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Topic: Magnitude comparison

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Orders of magnitude

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	Earthquake - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		So, a magnitude 5 Richter measurement is ten times greater than a magnitude 4; while it is 10 x 10, or 100 times greater than a magnitude 3 measurement.
		Seismologists calculate moment magnitude by measuring the seismic moment of an earthquake, or the earthquake’s strength based on a calculation of the area and the amount of displacement in the slip.
		The moment magnitude of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake was 7.6; the Alaskan earthquake of 1964, about 9.0; and the 1995 Kōbe, Japan, earthquake was a 7.0 moment magnitude; in comparison, the Richter magnitudes were 8.3, 9.2, and 6.8, respectively for these tremors.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761571674___33/Earthquake.html (1775 words)

	Moment magnitude scale - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The moment magnitude scale (a successor to the Richter scale), was introduced in 1979 by Tom Hanks and Hiroo Kanamori and is used by seismologists to compare the energy released by earthquakes.
		The constants in the equation are chosen so that estimates of moment magnitude roughly agree with estimates using other scales such as the Richter magnitude scale.
		One advantage of the moment magnitude scale is that, unlike other magnitude scales, it does not saturate at the upper end.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale (455 words)

	1892 Vacaville - Winters Earthquake and 1983 Coalinga Earthquake (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Comparison of the areas shaken by the two earthquakes indicates that the magnitude of the April 19, 1892 Vacaville-Winters event was at least equivalent to that of the May 2, 1983 Coalinga event, and up to 0.2 magnitude units larger.
		The 1983 Coalinga event was assigned a magnitude of 6.7 by the University of California Berkeley Seismographic Stations and a magnitude of 6.1 by the California Institute of Technology Seismological Laboratory.
		Based on this, and on the comparison discussed in the previous paragraph, it is concluded that the magnitude of the April 19, 1892 earthquake was in the range of 6.4 to 6.6.
	www.johnmartin.com /earthquakes/eqpapers/00000069.htm (525 words)

	Encyclopedia: Orders of magnitude (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		An order of magnitude is the class of scale or magnitude of any amount, where each class contains values of a fixed ratio to the class preceding it.
		More precisely, the order of magnitude of a number can be defined in terms of the decimal logarithm, usually as the integer part of the logarithm.
		For example, an order of magnitude estimate for a variable between about 3 billion and 30 billion (such as the human population of the Earth) is 10 billion.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Orders-of-magnitude (678 words)

	eSky: Magnitude
		A star of magnitude +5.0 is dim, and hardly visible to the naked eye, while a star with a magnitude close to 0.0 (such as Capella in Auriga) is very bright indeed.
		For example, Alpha Centauri (with a magnitude of very nearly 0.0) is one hundred times brighter than Marfik in Hercules, one of the faintest named stars with a magnitude of exactly +5.0.
		The magnitude scale is calibrated to the brightnesses of about a hundred specific stars, all lying within a few degrees of the Northern Celestial Pole and thus termed the North Polar Sequence.
	www.glyphweb.com /esky/concepts/magnitude.html (655 words)

	Ecological Risk Assessment Step 3 \| Ecological Risk Assessment Superfund 8-Step Guidance \| U.S. EPA
		While comparisons of contaminant concentrations in the media at the site being investigated to concentrations of contaminants at reference or background locations MAY be done, there are several restrictions on the application of this line of evidence.
		While contaminants of concern may be removed from further assessment through comparison with toxicological benchmarks, comparison with background levels generally cannot be used to remove contaminants of concern owing to the need to fully characterize site risk.
		Comparisons of estimated or measured exposure levels for a particular chemical against screening levels that are known from the literature to be toxic to the plants and animals selected as assessment endpoints;
	www.epa.gov /region5/superfund/ecology/html/erasteps/erastep3.html (2511 words)

	Florida Oceanographic Online-Earthquake Magnitude & Intensity Scale
		The Richter magnitude scale was developed in 1935 by Charles F. Richter of the California Institute of Technology as a mathematical device to compare the size of earthquakes.
		The magnitude of an earthquake is determined from the logarithm of the amplitude of waves recorded by seismographs.
		For example, a magnitude 5.3 might be computed for a moderate earthquake, and a strong earthquake might be rated as magnitude 6.3.
	www.floridaoceanographic.org /reference/earthquake.htm (1263 words)

	[No title]
		All magnitudes for standard stars were measured in 14 arcsecond diameter apertures, to match the procedure of Landolt (1992 AJ 104, 340).
		Magnitudes for objects in the GRB frame were measured in several apertures and corrected to the equivalent 14 arcsecond aperture magnitude using a curve of growth derived from stars near the GRB.
		R and dR are the measured R band magnitude and the statistical uncertainty in that magnitude (determined using the IRAF tasks "phot" and "mkapfile").
	gcn.gsfc.nasa.gov /gcn/gcn3/144.gcn3 (478 words)

	Limiting Visual Magnitude Determination
		The limiting visual magnitude is often used as an indicator of atmospheric transparancy and the general quality of the observing conditions at an observing site.
		For example, meteor observers always record the limiting magnitude during an observation session, and this parameter is used to facilitate the comparison of observations made by different observers under different observing conditions.
		Also, since the limiting magnitude is defined as the faintest star that can be seen at the zenith, the actual limiting magnitude could be somewhat fainter than that observed unless the sky region used was actually at the zenith for the observer.
	www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu /observatory/observers/limiting_magnitude.html (1165 words)

	Light Curve Templete/Observing Form For Visual SNe Observers.
		Observing forms for logging magnitude estimates (form, sncurv.gif) and the templete forms (avcurv.gif, snetem.gif) which are uncluttered versions of the templete are presented, and are intended for use in comparing individual or aquired observations verses the mean SN Type Ia, V magnitude light curve (BL).
		An analysis of amateur magnitude estimates involving the bright supernova SN 1989B in NGC 3627 (M66) is displayed.
		It may be prudent to use the templete's snetemp.gif and/or avcurv.gif to register any corrections (to magnitude) AFTER the data points have been obtained and noted on form and sncurv.gif, thus eliminating a tendency for bias towards the mean light curves which might influence the intended outcome....
	www.sai.msu.su /mirrors/isn/snecurv.htm (693 words)

	ScienceDirect - Physics of The Earth and Planetary Interiors : Accuracy of modern global earthquake catalogs
		Thus, in evaluating magnitude errors, two factors need to be gauged: the uncertainty of a magnitude measurement itself and any error in transforming the obtained magnitude into a physically relevant quantity.
		=6 earthquake may correspond to the moment magnitude 7.5 and larger: the body-wave magnitude is of little value in estimating the seismic moment for a large earthquake (Dziewonski and Woodhouse, 1983b).
		The magnitude accuracy of both MT catalogs appears to be on the order of 0.09 for shallow earthquakes, decreasing to about 0.05 for deep events.
	moho.ess.ucla.edu /~kagan/pepi2003_text.html (9114 words)

	How to do photometry
		Assigning a magnitude to a star is quite involved, requiring the separate imaging many "photometric standard stars" throughout the course of an evening along with images of the target star, and requiring very very clear skies.
		The rms ("root-mean-square deviation from the mean") of these differential magnitudes for the one comparison star are an estimate of your measurement errors ("error bars" you should assign to the plot of the differential magnitude of the variable star.
		However, in practice the instrumental magnitude value is dependent upon the details of the green and red box sizes and separation, or the size and width of the red annulus.
	www.gb.nrao.edu /~glangsto/SIP/photometry.html (1588 words)

	infrared magnitude Comparison Table (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The magnitude derived from observations at 1.6 microns.
		The magnitude derived from observations at 1.3 microns.
		The magnitude derived from observations at 5 microns.
	www.csi.uottawa.ca:4321 /astronomy/infraredmagnitude_table.html (101 words)

	CCD Transformation Equations
		Measured R and I magnitudes are referred to as "r" and "i" whereas known magnitudes are referred to as "R" and "I".
		Although these magnitudes are not corrected using CCD transformation equations, they do reflect MaxIm DL's process of forcing them to have an offset that minimizes the RMS differences between all comparisons star magnitudes and their known magnitudes (entered by the user).
		Some of the differences between measured and known magnitude for the comparisons stars is due to the colors of the comparisons stars, since at this stage the CCD transformation equations have not been used.
	reductionism.net.seanic.net /CCD_TE/cte.html (6627 words)

	ASTR 306 Observing Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		In addition, by comparing DY Peg's light curve to the light curves of the comparison stars, one can see that any deviations in DY Peg's light curve were clearly caused by atmospheric flucuations as the deviations are seen in all four light curves.
		Magnitude is given in instrumental magnitudes and time is the Universal Time on October 3, 2001 given in hours.
		For comparison, several CM diagrams of this cluster from the literature are shown.
	astrwww.astr.cwru.edu /gallery/astr306/results.html (807 words)

	Ground-Based Observations of Nuclear Surface of Comet 2P/Encke
		Therefore, the unusual decline of the nuclear magnitude does not mean the decline of the comet's activity.
		The nuclear magnitude are measured using three aperture sizes for comparison, 5x5 pixels (7.1x7.1 arcsec), 7x7 pixels (10.0x10.0 arcsec), and 9x9 pixels (12.8x12.8 arcsec).
		The decline of the nuclear magnitude is calculated theoretically because the phase angle became large in this period.
	www.aerith.net /astro/Encke-nucleus.html (720 words)

	Introduction to observing variable stars
		In order to derive the magnitude from a written fractional estimate, you form a weighted mean of the magnitudes of the comparison stars used.
		The derived magnitude from a negative estimate is simply the magnitude of the comparison star prefixed by '<' (or '[').
		Magnitude ranges of each variable should be taken into account, considering the limiting magnitude of the instrument being used to make the observation (see below).
	members.aol.com /poynerGary/intro.html (4046 words)

	From Our Galaxy to Island Universes (Cosmology: Ideas)
		During routine comparisons of photographs she discovered variable stars, brighter on some photographs and fainter on other photographs taken at different times.
		Therefore their apparent magnitudes (observed brightness) were directly related to their absolute magnitudes (intrinsic brightness, as it would be seen at some arbitrary standard distance).
		He observed the periods of distant Cepheids, read off their presumed absolute magnitudes from his graph of period versus luminosity, and compared that absolute magnitude with the observed apparent magnitude.
	www.aip.org /history/cosmology/ideas/island.htm (2365 words)

	Rob McCann
		We also find that cuing effects are underadditive with effects of symbolic distance in the magnitude comparison task, suggesting that the operations needed to recover from an incorrect “task set” create a processing bottleneck.
		Symbolic distance effects in the magnitude comparison task were additive with SOA effects in the standard PRP preparation.
		Subjects were slower to perform the magnitude comparison task on these “withholding” trials than they were on standard dual-task trials with a long SOA.
	web.psych.ualberta.ca /~pdixon/BASICS/2001/abstracts/McCann.html (308 words)

	Virtual Science Center
		Standard color charts might be employed for the latter, while the former lends itself well to comparisons with the brightness of lunar mare, rilles or rays on the part of the surface still outside the umbra.
		The magnitude M of the moon is readily found from the naked–eye comparison star’s magnitude m and this factor F, by
		Finally, unless both the moon and your chosen comparison star are at the same elevation, the magnitudes derived by each of these methods must be corrected for differences in atmospheric extinctions for the two objects.
	chabotspace.org /vsc/planetarium/eclipses/observeeclipses/chapter14.asp (2343 words)

	USGS Earthquake Hazards Program: Magnitude and Intensity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		An increase of one unit of magnitude (for example, from 4.6 to 5.6) represents a 10-fold increase in wave amplitude on a seismogram or approximately a 30-fold increase in the energy released.
		A magnitude -1.0 event release about 900 times less energy than a magnitude 1.0 quake.
		The intensity at a point depends not only upon the strength of the earthquake (magnitude) but also upon the distance from the earthquake to the point and the local geology at that point.
	neic.usgs.gov /neis/general/magnitude_intensity.html (254 words)

	Richter Magnitude
		The uncertainty in an estimate of the magnitude is about plus or minus 0.3 units, and seismologists often revise magnitude estimates as they obtain and analyze additional data.
		The magnitude 6.1 value we get is about equal to the magnitude reported by the UNR Seismological Lab, and by other observers.
		Both the magnitude and the seismic moment are related to the amount of energy that is radiated by an earthquake.
	www.seismo.unr.edu /ftp/pub/louie/class/100/magnitude.html (1477 words)

	A. THE MATHEMATICALLY SUBLIME.
		The estimation of magnitude by means of concepts of number (or their signs in algebra) is mathematical, but that in mere intuition (by the eye) is aesthetic.
		This procedure belongs to the logical estimation of magnitude, and, as such, is doubtless something objectively final according to the concept of an end (as all measurement is), but it is hot anything which for the aesthetic judgement is final or pleasing.
		Now the greatest effort of the imagination in the presentation of the unit for the estimation of magnitude involves in itself a reference to something absolutely great, consequently a reference also to the law of reason that this alone is to be adopted as the supreme measure of what is great.
	etext.library.adelaide.edu.au /k/kant/immanuel/k16j/part7.html (2224 words)

	2005 Young Naturalist Awards - A Search for Variable Stars in Two Northern Open Clusters: NGC 381 and NGC 637
		To correct for this, two equations are formed, the transformation equation, which converts instrumental to standard magnitudes, and the extinction equation, which corrects for the fact that the measurement was taken through the atmosphere (Berry, Burnell 2000).
		In order to form these correction equations, a standard star whose magnitude and colors are well defined was followed from low on the horizon until it was near the zenith.
		With the transformation and extinction equations, the standard BVRI magnitude of any star may be calculated by transforming its intensity to standard magnitudes, then correcting for the effects of the atmosphere.
	www.amnh.org /nationalcenter/youngnaturalistawards/2005/Morgan1.html (1026 words)

	Method and apparatus for synchronizing a received signal in a digital radio communication system - Patent 5428647
		The matched filter's 102 output 104 is input to a magnitude squared function device 106 which converts the input complex oversampled data sequence 104 to a magnitude sequence 108 (also known as a magnitude correlation signal) which is a function of the magnitude of the input complex oversampled data sequence 104.
		The second comparison algorithm 612 consists of comparing the combined magnitude correlation signal to a predetermined initial magnitude threshold until the combined magnitude correlation signal is greater than the predetermined initial magnitude threshold.
		This comparison and magnitude threshold change is continued subsequently until the magnitude threshold has not been changed for a predetermined period of time.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5428647.html (6617 words)

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