle Main Engine during a test firing at the John C. Stennis Space Center in Hancock County, Mississippi Spacecraft propulsion is used to change the velocity of spacecraft and artificial satellites, or in short, to provide delta-v.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Magnetoplasmadynamic-thruster (903 words)

	High-Power Magnetoplasmadynamic Thruster Being Developed
		The MPD thruster is fitted inside a magnetic field coil, which in turn is mounted on a thrust stand supported by thin metal flexures.
		This short period of time is sufficient to establish thruster performance similar to steady-state operation, and it allows a number of thruster designs to be quickly and economically evaluated.
		In addition, Glenn is currently refurbishing a megawatt-class steady-state thruster facility that will be used for extensive life testing of the optimized thruster designs developed from the numerical simulations and high-power pulsed MPD thruster experiments.
	www.lerc.nasa.gov /WWW/RT2000/5000/5430lapointe.html (539 words)

	C:\DOCUME~1\BRYANY~1\Desktop\SPACER~1\technologies.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In the simple case of an ion thruster, ions are generated, accelerated across a voltage potential, and emitted through a nozzle.
		Magnetoplasmadynamic thruster technology is also being developed in the United States and elsewhere, but it is significantly less mature that mercury ion or arc jet technology.
		MPD thruster (see fig.32 and fig.32 concluded [Magnetoplasmadynamic Thruster]) can operate with a wide range of propellants providing specific impulses of approximately 2000 sec.
	lifesci3.arc.nasa.gov /Spacesettlement/spaceresvol2/electprop.html (1020 words)

	Thruster
		Come at it from this angle and locate the automatic flip-flop override device here, which in turn will diffuse the antigyroscopic preinterface thruster chamber, and the pneaumatic centripetal antigravity shield deflectors, then you simply deactivate the axial gyro-presubinertia-photomegatronic oscillator that you see here.
		"Thruster" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 100.00% of the time.
		"Thruster" is used about 11 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /th/thruster.html (609 words)

	Pulsed plasma thruster - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Pulsed plasma thrusters use an arc of electric current through a solid propellant (almost always teflon), to produce a quick and dependable burst of impulse.
		PPT's are great for attitude control, and for main propulsion on particularly small spacecraft (those in the hundred-kilogram or less category).
		Pulsed plasma thrusters were the first electric propulsion system to be deployed in space, on the Soviet probes Zond-2 in 1964 and Zond-3 in 1965.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Pulsed_plasma_thruster (177 words)

	Encyclopedia: Pulsed plasma thruster
		Pulsed plasma thrusters use an arc of electric current adjacent to a solid propellant (almost always teflon), to produce a quick and repeatable burst of impulse.
		PPTs are great for attitude control, and for main propulsion on particularly small spacecraft with a surplus of electricity (those in the hundred-kilogram or less category).
		See also: Hall effect thruster, Magnetoplasmadynamic thruster, Spacecraft propulsion 2 kW Laboratory Hall Thruster in operation at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory A Hall effect thruster is a type of ion thruster in which the propellant is accelerated by an electric field in a plasma discharge with a radial magnetic field.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Pulsed-plasma-thruster (427 words)

	OhioLINK ETD: Marriott, Darin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Thruster voltage was measured for currents between three and three hundred kilo amps and for mass flow rates between 0.96 and 40 grams per second.
		A theoretical model, based on normal MPD thrust behavior, was used to estimate fall voltages and pumping coefficients.
		An empirical model for thruster voltage was then created to estimate the behavior of voltage as a function of the similarity parameter.
	rave.ohiolink.edu /etdc/view?acc_num=osu1070390824 (203 words)

	Hall effect thruster -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		A Hall effect thruster is a type of electric propulsion (A jet engine containing its own propellant and driven by reaction propulsion) rocket engine in which the (Something that propels) propellant is accelerated by an electric field in a plasma discharge with a radial magnetic field.
		Thus it is a type of (Click link for more info and facts about ion thruster) ion thruster.
		A Hall thruster typically operates at around 50–60% (Verbal criticism) thrust efficiency and provides (Click link for more info and facts about specific impulse) specific impulse from 1,200 to 1,800 lbf·s/lb (12 to 18 kN·s/kg), and thrust-to-power ratios of 50–70 mN/kW.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/H/Ha/Hall_effect_thruster.htm (1198 words)

	NASA - Magnetoplasmadynamic Thrusters
		A variety of thruster geometries have been investigated using different types of gas propellants, with lithium vapor propellant providing the most efficient performance to date.
		Lithium-fed MPD thrusters developed in Russia have operated at power levels of 100 kilowatts, with efficiencies of up to 45 percent and plasma exhaust velocities approaching 50,000 meters per second (over 100,000 miles per hour (mph)).
		Testing for these thrusters has demonstrated exhaust velocities of 100,000 meters per second (over 200,000 mph) and thrust levels of 100 Newtons (22.5 pounds) at power levels of 1 megawatt.
	www.nasa.gov /centers/glenn/about/fs22grc.html (875 words)

	Advanced Electric-Propulsion Technologies R&D Teams Selected
		The thruster Northrop Grumman will develop will be capable of sustained operation at a power level of 200 kilowatts and an efficiency of 70 percent or higher while retaining a specific impulse range between 3000 and 10,000 seconds.
		Successful development will provide a compact thruster, with a specific mass of approximately two-to-three kilograms/kilowatt that would be enabling for many NASA interplanetary missions.
		The lithium thruster is a compact design optimised to operate at a power level of 240 kilowatts, efficiencies of greater than 60 percent, and a specific impulse of 6200 seconds.
	www.spacenewsfeed.co.uk /2004/1August2004_18.html (456 words)

	Ion Propulsion
		The RF-heated thruster uses radio-frequency waves to heat a plasma in a chamber and has been modified by some early Space Adapted Human clans to reach somewhat higher exhaust velocities.
		In the Magnetoplasmadynamic (MPD) thruster, a current along a conducting bar creates an azimuthal magnetic field that interacts with the current of an arc that runs from the point of the bar to a conducting wall.
		Erosion at the point of contact between the current and the electrodes generally was often a critical issue for MPD thruster design, and this type was discarded in favour of other versions.
	www.orionsarm.com /ships/ion.html (764 words)

	RMCybernetics - Magnetohyrodynamic Thrusters - MHDT
		This type of thruster generates magnetic fields by passing an electric current through a liquid conductor, such as sea water.
		The electrically conducting fluid used in the MHD thruster of the Yamoto 1 is seawater.
		It works on the same principle as the MagnetoHydroDynamic thruster except that the propellant gas is used instead of the seawater.
	www.rmcybernetics.com /science/propulsion/mhdt.htm (480 words)

	Lecture #31: Plasma and electric propulsion
		In MPD thrusters, a current along a conducting bar creates an azimuthal magnetic field that interacts with the current of an arc that runs from the point of the bar to a conducting wall.
		The principle of the helicon thruster is similar to the pulsed-plasma thruster: a traveling electromagnetic wave interacts with a current sheet to maintain a high
		NASA workshops on specific types of thrusters are held with fair regularity, and advanced-propulsion systems are often discussed in conferences devoted to long-range missions.
	fti.neep.wisc.edu /~jfs/neep533.lect31.99/plasmaProp.html (1522 words)

	Classical Plasma Applications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		At that time it was realized that electric propulsion is not limited to the electrostatic or ion thrusters envisioned in the earlier years, but can be extended to electrothermal and electromagnetic systems.
		The first space tests of an electric thruster, involving an electrostatic ion engine, were made in mid 1964.
		On the other hand, magnetoplasmadynamic thrusters provide a combination of high exhaust velocities with high mass flow, but up to this day have only been tested in the laboratory, due essentialy to the high powers involved and remaining technical problems.
	www.plasma.inpe.br /LAP_Portal/LAP_Site/Text/Classical_Applications.htm (597 words)

	The Student Electric Propulsion Project
		While the immediate applicability of this technology to space exploration captured the imaginations of all of the students involved, it was also apparent that the design and construction of such devices would entail an interdisciplinary approach involving the application of classical mechanics, electromagnetism, modern physics, fluid dynamics and plasma physics.
		Additionally, by working together as a team to turn a theoretical design into a working electric thruster, it was apparent that students could develop technical expertise in such areas as soldering, the use of basic handtools, drilling, grinding, milling, lathing, tapping and polishing.
		While these ideas may not always bear fruit, by building an electric thruster to known specifications, the students will have prepared themselves to construct a fairly sophisticated experiment to test their own original ideas.
	vega.lpl.arizona.edu /~collins/eplab.html (1466 words)

	Electric Propulsion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Efforts that combine both experimental and theoretical studies of the plasmas within electric propulsion thrusters are necessary in order to build reliable models of performance that can be then used as design tools for improved next generation thrusters.
		The Hall thruster functions by use of perpendicular electric and magnetic fields to retain a high density volume of relatively low energy electrons which act as a zone of ionization for neutral propellant atoms.
		Recognizing that xenon Hall type thrusters are becoming serious options in a variety of space propulsion applications, SPDL began a new initiative for the development of laser based diagnostics for measurements of plume properties; such as particle velocities, composition, and temperatures in xenon plasma environments.
	www-leland.stanford.edu /group/pdl/EP/EP.html (682 words)

	Untitled
		The PPI (valve) is integral to the thruster.
		It is responsible for distributing a uniform layer of propellant gas over the thruster's annular coil surface prior to electrical discharge and plasma acceleration.
		The PIT is a compact thruster, with a specific mass of approximately 2-3 kg/kW that would be enabling for many interplanetary missions.
	research.hq.nasa.gov /code_s/nra/current/NNH04ZSS001N-CIEP/winners.html (1086 words)

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