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Topic: Mahmud I of Great Seljuk

	Mahmud II of Great Seljuk - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mahmud II (died 1131) proclaimed himself the Seljuk sultan of Baghdad in 1118 following the death of Mehmed I (probably Mahmud's father).
		Mahmud fought against the Seljuk Sultan of Khorasan, Ahmed Sanjar, whom Mehmed I had revolted against in 1105.
		This biography of a member of a Middle Eastern royal house is a stub.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mahmud_II_of_Great_Seljuk (96 words)

	Mahmud I of Great Seljuk - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nasir ad-Din Mahmud I was the sultan of Great Seljuk (1092 - 1094).
		In Anatolia Malik Shah I was succeeded by Kilij Arslan I, and in Syria by Mahmud's uncle Tutush I.
		The disunity within the Seljuk realms allowed for the unexpected success of the First Crusade shortly afterwards, beginning in 1096.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mahmud_I_of_Great_Seljuk (141 words)

	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Seljuk Turks
		The Seljuks (Seldjuq) were a major branch of the Oghuz (or Ğuz) Turks that lived in Central Asia in the 9th to 13th century.
		The Seljuks migrated into western Asia[?] in the 10th century while fighting with various tribes on their way.
		Seljuk Turks can be regarded as the ancestors of Western Turks (today's Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Azerbaijan).
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/se/Seljuk_Turks (262 words)

	Ottoman Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		With the westward territorial expansion of the Mongol Empire, the Kayı became a puppet and vassal of the Il Khanate of the Mongols.
		The Seljuk system allowed the Kayı protection from outsiders, which gave them a chance to develop their own internal structure; moreover, their position on far eastern fringe of the Seljuk state enabled them to build military power through cooperation with the non-Turkic populations of eastern Anatolia, among whom were many Christians.
		When the Seljuk state was in the process of collapse, the various beyliks, or territories, of Anatolia came into conflict with one another, with the Ottoman beylik eventually emerging as the supreme power in the region.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ottoman_Empire (9117 words)

	Welcome to Seljuks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Seljuk Turks (also Seldjuk, Seldjuq, Seljuq; in modern Turkish language Selçuklular; in Persian language سلجوقيان Saljūqiуān; in Arabic language سلجوق Saljūq, or السلاجقة al-Salājiqa) were a major branch of the Oghuz Turks and a dуnastу that ruled parts of Central Asia and the Middle East from the 11th centurу to 14th centurу.
		- Jalal ad-Dawlah Malik Shah I of Great Seljuk 1086 - 1087
		Seljuk Sultans of Sultanate of Rüm (Anatolia) 1077 - 1307
	eirsfile.info /en/Seljuks (820 words)

	Seljuks
		The Seljuks were a group of nomadic Turkish warriors from central Asia who established themselves in the Middle East during the 11th Century as guardians of the declining abbasid caliphate.
		Seljuk power was at its zenith during the regions of Sultans Alp Arslan (1063-72) and Malki Shah (1072-92) who, with their Vizier Nizam Al-Mulk, revived Sunnite Islamic administrative and religious institutions.
		The Seljuk Turks are regarded as the ancestors of the Western Turks, the present-day inhabitants of Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan.
	www.themiddleages.net /people/seljuks.html (640 words)

	Saunders. History of Medieval Islam
		Mahmud's motives were a mixture of cupidity and religious zeal: when he was looting Hindu shrines he could claim to be destroying idolatry in the name of God and his Prophet, and he received congratulations and honours from the Caliph for his services to the faith.
		Seljuk is a semi-legendary figure who is said to have lived to the patriarchal age of 107, but he seems to have been an able leader, who welded his people into a first-class fighting force and by adroit diplomacy played off one neighbouring prince against another.
		Under Seljuk protection the champions of Sunnite Islam launched a strong propaganda drive against heretics and deviators from the true faith: madrasas or 'college-mosques' were founded in the principal cities for the instruction of students in fikh (Islamic jurisprudence), according to the teaching of the four orthodox schools.
	www.fordham.edu /Halsall/med/saunders.html (3955 words)

	Seljuk Turks - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The Seljuk Turks (also Seldjuk, Seldjuq, Seljuq; in modern Turkish Selçuklular; in Persian سلجوقيان Saljūqiyān; in Arabic سلجوق Saljūq, or السلاجقة al-Salājiqa) were a major branch of the Oghuz Turks and a dynasty that ruled parts of Central Asia and the Middle East from the 11th to 14th centuries.
		His brothers did not recognize his claim to the throne and Mahmud II proclaimed himself Sultan and established a capital in Baghdad.
		Jalal ad-Dawlah Malik Shah I of Great Seljuk 1086-1087
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Seljuk_Turks (536 words)

	The Seljuk Empire - All Empires
		The Seljuks helped the Samanids in their struggle against the Western Qarakhanids, but the Samanid capital Bukhara fell and the Samanid lands were overrun by the Qarakhanids and Gaznavids.
		Two years later, 20.000 Seljuk light riders crushed a large Gaznawid army composed of 300 war elephants and 50.000 troops (mainly heavy cavalries and infantries) at the Battle of Dandanaqan; the battle was won with the hit-and-run attacks of the Seljuks.
		The Seljuks withdrew to the desert, the Gaznawids followed them, but their forces were left without food and water, and the weakened Gaznawids broke in a single charge.
	www.allempires.com /article/index.php?q=Seljuk_empire (1753 words)

	Seljuk Turks - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Seljuk Turks (Turkish: Selçuk; Arabic: سلجوق Saljūq, السلاجقة al-Salājiqa; Persian: سلجوقيان Saljūqiyān; also Seldjuk, Seldjuq, Seljuq) were a major branch of the Oghuz Turks and a dynasty that occupied parts of Central Asia and the Middle East from the 11th to 14th centuries.
		The Seljuk Turks are regarded as the ancestors of the Western Turks, the present-day inhabitants of Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Azerbaijan.
		The Seljuk Turks and their descendants, the Ottoman Turks, played a major role in medieval history by creating a barrier to Europe against the Mongol invaders from the East, defending the Islamic world against Crusaders from the West, and conquering the Byzantine Empire.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Seljuq (530 words)

	SELJOKS, SELJUKS - Online Information article about SELJOKS, SELJUKS
		The province of Kerman was one of the first conquests of the Seljuks, and became the hereditary fief of Kavurd, the son of Chakir Beg.
		After the great victory of Alp Arslan in which the Greek emperor was taken prisoner (1071), Asia Minor lay open to the inroads of the Turks.
		Mosul in 1107, and declared himself independent of the Seljuks of Irak; but in the same year he was drowned in the Khaboras through the treachery of his own amirs, and the dynasty seemed again destined to decay, as his sons were in the power of his enemies.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /SCY_SHA/SELJOKS_SELJUKS.html (5718 words)

	History of the Punjab - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		That great work is a synthesis of many doctrines and creeds, but its core is arguably the enunciation of a martial and heroic cult.
		It was a great setback to Shah Zaman, but in 1795 he reorganized forces and again attacked Hasan Abdal, This time he snatched Rohtas from the Sukerchikias, whose leader was Ranjit Singh.
		The great city of Lahore is the cultural, educational and sports capital of Pakistan; its second-largest city, though hailed in importance greater than the capital Islamabad or the commercial and population center, Karachi, owing to its spiritual importance to Punjabi Pakistanis.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Punjab (7241 words)

	History of PERSIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Mahmud's rule coincides with the crumbling of the Samanid dynasty in Persia.
		Seljuk is the chieftain of a group of Turkish tribes who migrate, in the late 10th century, from the steppes to the northern borders of the Persian empire - in the region around the Syr-Darya river.
		He meets the Seljuk army in 1040 at Dendenkan, to the northeast of Mashhad, and is defeated.
	www.historyworld.net /wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=647&HistoryID=aa65 (1487 words)

	Ottoman Empire - MSN Encarta
		In the 13th century Seljuk power began to fade and a number of small Turkish states began to emerge in the frontier lands between the Byzantine Empire and the shrinking Seljuk state.
		This attempt was inconsequential and real reform had to wait until Sultan Mahmud II (reigned 1808-1839).
		Mahmud II’s successor, Abd al-Madjid (reigned 1839-1861), advised by his foreign minister, Reşid Pasha, embarked upon a program of reform that would become known as the Tanzimat (Turkish for “reorganization”).
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761553949/Ottoman_Empire.html (6104 words)

	Seljuk Turks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Today, they are remembered as great patrons of Persian culture, art, literature, and language and for setting up an empire known as "Great Seljuk" that stretched from Anatolia to Pakistan and was the target of the First Crusade.
		Initially the Seljuks were repulsed by Mahmud and retired to Khwarezm but ToÄrÃ¼l and ÃaÄrÄ± led them to capture Merv and Nishapur (1028-1029).
		The fractured states of the Seljuks were on the whole more concerned with consolidating their own territories and gaining control of their neighbours, than with cooperating against the crusaders when the First Crusade arrived in 1095 and successfully captured the Holy land to set up the Crusader States.
	en.encyclopediahome.com /wiki/Seljuk_Turks (1568 words)

	Toğrül - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He established the state called Great Seljuk and conquered Persia and Baghdad and expanded the borders of Great Seljuk and relegated the Abbassid Caliphs to state figureheads.
		In 1025 he, his uncle Arslan, and his brother Chaghri (Çağrı) served under the Kara-Khanids of Bukhara who was defeated by the Ghaznavid Empire under Mahmud of Ghaznavid, and Toğrül was forced to flee to Khwarezm while Arslan settled in Khorasan.
		When their uncle was later driven out of Khorasan by Mahmud, Toğrül and his brother moved onto Khorasan and conquered the cities of Merv and Nishapur in 1028–1029.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Toghril_Beg (442 words)

	The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire Chapter 57
		Mahmud appear as a merchant of idols." He repeated his blows, and a treasure of pearls and rubies, concealed in the belly of the statue, explained in some degree the devout prodigality of the Brahmins.
		For a daring intrusion into the harem of his prince, Seljuk was banished from Turkestan: with a numerous tribe of his friends and vassals, he passed the Jaxartes, encamped in the neighbourhood of Samarcand, embraced the religion of Mahomet, and acquired the crown of martyrdom in a war against the infidels.
		Mahmud the Gaznevide had declared himself in favour of the line of Abbas; and had treated with indignity the robe of honour which was presented by the Fatimite ambassador.
	www.ccel.org /g/gibbon/decline/volume2/chap57.htm (9276 words)

	Persian Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Seljuks built the fabulous Friday Mosque in the city of Isfahan.
		In the early 13th century the Seljuks lost control of Persia to another group of Turks from Khwarezmia, near the Aral Sea.
		In 1295, after Ilkhan Mahmud Ghazan converted to Islam, he renounced all allegiance to the Emperor Chengzong of Yuan China who had recently succeeded his grandfather Kublai Khan as Great Khan.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Persian_Empire (4747 words)

	A General History of the Near East, Chapter 10
		Mahmud was soon pressing on Buwayhid territory in northern and eastern Iran, but since most of his campaigns were directed to the southeast they belong to Indian, rather than Middle Eastern history.
		Mahmud's most powerful vassal was a Turkish tribe in Uzbekistan, founded a few years earlier by a chieftain named Seljuk.
		From Turkmenistan the Seljuk Turks spearheaded raids into Iran, and in the words of one twelfth-century historian, they "devoured Khurasan (Turkmenistan) as if it were food laid out for hunting falcons." Realizing his mistake, Mahmud imprisoned Arslan, but he died before he could inflict a serious defeat on the upstarts (1030).
	xenohistorian.faithweb.com /neareast/ne10.html (11190 words)

	Afghanistan - Ghaznavid and Ghorid Rule (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Out of the Samanid Dynasty came the first great Islamic empire in Afghanistan, the Ghaznavid, whose warriors, raiding deep into the Indian subcontinent, assured the domination of Sunni Islam in what is now Afghanistan, Pakistan, and parts of India.
		The most renowned of the dynasty's rulers was Mahmud, who consolidated control over the areas south of the Amu Darya then carried out devastating raids into India--looting Hindu temples and seeking converts to Islam.
		Mahmud was recognized by the caliph in Baghdad as the temporal heir of the Samanids.
	countrystudies.us /afghanistan/8.htm (259 words)

	The New York Times > Magazine > In the Balance
		Mahmud has led the neighborhood mosque for two years, and a steady stream of men entered his home to congratulate him upon his return from his first hajj.
		Mahmud acknowledged that he was a member of the Sunni Council of Islamic Scholars, a radical coalition of sheiks in Iraq who support the insurgency and oppose both the occupation and the election.
		Mahmud began with stories about the heroes of early Islam and, uncharacteristically for a Shiite, praised the early Sunni leaders and commended their friendship with the prophet.
	www.nytimes.com /2005/02/20/magazine/20ELECTION.html?ei=5090&en=c8ea50b990a645e5&ex=1266469200&partner=rssuserland&pagewanted=all&position= (6337 words)

	DAWN - Features; July 3, 2002
		What’s that which harmed Mahmud most: he didn’t keep his word with Firdausi and his dismantling the Muslim principalities of Mansura and Multan along with his intermittent invasions of India culminating in the ransacking of the temple at Somnath.
		Mahmud has been castigated for ‘betraying’ Firdausi, but researches have been proving beyond any shadow of doubt that Mahmud had not assigned Firdausi the writing of Shahnama.
		Ronaldo is great but he can’t hold a candle to Pele and the grand old man of football was there in Yokohama to see his country lift the World Cup.
	www.dawn.com /2002/07/03/fea.htm (2662 words)

	Kievan Rus Database (Seljuks) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Mid-1030s: The Seljuk armies reformed in the south of modern Turkmenistan, under the experienced leadership of Seljuk's grandsons.
		At first, the Seljuk leaders petitioned Sultan Mas'ud for permission to settle in return for military service, complaining that it was now impossible to live peacefully in their former homes in Khorezm and Mawara'n-nahr.
		The Seljuk came from the ecological borderlands along the Syr-Darya, and were already familiar with the urban and agrarian worlds to their south.
	members.aol.com /mokosh/Seljuks.html (567 words)

	Informat.io on Malik Shah I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		1092) was the Seljuk sultan from 1072 to 1092.
		This account appears in a report by Mughatil ibn Bakri, a member of the staff of the Nizamiyyah, who was also the son in law of Nizam ul-Mulk.
		In Anatolia he was succeeded by Kilij Arslan I, in Persia by Mahmud I and in Syria by his brother Tutush I.
	www.informat.io /?title=malik-shah-i (353 words)

	Seljuk Turks - Gurupedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Seljuk's son led the Seljuks southward; his grandson, Toğrül (Tughril Beg), conquered Persia and occupied Baghdad.
		He established the Seljuk capital at Nishapur and died in 1063 leaving his holdings to his nephew, the great-grandson of Seljuk, Alp Arslan who invaded and conquered Anatolia in 1071 in the Battle of Manzikert and subsequently conquered Transoxiana.
		Jalal ad-Dawlah Malik Shah I of Great Seljuk
	www.gurupedia.com /s/se/seljuks.htm (552 words)

	Afghanistan Country Study
		By the mid-tenth century the Sammanid Dynasty crumbled in the face of attack from the Turkish tribes to the north and from a rising dynasty to the south, the Ghaznavids.
		Mahmud was recognized by the caliph in Baghdad as the temporal heir of the Sammanids.
		Mahmud died in 1130, and the Seljuk Turks, also Muslims by this time, attacked the Ghaznavid empire from the north and west, while the rulers of the kingdom of Ghor, southeast of Herat, captured and burnt Ghazni, just as the Ghaznavids had once conquered Ghor.
	www.gl.iit.edu /govdocs/afghanistan/IslamicConquest.html (1932 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Constantinople
		On the Asiatic shore are the palace of Beylerbey, many beautiful mosques, and the great Mussulman cemetery at Scutari, the Selimieh barracks (largest in the world), the magnificent new school of medicine, quite close to which is the little port of Haïdar-Pasha, whence starts the railway line to Bagdad.
		The Fourth Crusade had caused almost all the islands and a great part of its possessions in Europe to fall into the hands of the Venetians, Genoese, Pisans, and local dynasts.
		Amon the higher schools are included the so-called Great National School in the Fanar (said to date from the Middle Ages), the commercial and theological schools at Halki, etc. The theological school is a seminary for future bishops of the Greek Church.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/04301a.htm (7386 words)

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