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Topic: Mahmud of Ghazna

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	Mahmud (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Mahmud was the son of a Turkish slave, who in 977 became ruler of Ghazna.
		When Mahmud ascended the throne in 998 at the age of 27, he already showed remarkable administrative ability and statesmanship.
		The young and ambitious Mahmud aspired to be a great monarch, and in more than 20 successful expeditions he amassed the wealth with which to lay the foundation of a vast empire that eventually included Kashmir, the Punjab, and a great part of Iran.
	home.comcast.net /~clintives/html/mahmud.html (90 words)

	Ghaznavids of Afghanistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The greatest of the Ghaznavids was Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni (971-1030), Alptigin's grandson, who led numerous raids into the Punjab, looting Indian cities of enormous wealth that he used to convert Ghazni into one of the great centers of Islamic culture.
		Muhammad of Ghur (flourished 1174-1206) deposed the last Ghaznavid ruler of a reduced domain with the capital at Lahore in 1186.
		Mahmud's territorial gains lay mainly Western and Northern of Afghanistan and in the Punjab.
	www.afghan-network.net /Rulers/ghaznavids.html (193 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia - Mahmud of Ghazna (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		MAHMUD OF GHAZNA [Mahmud of Ghazna], 971?-1030, Afghan emperor and conqueror.
		In his raids against the states of N India, Mahmud, a staunch Muslim, destroyed Hindu temples, forced conversions to Islam, and carried off booty and slaves.
		Mahmud's territorial gains lay mainly W and N of Afghanistan and in the Punjab.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/M/MahmudGh.asp (243 words)

	The City Of Ghazni
		Around the nearby village of Rowzeh-e Sultan, on the old road to Kabul, 130 km northeast), are the ruins of ancient Ghazna, including two 43-metre towers and the tomb of Mahmud of Ghazna (971-1030), the most powerful emir (or sultan) of the Ghaznavid dynasty.
		Mahmud's tomb and two high Ghazni victory columns outside the city escaped destruction.
		Early in the 11th century, under Mahmud of Ghazna, the town became the capital of the vast empire of the Ghaznavids, Afghanistan's first Muslim dynasty.
	www.afghan-network.net /Culture/ghazni.html (372 words)

	Malik Ayaz - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Malik Ayaz was a Turkmen slave who rose to the rank of officer and general in the army of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni (also known as Mahmud Ghaznavi).
		But when Mahmud bit into the cucumber, he immediately spit it out as it tasted terrible — chalky and bitter.
		When Sultán Mahmúd of Ghazna had cut off the locks of his favourite Ayáz in a moment of drunken excitement, and, partly from remorse, partly from the after-effects of his drinking-bout, was next day in so evil a temper that none dared approach him, the Poet-laureate 'Unsurí restored him to good humour by this quatrain:
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Malik_Ayaz (581 words)

	The Ghaznavids (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		of Ghazna took possession of the country as far as the Indus.
		of Ghazna wrestled the Kingdom of Lahore from
		Mahmud defeated Rajas of Bhalia Multan and the united armies of the Kings of Gwalior, Malwa, Kalinjar, Kanauj, Delhi and also Ajmer in a decision battle at Peshawar in 1008 AD.
	www.forumancientcoins.com /india/sultanates/sul_ghaznavid.html (191 words)

	Civilization Fanatics' Forums - The New Number Two
		Mahmud was also unable to create a stable empire which would stand the test of time.
		Mahmud himself was also a keen writer and thinker, and during his campaigns in India, he learned Sanskrit and studied Indian religious and scientific literature.
		Despite his efforts to increase cultural and scientific life, Mahmud himself is mostly remembered for being a warrior and conqueror, especially in India, where his brutal and merciless policy toward he Hindus would not be forgotten.
	forums.civfanatics.com /printthread.php?t=94064 (1387 words)

	Mahmud Ii - ENCYCLOPEDIA - The History Channel UK
		Mahmud II, 1784-1839, Ottoman sultan (1808-39), younger son of Abd al-Hamid I. He was raised to the throne of the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) upon the deposition of his brother, Mustafa IV, and continued the reforms of his cousin, Selim III
		Mahmud was obliged to accede (1833) to Muhammad Ali's demands and, by a secret agreement with Russia, promised to close the Dardanelles to all warships hostile to Russia.
		In 1839, war with Egypt was resumed, and on the day of Mahmud's death, news came of the ignominious surrender of the Turkish fleet in the harbor of Alexandria.
	www.thehistorychannel.co.uk /site/search/search.php?word=Mahmud2 (429 words)

	Biography of Mahmud of Ghazni \| Life of Mahmud of Ghazni
		Mahmud of Ghazni (971-1030) was the first sultan of the Ghaznavid dynasty in Afghanistan.
		Mahmud became the hero of many legends, many of them centering on his relationship with his favorite slave, Ayaz.The administrative system that Mahmud established--using a predominantly Turkish elite, often of slave origin, promoted to army commands, and a Persian elite responsible for civil and revenue administration--was used in Moslem India for several centuries.
		Further Reading The outstanding work on Mahmud and his times is Clifford Edmund Bosworth, The Ghaznavids: Their Empire in Afghanistan and Eastern Iran, 994-1040 (1963).
	www.essayboom.com /biographies/Mahmud_of_Ghazni-32037.html (328 words)

	The Hindu : Turkey looks at religion in quest for identity
		It notes that the Ghaznavid dynasty was one of the most powerful of the Turkic States of the medieval period, that Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna invaded India and that the areas he brought under Turkish rule were Islamised.
		Mahmud of Ghazna did conquer parts of the Indian sub-continent and the Muslim dynasties that followed did introduce and spread the religion of Islam and cultures affiliated with it.
		But to conclude from this that Mahmud Ghazna brought the seeds of the idea of Pakistan requires a stretch of the imagination.
	www.hindu.com /2001/03/02/stories/0302000d.htm (784 words)

	Islamic naturalistic portraits from life, from the 11th to the 16th centuries - Turkish Daily News Jun 11, 2003
		In 1017 the Ghaznavid Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna (ruled 998-1030) annexed the lands of Ma'mun, the Prince of Khwarizm, as part of the rapid expansion of the Ghaznavid Sultanate (977-1186), from Ghazna in Afghanistan, both north of the Hindu Kush mountains into Central Asia and Eastern Persia and, South into Northern India.
		Sultan Mahmud wanted ibn Sina to be found and brought to his court and the "Chahar Maqala" records: "and so he (Sultan Mahmud) caused a portrait of him (ibn Sina) to be circulated through the lands", so that ibn Sina could be recognised and sent to Sultan Mahmud.
		In regard to the Hadiths concerning painting and portraiture, there is no unanimity amongst the various schools of Islamic law, nor amongst the various jurists, although those of the Hanbalite school have been much opposed to both painting and portraiture (See TDN March 9, 2002 "Islamic paintings", and A. Issa's volume in the bibliography).
	www.turkishdailynews.com.tr /archives.php?id=32583 (1833 words)

	Ghazni
		Ogotai, a son of Jenghiz Khan, completed its downfall in 1221; Mahmud's tomb and two high columns outside the city escaped destruction.
		In 1747 the city became part of the new kingdom of Afghanistan.
		Mahmud of Ghazna - Mahmud of Ghazna, 971?–1030, Afghan emperor and conqueror.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/world/A0820705.html (241 words)

	Muslim Theology
		In consequence, all forms of Mu'tazilism and all kinds of mutakallims were an abomination to him, and it was a very real persecution which they met at his hands.
		That al-Qadir, his spiritual suzerain, urged him on is very probable; it is also possible that respect for the growing power of Mahmud may have protected al-Qadir to some extent from the Buwayhids.
		In 420 Mahmud took from them Ispahan and held there a grand inquisition on Shi'ites and heretics of all kinds.
	www.bible.ca /islam/library/MacDonald/development/p194.htm (549 words)

	AllRefer.com - Mahmud of Ghazna (Central Asian History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		AllRefer.com - Mahmud of Ghazna (Central Asian History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Mahmud of Ghazna[mAmOOd´, guz´na] Pronunciation Key, 971?–1030, Afghan emperor and conqueror.
		More articles from AllRefer Reference on Mahmud of Ghazna
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/M/MahmudGh.html (252 words)

	Herat
		It has been told, that during the reign of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna, there lived a certain Haidar Ali Jan. His father, Iskandar Khan, wanted to gain the patronage of the Sultan, so he sent Haidar Ali away to study spirituality under the guidance of a well known sage.
		When Sultan Mahmud's entourage entered Herat to the sound of drums and trumpets, Haidar Ali and his sheikh were sitting in a garden sanctuary near by.
		Sultan Mahmud and his courtier Ayaz, approached the sanctuary and took off their shoes in respect.
	www.zensufi.com /stories/herat.html (604 words)

	Qisas.com-Inspire yourself » Blog Archive » King Mahmud and the beans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The mighty King Mahmud of Ghazna, out hunting one day, was separated from his party.
		He came upon the smoke of a small fire and rode to the spot, where he found an old woman with a pot.
		The mighty Mahmud looked at the undisputed owner of the beans, thought of his disputed domains, and wept.
	qisas.com /stories/57 (215 words)

	dialognow \| Civil and thoughtful dialog
		Mahmud of Ghazna, who lived in the early 11th century razed a number of temples including one at Somnath and earned the title of 'idol breaker' for himself.
		According to him, in the case of Mahmud of Ghazna, temples were attacked primarily because the objective was to take away their wealth, which Mahmud needed to build and consolidate his empire.
		I have personally no doubt that temple destructions throughout the medieval time period weren't merely religious acts.They were guided by socio-economic and political factors,but with a religious seal of approval.Instead of an overriding judgement,one must look into case histories of various temples and their destroyers.One will find no uniform feature barring one of contradictions.
	www.dialognow.org /node/view/953 (15247 words)

	The Ghorids
		, the last ruler of Ghazna was overthrown by Mohammad bin Sam of Ghor in 1186.
		During his flourishing twenty six years of reign, the important landmark of India - the Qutub Minar was completely erected within the citadel of Delhi though the work was initiated by his father-in-law Qutubud-d-din Aibak.
		Delhi was no longer subordinate to Ghazna and the sultanate of Delhi was established during Iltumish's reign.
	www.forumancientcoins.com /india/sultanates/sul_ghorid.html (740 words)

	Find in a Library: The life and times of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna.
		Find in a Library: The life and times of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna.
		The life and times of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna.
		WorldCat is provided by OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. on behalf of its member libraries.
	www.worldcatlibraries.org /wcpa/ow/122f5bed822c6191.html (66 words)

	Islam -- The Straight Path: Islam Interpreted by Muslims (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The real history of Muslim India begins with Mahmud of Ghazna, ruler of a small Turkish kingdom in Afghanistan which had become independent when the Samanid Empire collapsed.
		The Punjab was annexed to the Ghaznavid Empire and ruled from Ghazna, but Mahmud’s successors, faced with the rising power of the Seljuq Turks, could not hold it.
		The dynasty which laid the permanent foundations of Muslim rule in North India was that of the Ghorids, rulers of a small mountainous state in Afghanistan.
	ismaili.net /Source/1221b.html (15812 words)

	Search Results for "Ghazni"
		...Muslim dynasties were founded, the most powerful of them having its capital at Ghazna (see Ghazni).
		Mahmud of Ghazna, who conquered the lands from Khorasan in Iran...
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	bartleby.com /cgi-bin/texis/webinator/sitesearch?FILTER=&query=Ghazni (269 words)

	A Dictionary of World History: Mahmud of Ghazna @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		A Dictionary of World History: Mahmud of Ghazna @ HighBeam Research
		Join HighBeam Research with a FREE 7-day trial, and get unlimited access to over 3,000 trusted publications.
		Mahmud of Ghazna (969–1030) Muslim ruler of the Ghaznavid dynasty of Afghanistan and Khurasan (999–1030).
	highbeam.com /doc/1O48:MahmudofGhazna/Mahmud+of+Ghazna+...?refid=ip_hf (90 words)

	Wars of Afganistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		This page provides a list of the major wars of Afghanistan and links to more information on each conflict.
		Alexander's Asiatic Campaign 329-327 B.C. Bactrian-Parthian War 170-160 B.C. Muslim Revolt A.D. Conquests of Mahmud of Ghazna 1000-1030
		Delhi Sultanate Wars with Ghazna and Ghur 1208-1228
	www.warscholar.com /WarsOfAfghanistan.html (45 words)

	Cortina - Shoes - Calendars Februari 1999 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		India * "Punjab" region leather shoe with turned-up toe
		In the year 1001 A.D., the "Punjab" region was conquered by Mahmud of Ghazna and the islamic religion became established in the northern part of India.
		As a result the original Bhuddist and Hindu cultures became strongly influenced by the Islamic domination.
	www.cortina.be /cal/cal1999/februari1999.htm (158 words)

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