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	Mahmud of Ghazni - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mahmud's grandfather was Alptigin, a Turkic slave-guard of the Samanids in Balkh who crossed the Hindu Kush mountains to seize Ghazni from the declining Samanid kingdom, located strategically on the road between Kabul and Kandahar.
		Mahmud's first campaign to the south was against the Ismaili Fatimid Kingdom at Multan in a bid to curry political favour and recognition with the Abbassid Caliphate engaged with the Fatimids elsewhere.
		Mahmud and Sabuktigin defeat Samanid rebels at Tus.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghaznavid (2347 words)

	History of Iran: Ghaznavid Dynasty
		Ghaznavid Dynasty, 962 - 1186 CE 11 century Minaret of Arslan Jadhib, an official of the Ghaznavid Sultan Mahmud in Sangbast (Khurasan, Iran)
		Mahmud returned home in 1026 and spent the last four years of his life contending with the influx of Oghuz Turkic horse tribes and opportunistically seizing Rayy (1029 CE) and Hamadan from the distracted Buyid (Daylami) Dynasty.
		In the interim, the Ghaznavid ruler Bahram was able to briefly reoccupy the remains of Ghazna until his death, when the Seljuqs forced the next Ghaznavid monarch to retire to Lahore.
	www.iranchamber.com /history/ghaznavids/ghaznavids.php (1068 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> Ferdowsi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		According to historians, Mahmud had promised Ferdowsi a dinar for every distich written in the Shahnameh (60,000 dinars), but later retracted and presented him with dirhams (20,000 dirhams), which were at that time much less valuable than dinar (every 100 dirhams worth 1 dinar).
		Sultan Mahmud was a Sunni, while Ferdowsi has many verses in admiration of Ali, which shows he might have been a Shiite.
		Ferdowsi is said to have died around 1020 in poverty at the age of ninety and embittered by royal neglect, though fully confident of his workâs ultimate success and fame (clearly seen especially in last verses of his book).
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/Ferdowsi (1047 words)

	Timeline of 11th century Muslim history - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		1001: Mahmud of Ghaznavid defeats the Hindu Shahis.
		1019: Conquest of the Punjab by Mahmud of Ghaznavid.
		1041: The Ghaznavid Sultan Mehmed of Ghaznavid is overthrown by Mawdud.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Timeline_of_11th_century_Muslim_history (480 words)

	ShaikhSiddiqui Ghaznavi
		Mahmud of Ghazni (October 2, 971–April 30, 1030), also known as Yamin ad-Dawlah Mahmud (in full: Yamin ad-Dawlah Abd al-Qasim Mahmud Ibn Sebük Tigin) was the ruler of Ghazni from 997 until his death.
		Mahmud turned the former provincial city of Ghazni (in present-day Afghanistan) into the wealthy capital of an extensive empire which included today's Afghanistan, most of modern Iran, and parts of Pakistan and northern India.
		Mahmud's campaigns seem to be motivated by both religious zeal and an interest in wealth and gold.
	www.shaikhsiddiqui.com /ghaznavi.html (704 words)

	Mahmud of Ghazna - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		MAHMUD OF GHAZNA [Mahmud of Ghazna], 971?-1030, Afghan emperor and conqueror.
		In his raids against the states of N India, Mahmud, a staunch Muslim, destroyed Hindu temples, forced conversions to Islam, and carried off booty and slaves.
		Mahmud's territorial gains lay mainly W and N of Afghanistan and in the Punjab.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-mahmudgh.html (279 words)

	Ghaznavids of Afghanistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The greatest of the Ghaznavids was Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni (971-1030), Alptigin's grandson, who led numerous raids into the Punjab, looting Indian cities of enormous wealth that he used to convert Ghazni into one of the great centers of Islamic culture.
		Muhammad of Ghur (flourished 1174-1206) deposed the last Ghaznavid ruler of a reduced domain with the capital at Lahore in 1186.
		Mahmud's territorial gains lay mainly Western and Northern of Afghanistan and in the Punjab.
	www.afghan-network.net /Rulers/ghaznavids.html (193 words)

	Toğrül - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 1025 he, his uncle Arslan, and his brother Chaghri (Çağrı) served under the Kara-Khanids of Bukhara who was defeated by the Ghaznavid Empire under Mahmud of Ghaznavid, and Toğrül was forced to flee to Khwarezm while Arslan settled in Khorasan.
		When their uncle was later driven out of Khorasan by Mahmud, Toğrül and his brother moved onto Khorasan and conquered the cities of Merv and Nishapur in 1028–1029.
		Toğrül then installed Chagri to govern Khorasan and prevent a Ghaznavid reconquest, then moved on to the conquest of the Iranian plateau in 1040-1044.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Toghril_Beg (442 words)

	The City Of Ghazni
		Around the nearby village of Rowzeh-e Sultan, on the old road to Kabul, 130 km northeast), are the ruins of ancient Ghazna, including two 43-metre towers and the tomb of Mahmud of Ghazna (971-1030), the most powerful emir (or sultan) of the Ghaznavid dynasty.
		Mahmud's tomb and two high Ghazni victory columns outside the city escaped destruction.
		Early in the 11th century, under Mahmud of Ghazna, the town became the capital of the vast empire of the Ghaznavids, Afghanistan's first Muslim dynasty.
	www.afghan-network.net /Culture/ghazni.html (372 words)

	Afghanistan - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		The Ghaznavid state grew weaker under Mahmud’s descendants and gave way in the middle of the 12th century to the Ghurid kingdom, which arose in Ghur, in the west central region of present-day Afghanistan.
		Two sons of Timur, Shah Shuja and Shah Mahmud, fought over the remnants of the Afghan empire, with Shuja finally going into exile in India and Mahmud withdrawing to Herāt, as a number of other small principalities emerged throughout Afghanistan.
		Dost Muhammad Khan emerged as the new ruler, or emir, in Kābul by 1826.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761569370___42/Afghanistan.html (4545 words)

	Conquests of Mahmud Ghaznavi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The most important impact of Mahmud's expeditions was the conquest of Punjab for the first time by Muslims and the establishment of Muslim rule and society in the region.
		After the death of Mahmud, the Ghaznavid dynasty lost much of its vigor; yet during the days of his son Masud and grandson Mahmud, Lahore remained an important province of the Ghaznavid Empire.
		Later, the Ghaznavid rulers moved their headquarter from Ghazni to Punjab and ruled Peshawar, Lahore and Multan till the last half of 12th century when Muhammad Ghuri defeated them.
	www.storyofpakistan.com /articletext.asp?artid=A003 (620 words)

	Kievan Rus Database (Ghaznavids) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Ghaznavid empire was created by ghulam soldiers of the Samanids, and it largely preserved Samanid traditions and methods of rule.
		Under Sebük Tegin's son, Mahmud, the Ghaznavid dynasty renounced Samanid suzerainty, secured the blessing of the caliphate, and became the most powerful state in the eastern Islamic world.
		The Ghaznavids collapsed (before the Karakhanids) under the pressure of the frontier tribes they encountered as a result of their expansion into Khorezm.
	members.aol.com /bksmyre/Ghaznavids.html (761 words)

	The Islamic World to 1600: The Fractured Caliphate and the Regional Dynasties (Central Asia)
		The Ghaznavid empire grew to cover much of present-day Iran, Afghanistan, and northwest India and Pakistan, and the Ghaznavids are generally credited with launching Islam into Hindu-dominated India.
		The invasion of India was undertaken in 1000 by the Ghaznavid ruler, Mahmud, and continued for several years.
		The Ghaznavids had provided a degree of unity, but their empire had been further east than the Seljuk empire, and the Turks of Asia Minor had not been a part of it.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/islam/fractured/centralAsia.html (898 words)

	Ferdosi Society
		One was the envy of Mahmud’s court poets, who depicted their king as greater, wiser, braver, and more splendid than the most illustrious Shahnameh heroes, while condemning Iranian sagas as “baseless tales”.
		The second factor was Mahmud’s constant occupation with state affairs, preparing and carrying out military expeditions and time consuming feasts, and ceremonial occasions, which all combined to leave him little time or enthusiasm to read or listen to long stories of ancient Iranian kings and heroes.
		It succeeds in presenting Soltan Mahmud as a ruler of lowly origin who was envious of the glorious descent and deeds of the ancient heroes and kings.
	www.ferdosi.org /WWW/flife.html (2009 words)

	Toghrül - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		In 1025 he, his uncle Arslan, and his brother Chaghri (Çağrı) served under the Kara-Khanids of Bukhara who was defeated by Mahmud of Ghaznavid, and Toğrül was forced to flee to Khwarezm.
		He and his brother conquered the cities of Merv and Nishapur in 1028–1029 and soon controlled all of Khorasan.
		Toğrül then conquered Iran in 1040-1044 and Baghdad in 1055, though an uprising against the Seljuks led to the loss of the city to the Fatimid Caliph of Cairo in 1058.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/t/o/g/Toghr%C3%BCl.html (198 words)

	KnowledgeNews :: Conquering Afghanistan
		The most renowned Ghaznavid ruler, King Mahmud (971-1030), was also the first Muslim warrior to carry Islam into the heart of India.
		Mahmud's armies raided the subcontinent repeatedly, seeking booty from Hindu temples and converts among Hindu souls.
		The Ghaznavid Empire fell apart almost as soon as Mahmud died, but other Muslims maintained control in Afghanistan until 1220, when the marauding Mongol Genghis Khan overran central Asia.
	knowledgenews.net /moxie/history/conquering-afghanistan-2.shtml (958 words)

	a sanctuary of solitude: Ferdowsi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		And there are various stories in medieval texts describing the lack of interest shown by the new king, Sultan Mahmud of Ghaznavid, in Ferdowsi and his lifework.
		Another fact is that Sultan Mahmud was stingy by nature and so he just gave money to king-admiring poems.
		Later it’s said that Mahmud resent the amount promise to Ferdowsi’s village, but when the messengers reached his house, he had died a few hours ago.
	www.asanctuaryofsolitude.com /2006/04/ferdowsi.htm (618 words)

	CADwire.net - Directory > Society > Religion and Spirituality > Islam > History > Dynasties and Empires (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Ghaznavid Rule of Pakistan - An account of the dynasty's control and rule in Pakistan, with Lahore assuming importance as the eastern-most bastion of Muslim power.
		Mahmud of Ghazna - Profile of the founder of the Ghaznavid dynasty.
		Mahmud Of Ghazni 971 A.D. - Biography of the Sultan of Ghazna, originally comprising modern Afghanistan and northeastern modern Iran but eventually including northwestern India and most of Iran.
	www.cadwire.net /directory/dir.asp?/Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Islam/History/Dynasties_and_Empires/Ghaznavid (194 words)

	Ghazni. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Mahmud of Ghazna built a magnificent mosque, the Celestial Bride, there.
		The kings of Ghor sacked Ghazni in 1149 but later (1173) made it their secondary capital.
		Ogotai, a son of Jenghiz Khan, completed its downfall in 1221; Mahmud’s tomb and two high columns outside the city escaped destruction.
	www.bonus.com /contour/bartlettqu/http@@/www.bartleby.com/65/gh/Ghazni.html (228 words)

	Central and North Asia, 1000-1400 A.D. \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		In the western part of Central Asia, Islamic rulers from the Ghaznavid and later the Seljuq dynasties, both of Turkic origin, dominate the first half of the period.
		The Ghaznavids, a dynasty of Turkic origin from the steppes of Central Asia, rule in modern-day Afghanistan and Pakistan.
		The works of this period express the artistic wealth of the Ghaznavids and the significance of Ghazni as a profoundly Islamic cultural center where different aesthetic traditions from the region come together.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/ht/07/nc/ht07nc.htm (884 words)

	The Emperor Babur: Autobiography and Dialogue with History
		The events and images surrounding the first Ghaznavid emirs as recorded in the writings of their court historians were transmitted textually.
		They did not merely imitate the Ghaznavids, but the space in which they operated was determined by these texts, and therefore their actions in these spaces was also determined by these texts.
		It was already predetermined for an army based in the seat of the Ghaznavids and the Ghorids and led by a general well-versed in the histories of these two dynasties and their exploits.
	www.history.ucla.edu /events/coll-conf/eurocoll/In_the_first_three_chapters[1]-1.html (10263 words)

	ghaznavid - OneLook Dictionary Search (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Tip: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "ghaznavid" is defined.
		Ghaznavid : Encarta® World English Dictionary, North American Edition [home, info]
		Phrases that include ghaznavid: ghaznavid dynasty, mahmud of ghaznavid, mehmed of ghaznavid
	www.onelook.com /?w=ghaznavid (91 words)

	Mahmud of Ghazna - The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition - HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Mahmud of Ghazna - The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition - HighBeam Research
		Here he details the victories of warlords, such as Mahmud of Ghazna, over Hindu populations.
		It is during a ghayn dynasty, the Ghaznavids (whose capital Ghazna is now a truck stop on the road from Qandahar to Kabul), that the ghazal took root in Persian, as a celebration of court...
	www.highbeam.com /ref/doc0.asp?docid=1E1:MahmudGh (333 words)

	AllRefer.com - Mahmud of Ghazna (Central Asian History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		AllRefer.com - Mahmud of Ghazna (Central Asian History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Mahmud of Ghazna[mAmOOd´, guz´na] Pronunciation Key, 971?–1030, Afghan emperor and conqueror.
		More articles from AllRefer Reference on Mahmud of Ghazna
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/M/MahmudGh.html (252 words)

	mahmudcoins (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		A large silver "multiple dirham" coin from the mint of Mahmud Ghaznavi at Andarba, 389 AH (999 CE)
		"A Ghaznavid Gold Dinar of Mahmud Ibn Sebuktekin, 388-421 AH/ 998-1030 AD (as autonomous ruler), struck at Herat YEAR 405 AH, struck on a full 25 MM flan of high gold content.
		"A Ghaznavid Gold Dinar of Mahmud Ibn Sebuktekin, 388-421 AH/ 998-1030 AD (as autonomous ruler), struck at GHAZNA in the year 407 AH (mint and date prefectly legible), struck on a full 25 MM flan (coins of the Ghaznavid Mahmud start to be debased only after the year 408 AH).
	www.columbia.edu /itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1000_1099/ghaznavids/mahmudcoins/mahmudcoins.html (168 words)

	VCoins - The Online Coin Show for Ancient Coins, US Coins, and World Coins
		23AVSLM) ISLAMIC GOLD DINAR OF THE GHAZNAVID MAHMUD * HISORICAL BACKGROUND OF MAHMUD : This coin was struck in the reign of the Ghaznavid Mahmud (Abul-Kasem Ibn Sebuktekin), 388-42
		23AVSLM) ISLAMIC GOLD DINAR OF THE GHAZNAVID MAHMUD * HISORICAL BACKGROUND OF MAHMUD : This coin was struck in the reign of the Ghaznavid Mahmud (Abul-Kasem Ibn Sebuktekin), 388-421AH/ 998-1030 AD.
		Mahmud’s empire at his death was thus the most extensive and imposing edifice in eastern Islam, and his army the most effective military machine of the age.
	vcoins.com /ancient/sphinx/store/viewItem.asp?idProduct=3280&large=0 (129 words)

	Whyislam.org Forums: India & Pakistan release prisoners (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		What actually happened during the reign of Mahmud Ghaznavi.
		Alptigin, one of the Turkish slaves of the Samanid ruler, Abdul Malik, rose to the status of Governor of Khurasan.
		Despite of centuries of massacre, muslim constitute 25% of the total population of India.While when Christians took spain from muslims, only in 100 years were wiped out from the face of the country.
	www.whyislam.org /forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=5624&get=last (803 words)

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