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	Himal South Asian-August-2000
		A ‘forensic’ deconstruction of the Mahakali Treaty of 1996 between Nepal and India reveals the larger neighbour as bulldozer and the smaller one as hapless and internally divided.
		Mahakali Treaty, known formally as the Treaty between His Majesty’s Government of Nepal and the Government of India Concerning the Integrated Development of the Mahakali River Including Sarada Barrage, Tanakpur Barrage and Pancheswar Project.
		Their proposal was that the Mahakali waters should be shared only after ensuring that the flow of water to the canal of the lower Sarada Project, situated about 160 km downstream from the Sarada Barrage at the Nepal-India border, was assured prior use.
	www.himalmag.com /apr2001/essay1.html (6850 words)

	Mahakali River - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Mahakali is a river between Nepal and India.
		It was named after Mahakali, the Hindu godess of rage and courage.
		The villages of Chadani and Dodhara lie to the west of Mahakali river.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mahakali_river (112 words)

	Status and Conservation of Gharial in Nepal
		The study was conducted in the Karnali and Babai rivers of Royal Bardia National Park and Narayani and Kali rivers of the Royal Chitwan National Park in central Nepal.
		During the dry season (December-March) the river recedes to the center of the flood plain, and is fed by snow melt water from the Himalayas.
		During the field survey in Karnali River, seven adult gharials all females were observed in the upper Karnali River (Chisapani Gorge area), whereas not a single gharial was observed in the lower area.
	www.wii.gov.in /envis/crocodile/nepal.htm (1868 words)

	Annex -2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Mahakali river flows through the hill districts of Darchula, Baitadi and Dadeldhura and finally reaches the plains of Kanchanpur district as the border river.
		The draft proposal of the Mahakali package states, "Both the above barrages are dependent on the water of the Mahakali river which is basically a border river between the two countries and both the countries are entitled to an equitable share in its use".
		If the water of the Mahakali is used for the interest and wellbeing of the people of the both countries, the project on the border may stand as the symbol of the friendship between two countries.
	www.hri.ca /partners/insec/Yb1996/Annex_2.shtml (6686 words)

	Opinion (Spotlight Weekly)
		The Mahakali River Treaty recognizes that the Mahakali River is a boundary river on major stretches between Nepal and India.
		The equal right to the waters of the Mahakali River has been defined in the preamble of the treaty itself in a very broad way to cover not only the right to waters but also its utilization aspect that obviously entails duties associated with need to make investment to accrue benefits.
		The Mahakali Treaty could be construed to imply that the existing consumptive water uses should not be prejudiced in course of the construction and operation of the project.
	www.nepalnews.com /contents/englishweekly/spotlight/2003/jul/jul04/opinion.htm (1786 words)

	China
		Any project, other than those mentioned herein, to be developed in the Mahakali River, where it is a boundary river shall be designed and implemented by an agreement between the Parties on the principles established by the Treaty.
		Provided, however this shall not preclude the use of the waters of the Mahakali River by the local communities living along both sides of the Mahakali River not exceeding five (5) percent of the average annual flow at Pancheshwar.
		Following the conclusion of this Treaty, the earlier understanding reached between the Parties concerning the utilisation of the waters of the Mahakali River from the Sarda Barrage and the Tanakpur Barrage, which have been incorporated herein, shall be deemed to have been replaced by this Treaty.
	www.southasiafoundation.org /saf/safdic/doc/nepal_india/nep_24.htm (1834 words)

	IOSF: International Otter Survival Fund - Projects (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		During field survey information on habitat features such as landform element (streams, rivers, river channels, oxbow lakes, proximity to water body from sign locations, etc.), vegetation associations, size and configurations of dens, ongoing human activities, and threats facing by otters were recorded.
		Respondents reported to be present in the main river in the dry season, while in rainy season otters were range widely into smaller channels of the river and other wetlands inside the park.
		The south of Chisapani Bridge the river is braided into a number of channels by islands characterize by sandy stretches where water is slow flowing and frequent hydraulic refuge created by wooden derbies.
	www.otter.org /nepal.html (2009 words)

	Opinion (Spotlight Weekly)
		Thus the regulated flow of the Mahakali River can not be used to irrigate lands within the command area of the Saryu canal system.
		After the completion of the Pancheshwor Project the regulated flow of the Mahakali River would be quite sufficient to meet the additional irrigation water demand and therefore it would not be necessary to enlarge the size of the link canal.
		The average annual flow of the Mahakali River at Pancheshwor is 654 cum/sec.
	www.nepalnews.com /contents/englishweekly/spotlight/2003/jul/jul25/opinion.htm (1748 words)

	RAFTING (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		With the intricate network of mountain rivers flowing through a myriad of different colours of rocky gorges, forests, flowers and high mountain villages, the Garhwal and Kumaon Hills provide ideal locales for the perfect water adventure.
		It is practised mainly in the upper reaches where the water is wild and white as it frothes and foams, crashing against narrow gorges, rocky outcrops and falls at deep gradients.
		All the rivers can be graded on the basis of the water stretches and the adeptness required, to negotiate their waters.
	www.indiavacationexperts.com /VT_Links_rtms.htm (2128 words)

	Pakissan.com; Saarc may help in solving Pak-India water sharing problem: World Bank
		Nepal and India have established treaty relations on three international rivers: the Kosi Agreement (in connection with the Kosi River), the Gandak Agreement (in connection with the Gandak River) and the Mahakali Treaty (in connection with the Mahakali River).
		Since about 45 percent of the waters of the Ganges River, the major river in India, have their origins in China and Nepal, this river is of major importance to both these countries.
		Geographically, India is the downstream state in relation to Nepal, it is the upstream state in relation to Bangladesh, and is therefore in a position to affect the flow of the Ganges and the Brahmaputra into Bangladesh.
	www.pakissan.com /english/news/2003/jul/Saarc.shtml (1198 words)

	River Rafting in North India: The Ganges and vicinity
		A relaxing experience, this is possible on the calmer sections of the rivers, and on some of the smaller rapids.
		Due to the extremely cold temperatures in Ladakh, this river can only be run for a few months in the summer and you must plan for it in advance.
		Make sure you are comfortable with your river guides and operators before you ask them to organize a trip on any of these rivers.
	www.planetd.org /adventures/rafting (549 words)

	DAWater: The Characteristics of Water in India
		The flow regime of India’s rivers is strongly influenced by the monsoon climate.
		Since the majority of rivers in India are shared between neighbouring States, the ISWD Act was enacted in 1956 to adjudicate any disputes regarding the distribution or control of the rivers or the river valleys.
		In the case of both the Indus and Mahakali Rivers, the equitable distribution of irrigation water was under contention.
	www.devalt.org /water/WaterinIndia/characteristics.htm (4258 words)

	War over Water (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Some of the rivers on which the dams are being planned are the tributaries of the Ganges like the Kosi, Karnali, Gandak and Mahakali.
		As part of the Mahakali treaty between India and Nepal, the Pancheswar dam is being planned.
		In fact, the Mahakali treaty remains in the minds of the Nepali people as a symbol of injustice.
	www.panos.org.np /programmes/water_articles/sm_waroverwater.htm (2727 words)

	Renewable Surface Waters of Nepal -Uses and Constrains to 21st Century
		Karmali in the west, Gandaki in the Central and Koshi in the east, are three main rivers of Nepal.
		Mahakali River, Babai River, Rapti River, Bagmati River, Kamala River and Kankai and Mechi River are some other big rivers of Nepal.
		In addition to the figures, Mahakali rivers at Pancheswor and Karnali River at Chisapani could produce 6000 and 10500 Mega Watt of electricity.
	www.riob.org /forum2/jk-sciii.htm (1721 words)

	Alexander's Gas & Oil Connections - Nepal asking India more power to meet shortage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Numerous rivers cascading from the snow-capped Himalayas in Nepal have the potential to produce up to 83,000 MW of hydroelectric power, making the kingdom one of the richest on earth in water resources.
		In 1996, Nepal and India signed a landmark treaty to construct a multi-billion dollar dam on the Mahakali river to produce 6,400 MW hydroelectric power to be shared equally.
		But the work on Mahakali river, which forms the kingdom's western borders with India, has slowed down due to a border dispute on the source of the river.
	www.gasandoil.com /goc/news/nts80403.htm (407 words)

	NASA Conference 20-22 September
		The treaty has been criticised on the ground that Nepal has lost its water right claim in the whole Mahakali river, there is no equal sharing of water and benefits and that Nepal has been trapped through undue political pressure and the money power.
		The project is not moving anywhere and there is also a litigation in the Supreme Court challenging the constitutionality of the Treaty as to the territorial status of the Mahakali River.
		Laxmanpur Barrage and Russiawal Khurda-Lotan Dam in the South-West of Nepal.
	www.svf.uib.no /sfu/nasa/abstracts/gopal.htm (458 words)

	Ethnologue report for Nepal
		Sagarmatha Zone, Okhaldunga District, south of the Solu River in the Nachedanda ranges, east of the Melung River to the Thatan River and its tributaries in the west.
		West of the highest ridges of the slopes to Dudhkosi, north of the Nechedanda and Halesidanda ranges, east of the upper Solu River, and south of the Kakukhola and the confluence of Ingkhukhola and Dudhkosi.
		East of the middle Arun River between the Hinuwankhola in the north and the Leguwakhola in the south.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_country.asp?name=Nepal (4990 words)

	India Travelogue: Chaukori, Uttaranchal, Travel Experiences of Chaukori, Kumaon, Uttaranchal, India, Holiday at Chaukori (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Mahakali (or Kali or Kali Nadi) borders it in the east towards Nepal and the districts of Pauri Garhwal and Chamoli to the west.
		The Kali River and its valley are prominent in Kumaon.
		The Mahakali originates north of the main Himalayan range, carves its way through the Greater Himalayas and merges with the Ganga.
	www.indiatravelogue.com /trav/impr2.html (1456 words)

	WATER DISPUTES IN SOUTH ASIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Mahakali River was fixed as the western boundary between Nepal and British India in 1816, by taking the mid-stream of the river as the boundary, which later on became a source of conflict.
		In the case of the Mahakali Treaty, India, despite being the lower riparian country, is strong enough to threaten Nepal and in altering the terms in its favour.
		Saying that ‘Mahakali is a boundary river on major stretches between the two countries’ is the same as saying it is ‘basically a border river’.
	www.issi.org.pk /strategic_studies_htm/2001/no_3/article/4a.htm (6601 words)

	dam-l LS: Mass Protest Against Pancheshwar Dam
		Mass Protest against PANCHESHWAR Dam The Mahakali river basin has again come into limelight after India and Nepal concluded a much controversial Mahakali Treaty on 12th February1996 to share the exploits of the mega-dam to be jointly hoisted at Pancheshwar.
		In the first stage, a massive 315 mt high dam is to be constructed at 2 kms down stream of Pancheshwar, the confluence of river Kali (Mahakali) and river Saryu.
		Mahakali Bandh Virodhi Morcha, a dam protest forum of The Himalayan River Valley Conservation Campaign Report of the Pancheshwar dam protest organised on 30-31 Jan. 2000 The Pancheshwar dam, a joint project of India and Nepal governments is proposed on the Kali (Mahakali) river at Pancheshwar, (Districts Pithoragarh and Champawat).
	www.sandelman.ottawa.on.ca /lists/html/dam-l/2000/msg01460.html (1615 words)

	Treaty of Mahakali
		Recognizing that the Mahakali River is a boundary river on major stretches between the two countries;
		Water requirements of Nepal shall be given prime consideration in the utilization of the waters of the Mahakali River.
		Following the conclusion of this Treaty, the earlier understandings reached between the parties concerning the utilization of the waters of the Mahakali River from the Sarada Barrage and the Tanakpur Barrage, which have been incorporated herein, shall be deemed to have been replaced by this Treaty.
	www.nepaldemocracy.org /documents/treaties_agreements/indo-nepal_treaty_mahakali.htm (1641 words)

	Nepal-India Open Border: Prospects, Problems and Challenges
		The Mahakali River formed the western boundary, while the Mechi formed the boundary in the east along with ridges in the Darjeeling hills and Sikkim.
		Accordingly, Nepal had to forsake the areas lying to the west of the Mahakali River and the areas lying to the east of the Mechi River including the return of the territory of the Rajah of Sikkim occupied by Nepal.
		There are reportedly 8 disputed areas along the Nepal India border with a total of six along the rivers of the Mahakali, the Narayani/Gandak (Susta) and the Mechi and the other two are in Pasupatinagar and Thori.
	www.nepaldemocracy.org /documents/treaties_agreements/nep_india_open_border.htm (11346 words)

	Zoo-geographical distribution and the status of coldwater fish in Nepal. (by K.J. Rajbanshi)
		The first three major rivers, River Koshi, R. Gandak (or Gandaki) and R. Karnali originate from the northern slopes of the greater Himalayas and subsequently cross the Himalayas, while the fourth river, the Mahakali, originates from the high mountains of Nepal Himalayas.
		The rivers Tamurkoshi, Arunkoshi, Dhudkoshi, Tamakoshi, Sunkoshi, Bhotekoshi and Indrawati are the main tributaries of the Koshi basin.
		Aquatic Bio-diversity in the Karnali and Narayani River Basins- Nepal.
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/005/Y3994E/y3994e0r.htm (6806 words)

	Nepal, India sign deal to build world's highest dam
		MAHAKALI RIVER, Nepal -- A year after anti-large dam activists in Nepal celebrated the cancellation of the 201-megawatt Arun III Dam, they are now faced with a fight to stop a much larger 6,480-megawatt dam, the proposed Pancheshwar Dam, which, at 315 meters, would be the world's highest.
		In February 1996, the Prime Ministers of Nepal and India signed a draft treaty committing the two countries to build this dam, as well as two smaller dams on the Mahakali River in the far west of Nepal.
		The Mahakali Integrated Development Treaty divides between India and Nepal the water and electricity to be provided by the dams and the estimated $12 billion cost of building them.
	www.uswaternews.com /archives/arcglobal/6nepind.html (237 words)

	RIVER AGREEMENTS BETWEEN INDIA AND NEPAL - Indlaw News
		Another agreement in December, 1959 was entered into for construction of a barrage on Gandak river.
		During February 1996, India and Nepal signed a Treaty on Integrated Development of Mahakali River for which the centrepiece is the Pancheswal Multipurpose Project proposed to be located on Mahakali river at a stretch which forms the boundary between the two countries.
		Irrigation and hydropower benefits are envisaged from this project for both the countries and for which a detailed project report is under preparation jointly by India and Nepal.
	www.indlaw.com /news98-0016 (233 words)

	Large Dams and Alternatives in Nepal: Experiences and Lessons Learnt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Small Size Schemes are designed to serve local grids in remote locations by harnessing numerous small rivers, the medium size to cater to its national needs and to export the excess and Large Schemes mainly for export to neighbouring countries.
		The Mahakali Treaty was concluded in January 1996 between Nepal and India.
		The Mahakali treaty became effective on 5 June 1997 after exchange of treaty documents during the visit of the Indian Prime Minister to Nepal.
	www.dams.org /kbase/submissions/showsub.php?rec=opt024 (2544 words)

	Fate of MIP hanging in balance
		Fate of the Mahakali Irrigation Project (MIP) is hanging in the balance after donors including the World Bank showed no interest to invest in its third phase.
		This phase was approved with a view to bring in water made available to Nepal from Mahakali River and Sharada River for the irrigation purpose.
		As per the Mahakali Treaty, the irrigation project would get 300 cube per second in dry season and 1,000 cube per second of water from the river apart from the water it is using currently.
	www.kantipuronline.com /kolnews.php?&nid=12002 (686 words)

	High Dams - high on hopes, low on effectiveness (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The importance of Nepal-based river projects in the scheme of the Indian Government is clearly evident from the provisions of the 1996 Mahakali Treaty between the two countries which envisages the joint development of the Mahakali river basin for setting up of mega power projects, the centrepiece of which is the 6,480 MW Pancheshwar project.
		It is expected to produce 3,300 MW of electricity, irrigate 1.2 million hectares of land in India and Nepal and protect the down stream areas from floods.
		The former Minister, Mr Jagdanand Singh refuting all arguments said, “The dam is the only effective way to control floods," He, however, sought to clarify that the main objective of the dam is not to prevent the floods.
	www.panos.org.np /programmes/water_articles/ht_highdams.htm (1137 words)

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