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	Magnus effect - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Magnus effect is the name given to the physical phenomenon whereby an object's rotation affects its path through a fluid, in particular, air.
		In addition to the Magnus force, the boundary layer of the flow is delayed on the side that is moving in the same direction as the free stream flow, and is advanced on the side moving against the flow.
		It is worth noting, however, that the Magnus effect is not responsible for the movement of a cricket ball seen in swing bowling.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Magnus_effect (902 words)

	St Magnus Cathedral, Kirkwall (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		magnus magnus effect sail cathedral cathedral ceiling cathedral ledge cologne cathedral cathedral ledge webcam improvement cathedral ceiling
		St Magnus Cathedral, Kirkwall, Orkney Journalist Sigurd Towrie provides a lively, illustrated history in 'Orkneyjar' of the cathedral founded in 1137 by Earl Rognvald Kolsson in memory of his sainted great-uncle Earl Magnus.
		St Magnus Cathedral Resources for Learning in Scotland prepared this database on the Norse cathedral begun in 1137: its history and present use.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-St_Magnus_Cathedral,_Kirkwall.html (299 words)

	Effect of texture on air resistance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		One possible explanation (in terms of the effect of the spin on the wake) is that the turbulent boundary layer can follow the surface of the ball farther behind the ball before separating.
		A similar effect can be achieved with a "scuff ball" (cutting one side of the ball and then throwing the ball with that side oriented close to the spin axis).
		The effect of the dimples on the range is profound: without reduced drag, it would be difficult to drive the ball farther than 80 m.
	carini.physics.indiana.edu /E105/texture.html (1448 words)

	The Magnus Effect
		This page on the Magnus or Robin's Effect was born out of a seminar I presented circa 1987 as a potential topic for my Master's Thesis in Mechanical Engineering.(Actually I was going to investigate the Reverse Magnus Effect :-) My advisor at the time, Dr.
		The first explanation of the lateral deflection of a spinning ball is credited by Lord Rayleigh to Magnus, from which the phenomenon derives its name, the "Magnus Effect".
		"Effect of spin and speed on the lateral deflection(curve) of a Baseball; and the Magnus effect for smooth Spheres", Lyman J. Briggs, American Journal of Physics 27:pp.
	www.geocities.com /k_achutarao/MAGNUS/magnus.html (2103 words)

	Circulation and the Magnus effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Recall that the drag force is always zero, but that there could be a lifting force if there is circulation of the fluid around the cylinder.
		The combined flow has a higher velocity, and hence a lower pressure, on the top surface, leading to a pressure imbalance and a net upward force on the cylinder--see the figure.
		Figure 4.1: The Magnus force, or lift, on a spinning cylinder in a non-viscous fluid.
	landau1.phys.virginia.edu /classes/311/notes/aero/node2.html (314 words)

	ESPN SportsFigure - Interactive Zone Results (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The effect is to reduce the amount of drag on the ball.
		In 1852, Gustav Magnus discovered that the airflow around a spinning ball changes the direction of its wake and generates a sideways force on the ball.
		The direction of the Magnus force depends upon the spin direction - whatever direction the front most point of the ball is turning is the direction of the force.
	www.joinourteam.espn.com /sportsfigures/lp_golfIsADrag.jsp?iAm=null (491 words)

	Gravitation: an explanation by Mel Winfield
		The Magnus force accelerates the proton from zero acceleration at the nine o'clock position to its maximum downward acceleration at the six o'clock position of the orbit.
		Any Magnus effect, laterally, from this radial velocity would be minimal because it is too slow to affect the energy waves from the sun travelling at light speed in the same direction.
		Magnus effect as well as verify that different elements fall at different rates due to their different neutron proton ratios.
	www.spacetelescopes.com /gravitation.html (8659 words)

	The Magnus Effect on a Vortex (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The aim of the present study was to explore, both theoretically and experimentally, whether a transverse force similar to that arising in the Magnus effect could produce this cross-wind motion.
		The Magnus effect on a vortex can be demonstrated by injecting a vortex ring into a cross-flow.
		The Magnus effect produces an upwards force on the upstream section of the ring and a downwards force on the downstream section.
	www.rap.ucar.edu /staff/crook/magnus.html (254 words)

	Magnus effect -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		It is a product of various phenomena including the (Click link for more info and facts about Bernoulli effect) Bernoulli effect and the formation of (The layer of slower flow of a fluid past a surface) boundary layers in the medium around moving objects.
		The pressure in the air is reduced from atmospheric pressure by an amount proportional to the square of the velocity, so the pressure will be lower on one side than the other causing an unbalanced force at right angles to the wind.
		It is worth noting, however, that the Magnus effect is not responsible for the movement of a cricket ball seen in (Click link for more info and facts about swing bowling) swing bowling.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/m/ma/magnus_effect.htm (239 words)

	Effects of spin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Magnus force makes curve balls curve (and also swerve downward), balls with backspin not fall so fast (such as most golf shots, most normal overhand throws of baseballs or softballs, and basketball shots), and tennis balls (court or table) and racquet balls hit with topspin dive faster than gravity would make them.
		There will now be a difference in the Bernoulli effect on the two sides of the ball: more pressure on the side of the ball moving against the air stream and less on the side moving with the airstream.
		We will call the deflection due to a force the effect of the force on the position, which is the difference between where the ball ends up with the force acting compared to where the ball would end up without the force present (if the ball moved uniformly).
	carini.physics.indiana.edu /E105/spinning-balls.html (1871 words)

	Analytic Functions, The Magnus Effect, and Wings
		The preceding discussion of the Magnus effect shows that the actual explanation for aerodynamic lift, and the contributions of static pressure and momentum, are fairly complicated and subtle.
		We can see that the effect of the circulation around the plate is to move the stagnation points closer together on the bottom of the plate, much as it does on the circle.
		In any case, Einstein decided the explanation for lift was the Bernoulli effect, and he sent a detailed proposal to a German aircraft company for a “humped wing, shaped like a cat’s back” which, he asserted, would provide maximum lift with minimum drag.
	www.mathpages.com /home/kmath258/kmath258.htm (3185 words)

	Magnus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Magnus (vampire), a character from Anne Rice's Novel The Vampire Lestat.
		Roberto Raviola, an Italian comic book artist whose pseudonym was Magnus.
		This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Magnus (89 words)

	The physics of football (June 1998) - Physics World - PhysicsWeb
		Magnus had actually been trying to determine why spinning shells and bullets deflect to one side, but his explanation applies equally well to balls.
		This lateral deflection of a ball in flight is generally known as the "Magnus effect".
		The lift force is the upwards or sidewards force that is responsible for the Magnus effect.
	physicsweb.org /article/world/11/6/8 (2335 words)

	Fastball - TheBestLinks.com - Baseball, United States, Magnus effect, Forkball, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Fastballs are usually thrown with backspin, so that the Magnus effect creates an upward force on the ball, causing it to fall less rapidly than might be expected.
		A pitch on which this effect is most marked is often called a "rising fastball", as the ball appears to rise to the batter.
		Gripping the ball with the fingers across the wide part of the seam ("four-seam fastball") produces a straight pitch, gripping it across the narrow part ("two-seam fastball") produces a sinking fastball, and holding a two-seam fastball off-center ("cut fastball") imparts lateral movement to the fastball.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Fastball.html (246 words)

	THE E-TIMS - MAGNUS EFFECT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Today this effect is responsible for the systematic drift of artillery shells in the aerospace industry - however it is on the sports fields and golf fairways that this effect is more frequently exhibited.
		The advantages are gained from the magnus effect which manifests itself through the spin ratio of the golf ball.
		Similar results from the Magnus effect include the pitches in baseball (i.e., curve ball, floater, sinker, etc.) the hook or slice of a golf ball and most importantly for Lubo the ability to hook a football around a wall.
	www.etims.net /specials/magnus.html (280 words)

	Why are Golf Balls Dimpled?
		This is because of the combination of drag (which reduces horizontal speed late in the trajectory) and Magnus lift, which supports the ball during the initial part of the trajectory, making it relatively straight.
		The Magnus force can be thought of as due to the relative drag on the air on the top and bottom portions of the golf ball: the top portion is moving slower relative to the air around it, so there is less drag on the air that goes over the ball.
		The boundary layer is relatively thin, and air in the not-too-near region moves rapidly relative to the ball.
	math.ucr.edu /home/baez/physics/General/golf.html (621 words)

	Unit 03
		The theory of the Magnus Effect is a relatively simple exercise in aerodynamics.
		The effect is to generate a pressure difference across the ball, creating a lateral force component that pushes the ball sideways.
		The strength of the Magnus force is in direct proportion to the rate of spin as well as the forward speed of the ballthe greater the forward speed, the greater the force.
	www.aoe.vt.edu /~jschetz/fluidnature/unit03/unit3a.html (1050 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Life \| How did Zidane score that goal?
		According to the Magnus effect, the anti-clockwise spin causes a drop in pressure on the left hand side of the ball and a rise in pressure on the right.
		The effect may be more pronounced in Adidas's new "seamless" Roteiro ball, which is supposed to be smoother than balls used before.
		Whether the effect makes much difference on the pitch, when a free kick is all over in one tenth of a second, is arguable.
	www.guardian.co.uk /life/thisweek/story/0,12977,1239986,00.html (499 words)

	Inwit Publishing, Inc. and Inwit, LLC -- Writings, Links and Software Demonstrations - The Dimpled Golf Ball (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The rest of the story is the Magnus effect; the Magnus effect embraces turbulence and viscosity.
		In a baseball, the two effects can exert a force as great as one-third the weight of the ball, resulting in measured curves of more than 17 inches.
		"Effect of Spin and Speed on the Lateral Deflection (Curve) of a Baseball; and the Magnus Effect for Smooth Spheres" — by Lyman J. Briggs, American Journal of Physics 27, 589 (1959)
	www.algorithm.com /inwit/writings/dimpledgolfball.html (871 words)

	Magnus, Heinrich Gustav. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A brilliant and highly popular teacher, Magnus introduced the seminar and the teaching laboratory and was influential in the science of his time.
		The scope of his interests was broad; he was the first to prepare a platino-ammonium compound (Magnus’s green salt) and several acids and their salts.
		From his study of projectiles was developed the theory of the “Magnus effect,” the lateral force on rotating cylinders in air currents.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ma/Magnus-H.html (153 words)

	Dr Derek Bray, DAPS - External Ballistics Supplementary Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The net effect of these pressure changes is to produce a lift on the cylinder which is known as Magnus lift.
		The Magnus moment tends to be very small but it can have a marked influence on the flight of a projectile.
		However, the Magnus moment will now generate an incremental nose up moment which is opposed to the gyroscopic motion and this leads to a reduction in projectile stability.
	www.rmcs.cranfield.ac.uk /aeroxtra/exb4mpmm3.htm (427 words)

	Baseball Almanac - eBook : Coaching Adult Pitchers Chapter 19
		When the four seams of baseballs spin as the Magnus Effect describes, about one-eighth of their leading surface contain seams.
		Therefore, Magnus pitches have their four seams collide with air molecules only about twelve and one-half percent of the time.
		When I learned of the Magnus Effect, I immediately wondered whether baseballs could rotate in such a way as to increase the percent of the seams that could collide with air molecules.
	baseball-almanac.com /chapters/cap-ch19.shtml (1701 words)

	Jef Raskin - Coanda Effect: Understanding Why Wings Work
		Experiment shows that this effect depends both on the fact it is spinning and that it is immersed in a fluid (air).
		Because the surface of the ball is rough, the effect of viscous forces is to create a thin layer of air which rotates with the surface.
		The experiments with the miniature wind tunnel described earlier are readily understood in terms of the Coanda effect: the downward-curved wing entrained the airflow to move downward, and a force upward is developed in reaction.
	jef.raskincenter.org /published/coanda_effect.html (4907 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The ball in air with and without the Magnus effect travel more or less the same distance, except that the ball with the Magnus effect curves off to the right.
		When a ball is spinning there is an additional effect that we can add to the problem, the Magnus effect.
		This effect is due to the effect of the spin on the partial vacuum created behind a ball moving through air.
	aix1.uottawa.ca /~ardsg/JSitu/ball.htm (517 words)

	The Particle: Hutchison effect
		The Hutchison Effect is a collection of phenomena which were discovered accidentally by John Hutchison during attempts to study the longitudinal waves of Tesla back in 1979.
		The Hutchison Effect occurs as the result of radio wave interferences in a 3 dimensional zone space volume radiated by two or more high voltage sources, usually a Van de Graff generator, and two or more Tesla coils.
		The radio wave interferences involved in producing these effects are produced from at least two radio sources, with the correct frequency difference, both operating at low power.
	www.blazelabs.com /f-p-hutch.asp (628 words)

	NASA Aeroquiz: The Baseball Quiz Series
		Magnus was not a professional ball player, coach, team owner, or even a sports writer.
		This phenomenon is known as the Magnus effect.
		The Magnus force is responsible for the curve of the curve ball and the "hop" of the fast ball.
	www-psao.grc.nasa.gov /asao.quiz/baseball.html (1682 words)

	Heinrich Gustav Magnus Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Heinrich Gustav Magnus (May 2, 1802 – April 4, 1870) was a German chemist and physicist.
		From 1861 onwards he devoted much attention to the question of diathermancy in gases and vapours, especially to the behaviour in this respect of dry and moist air, and to the thermal effects produced by the condensation of moisture on solid surfaces.
		In 1834 Magnus was elected extraordinary, and in 1845 ordinary professor at Berlin.
	www.aplaceinthesun.com /encyclopedia/Heinrich_Gustav_Magnus (608 words)

	Automags.Org Online Forums - Paintball Spin Physics - Getting to the final Answer
		The effect is general and is based on the dynamics of air moving over a spinning object or ball in our case.
		If this is true, then the bulk of the Magnus effect would indeed be manifested in a vertical direction from the true trajectory with only a lower deflection in the lateral or horizontal deflection.
		Because the effect of gravity on the ball's position produces a 0.0020 drop in the vertical position of the ball at the same distance, roughly an order of magnitude greater than the Magnus effect.
	www.automags.org /forums/showthread.php?threadid=64669&pagenumber=3 (6925 words)

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