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	Mahmud II - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sultan Mahmud II Mahmud II (in Arabic محمودالثانى) (July 20, 1785–July 1, 1839) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1808 until his death.
		Animation showing the structure of the Tughra of Mahmud II Mahmud appears to have been unable to effect the reforms he desired in the mode of educating his children, so that his son received no better education than that given to Turkish princes in the harem.
		In 1839, Mahmud resumed the war, hoping to recover his losses, but at the very time he died, the news was on its way to Constantinople that the empire's army had been signally defeated at Nezib by an Egyptian army led by Mehemet Ali's son, Ibrahim Pasha.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mahmud_II (417 words)

	Mahmud of Ghazni - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mahmud of Ghazni (971–April 30, 1030), also known as Yamin ul-Dawlah Mahmud (in full: Yamin ul-Dawlah Abd ul-Qasim Mahmud Ibn Sebük Tigin) was the ruler of Ghazni from 997 until his death.
		Mahmud's grandfather was Alptigin, a Turkic general from Balkh in Turkestan who crossed the Hindu Kush mountains to seize Ghazni, located strategically on the road between Kabul and Kandahar.
		Mahmud's armies routinely stripped the temples of their wealth and then destroyed them; after Mahmud's raids on the cities of Varanasi, Ujjain, Maheshwar, Jwalamukhi, and Dwarka, not one temple survived intact.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni (678 words)

	MAHMUD II. - LoveToKnow Article on MAHMUD II. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Mahmud was thus early impressed with the necessity for dissembling his intention to institute reforms until he should be powerful enough to carry them through.
		Mahmud, in spite ofor rather because ofhis well-meant efforts ~tt reform, was hated by his Mussulman subjects and stigmatized as an infidel and a traitor to Islam.
		Mahmud was under no illusion as to the position in which the latter placed him towards Russia; but his fear of Mehemet All and his desire to be revenged upon him outweighed all other considerations.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /M/MA/MAHMUD_II_.htm (1582 words)

	MAHMUD OF GHAZNI - LoveToKnow Article on MAHMUD OF GHAZNI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In 994 Mahmud was made governor of Khorasan, with the title of Saif addaula (ud-daula) (Sword of the State) by the Sgmnid N11h II.
		Mahmud again entered the Pun jab in 1008, this time for the express purpose of chastising Sewah Pal, who, having become a Mussulman, and been left by Mahmud in charge of Multan, had relapsed to Hinduism.
		Mahmuds failure at Ajmere, when the brave raja Bisal-deo obliged him to raise the siege but was himself slain, was when the Moslem army was on its way to Somnath.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /M/MA/MAHMUD_OF_GHAZNI.htm (2881 words)

	Mahmud I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mahmud I (in Arabic محمودالأول) (August 2, 1696 – December 13, 1754) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1730 to 1754.
		The rest of Mahmud's reign was dominated by wars with Persia and Russia.
		Mahmud entrusted government to his viziers and spent much of his time composing poetry.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mahmud_I (213 words)

	Mahmud Of Ghazni
		Mahmud was the son of a Turkish slave, who in 977 became ruler of Ghazna.
		The young and ambitious Mahmud aspired to be a great monarch, and in more than 20 successful expeditions he amassed the wealth with which to lay the foundation of a vast empire that eventually included Kashmir, the Punjab, and a great part of Iran.
		Mahmud's example was followed by his nobles and courtiers, and Ghazna soon was transformed into the most brilliant cultural centre in Central Asia.
	www.afghan-network.net /Rulers/mahmud-ghazni.html (589 words)

	[No title]
		Mahmud foresaw that a battle in the streets of Constantinople must decide the question between him and the Janissaries, and he diligently strengthened himself in the arm of war which is most effective in street contests.
		Mahmud also reasoned, not unsuccessfully, with the leading Ulema on the folly of their abetting by their influence the obstinate disloyalty of the Janissaries, who might once have been the truest champions, but were now clearly the worst enemies of Islam.
		Mahmud is said long to have resisted their pusillanimous advice, and well would it have been for him and his empire if a single faithful friend had then been near him to support his sovereign with manly counsel.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/Mahmud.html (8533 words)

	Mahmud II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Mahmud II (July 20 1785 - July 1 1839) was the sultan of the Ottoman empire from 1808 to 1839.
		Mahmud appears to have been unable to the reforms he desired in the mode educating his children so that his son no better education than that given to Turkish princes in the harem (http://wiktionary.org/wiki/Harem).
		In 1839 Mahmud resumed the war to recover his losses but at the time he died the news was on way to Constantinople that the empire's army had been defeated at Nezib by an Egyptian army by Mehemet Ali's son Ibrahim Pasha.
	www.freeglossary.com /Mahmud_II (526 words)

	Mahmud II. - Wikipedia
		Mahmud war ein Sohn von Abdülhamid I. und folgte seinem Bruder Mustafa IV.
		Mahmud stellte den Erklärungen Englands bitter das Angebot wirksamer Hilfe durch Russland gegenüber.
		Mahmud machte sich keine Illusionen über die Position, in die ihn dieser Vertrag letzterer gegenüber Russland brachte; aber seine Angst vor Mehmet Ali und sein Rachebegehren überwogen alle anderen Überlegungen.
	de.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mahmud_II. (1562 words)

	Mahmud II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Mahmud II Mahmud II Mahmud II (July 20, 1785 - July 1, 1839) was the sultan of the Ottoman empire from 1808 to 1839.
		Mahmud appears to have been unable to effect the reforms he desired in the mode of educating his children, so that his sonreceived no better education than that given to Turkish princes in the harem.
		In 1839, Mahmud resumed the war, hoping to recover his losses,but at the very time he died, the news was on its way to Constantinople that the empire's army had been signally defeated at Nezib by an Egyptian army led by Mehemet Ali's son, IbrahimPasha.
	www.therfcc.org /mahmud-ii-48101.html (381 words)

	Cricinfo - Mahmud manoeuvrings
		Mahmud, who had been booed from pillar to post by a hostile and frustrated public in the one-day series against England, was suddenly receiving sympathy as the apparent victim of a very public stitch-up.
		Mahmud may not have been a hero in the conventional sense, but moments like this could not be easily forgotten by his success-starved country.
		Mahmud, for all his manifest failings (one newspaper suggested that his "allrounder" status referred to his waistline, rather than his abilities), played the role of a national security blanket - slightly cuddly, reasonably robust, and something to cling to in times of never-ending strife.
	content.cricinfo.com /ci/content/story/136422.html (1039 words)

	Manas: History and Politics, Aurangzeb
		Mahmud succeeded his father, a warlord who had carved out an empire in central Asia and had established his capital at Ghazni, south of Kabul, in 998 AD at the age of 27.
		Mahmud’s invasions of India, which never extended to the central, south, and eastern portions of the country, were doubtless exceedingly bloody and ruthless affairs.
		These are among the pertinent considerations raised by Mahmud’s raids into India, and scholarship would do much better in directing itself towards the ‘politics of conquest’ and the political structures of north India around 1000 AD than in being derailed by communalist readings of Indian history.
	www.sscnet.ucla.edu /southasia/History/Mughals/mahmud_mughals.html (820 words)

	Somanatha and Mahmud (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		MAHMUD'S raid on the temple of Somanatha and the destruction of the idol has become an event of immense significance in the writing of Indian history since the last couple of centuries.
		In 1026, Mahmud of Ghazni raided the temple of Somanatha and broke the idol.
		Mahmud's attacks on the Hindus and on the Shias and Isma'ilis was a religious crusade against the infidel and the heretic.
	www-personal.une.edu.au /~hbrasted/islam/thapar.html (6577 words)

	Mahmud 2
		Mahmud 2's reign is remembered for the loss of Greece and Egypt, and for finally ending the Janissaries, which by then had become an elite group unwilling to reform their military.
		Mahmud's reform program was mainly designed by Grand vizier Bayraktar Mustafa Pasha of Bulgaria who was the one who had put him in power, and who only got to act as his vizier for half a year, before being killed.
		Mahmud 2 declares war on them, and it ends with cannons shooting at the Janissary barracks in Constantinople and the provincial capitals, killing most of the troops.
	www.i-cias.com /e.o/s30-mahmud2.htm (495 words)

	Palestinian Authority: Death in custody of Mahmud Jumayel
		Mahmud Jumayel's mother ran past hospital staff into the intensive care unit and saw her son on a life-support machine, covered in burns, bruises and whip marks.
		Mahmud Jumayel is the seventh person to have died apparently as a result of torture in the Palestinian Authority since July 1995.
		Mahmud Jumayel was arrested on 18 December 1995 while seeking clarification from the authorities on the fate of his brother Mu'ayyad who had earlier been arrested.
	www.amnestyusa.org /countries/israel_and_occupied_territories/document.do?id=C6698F0C821CF5E68025690000692CA6 (1611 words)

	Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi
		Sultan Mahmud Ghaznawi at the age of 27 announced his claim to the throne of Afghanistan and his brother Ismael announced his claim to be king from the city of Balkh.
		Mahmud defeated his brother in Ghazni captured him and imprisoned him for life in the province of Jowzjan.
		From this strategic location Mahmud was able to capture Panjab in 1007, Tanseer fell in 1014, Kashmir was captured in 1015 and Qanoch fell in 1017.
	www.afghanan.net /biographies/mahmudghaznavi.htm (513 words)

	Publications, Dr Ishtiaq Mahmud (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Mahmud, I., and Miura, Y. (1977) Protein in the food prolongs DNA synthesis in the liver of rats after starvation.
		Mahmud, I., Fukui, N., and Miura, Y. (1980) Arachidonic acid metabolism in normal and regenerating rat liver and hepatoma.
		Mahmud, I., Asanagi, M., and Miura, Y. (1980) Biphasic increase in ornithine decarboxylase and its relationship with thymidine kinase and DNA synthesis in liver.
	www.squ.edu.om /agr/depts/fsn/people/ishtiaq/ishtiaq-publications.html (1125 words)

	Mahmud Kianush
		Mahmud's Homepage at Art Arena, includes an outline of his life and works, links to FREE extracts
		Mahmud Kianush, Iranian poet, writer, literary critic, and translator, was born in Meshed, Iran in 1934.
		Some of Mahmud Kianush's books are available for sale from the Art Arena on-line Bookstore.
	www.art-arena.com /mahmud_kianush.htm (661 words)

	AllRefer.com - Mahmud I (Turkish And Ottoman History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Mahmud I[mAmOOd´, mA´mOOd] Pronunciation Key, 1696–1754, Ottoman sultan (1730–54), son of Mustafa II, nephew and successor of Ahmed III.
		During Mahmud's reign, the Ottoman Empire was involved in wars with Persia.
		Mahmud was succeeded by his brother, Osman III.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/M/Mahmud1.html (228 words)

	Mahmud I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Mahmud I (August 2, 1696 - December 13, 1754) was the sultan of the Ottoman empire from 1730 to 1754.
		In this war, the Russian commander Von Munnich routed Mahmud's Crimean Tartar vassals and then led his forces across the Dniestr, bringing much of Bessarabia under Russian control.
		Although no weakling, Mahmud entrusted government to his viziers and spent a largepart of his time composing poetry.
	www.therfcc.org /mahmud-i-52190.html (188 words)

	AllRefer.com - Mahmud of Ghazna (Central Asian History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Mahmud of Ghazna[mAmOOd´, guz´na] Pronunciation Key, 971?–1030, Afghan emperor and conqueror.
		In his raids against the states of N India, Mahmud, a staunch Muslim, destroyed Hindu temples, forced conversions to Islam, and carried off booty and slaves.
		Mahmud's territorial gains lay mainly W and N of Afghanistan and in the Punjab.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/M/MahmudGh.html (252 words)

	Mahmud I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Brought to the throne by the revolt Halil Pasha Mahmud swiftly asserted himself by over the Janissaries and having Halil Pasha murdered.
		The of Mahmud's reign was dominated by wars Persia and Russia.
		In this war the Russian commander Munnich routed Mahmud's Crimean Tartar vassals and then led his forces the Dniestr bringing much of Bessarabia under Russian control.
	www.freeglossary.com /Mahmud_I (226 words)

	Mahmud of Ghazni Biography / Biography of Mahmud of Ghazni Biography Biography
		Mahmud of Ghazni (971-1030) was the first sultan of the Ghaznavid dynasty in Afghanistan.
		It is estimated that Mahmud took from India jewels, gold, and silver in excess of 3 billion dinars, in addition to hundreds of thousands of slaves.
		Mahmud became the hero of many legends, many of them centering on his relationship with his favorite slave, Ayaz.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-mahmud-of-ghazni (573 words)

	Mahmud II
		Mahmud II Mahmud II, 1784–1839, Ottoman sultan (1808–39), younger son of Abd al-Hamid I. He was raised to the throne of the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) upon the deposition of his brother,
		Mahmud was obliged to accede (1833) to Muhammad Ali's demands and, by a secret agreement with Russia, promised to close the Dardanelles to all warships hostile to Russia.
		In 1839, war with Egypt was resumed, and on the day of Mahmud's death, news came of the ignominious surrender of the Turkish fleet in the harbor of Alexandria.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/people/A0831221.html (475 words)

	Mahmud Ghaznavi [979-1030] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Born in 979, Mahmud became the Sultan of Ghazni in 998.
		Mahmud was also a deeply religious man. He himself wrote a book on Fiqh.
		Mahmud attacked the Hindu Temples in India because of political and not religious reasons.
	www.storyofpakistan.com /person.asp?perid=P042 (482 words)

	Mahmud, II Biography / Biography of Mahmud, II Biography Biography
		Mahmud was born on July 20, 1785, son of Abdul Hamid I and cousin of the reforming ruler Selim III.
		But the highly intelligent and energetic Mahmud escaped the debilitating weakness trapping other Osmanli through the instruction accorded him by Selim III between the latter's dethronement in May 1807 and his execution in July 1808 as his reform-minded supporters battered down the palace gates.
		Mustafa was deposed, Mahmud was elevated to the throne, and a reform administration was returned to power.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-mahmud-ii (231 words)

	The Observer \| Special reports \| DNA tests after missiles strike 'Saddam convoy'
		The paper reported that Mahmud had told US authorities that the deposed Iraqi leader and his two sons survived the war and that the sons, along with the aide, escaped to Syria, only to be forced to return to Iraq.
		Mahmud was captured last Monday in a raid near the Iraqi city of Tikrit that also netted a number of other, less senior Saddam Hussein loyalists, officials said.
		Mahmud was regarded by Washington as the most wanted Iraqi figure after Saddam and his sons.
	observer.guardian.co.uk /iraq/story/0,12239,982710,00.html (999 words)

	Mahmud II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Mahmud II (July 20, 1785–July 1, 1839) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1808 until his death.
		The leader of this rebellion, Mustafa Bayrakdar, then became Mahmud's vizier and took the initiative in resuming Ottoman Reform Efforts under Selim III and Mahmoud IIreforms that had been terminated by the conservative coup d'étatcoup of 1807 that had brought Mustafa IV to power.
		Mahmud appears to have been unable to effect the reforms he desired in the mode of educating his children, so that his son received no better education than that given to TurkeyTurkish princes in the harem.
	www.infothis.com /find/Mahmud_II (572 words)

	Rewriting History and Mahmud Ghaznavi
		It is because Mahmud Ghaznavi is a pivotal figure in Indian history who invaded India numerous (14 - 17) times, laid the groundwork for future Muslim rule in India, and forever changed the course of its history.
		Utbi's account details how Sultan Mahmud "purified Hind from idolatry and raised mosques" and how after the victory, Mahmud directed the polluted infidel Jaipal (the King of Shahi dynasty of Peshawar) be paraded about in shame and disgrace so that the fear of Islam might fly about through the country.
		Also, after the conquest of Nardin Mahmud returned with immense booty and slaves were so "plentiful that they became very cheap; and men of respectability in their native land, were degraded by becoming slaves of common shopkeepers." Historians record that the streets of Ghazni looked like an Indian town.
	www.kashmirherald.com /featuredarticle/rewritinghistory.html (1492 words)

	Mahmud Abbas: Der Stellvertreter - Politik - SPIEGEL ONLINE - Nachrichten (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Mahmud Abbas war zurückgekehrt zu seinen Wurzeln: Der Ortstermin galt dem Stammsitz der Familie, in dem der Palästinenser 1935 geboren wurde und bis zu seinem 13.
		In Damaskus schloss Mahmud seine höhere Schulbildung ab und machte an der Universität einen Abschluss in Jura.
		Damals kehrte Mahmud Abbas an der Seite Arafats erstmals wieder in seine Heimat zurück.
	www.spiegel.de /politik/ausland/0,1518,249076,00.html (1050 words)

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