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	Maykop culture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		3500 BC—2500 BC, is a major bronze age archaeological culture situated in Southern Russia running from the Taman peninsula at the Kerch Strait nearly to the modern border of Dagestan, centered approximately on the modern Republic of Adygea (whose capital is Maykop) in the Kuban River valley.
		To the north and west is the similarly contemporaneous Yamna culture and immediately north is the Novotitorovka culture (3300—2700), which it overlaps in territorial extent.
		Gamkrelidze and Ivanov, whose views are somewhat controversial, suggest that the Maykop culture (or its ancestor) may have been a way-station for Indo-Europeans migrating from the South Caucusus and/or eastern Anatolia to a secondary Urheimat on the steppe.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Maikop_culture (488 words)

	Goddess
		The Starcevo Culture of the Central Balkans had elaborate pottery in the form of ornithomorphic vases from 5900-5800 B.C. Many figurines of the Karanovo culture were also discovered, including forms of the Bird Goddess, the pregnant goddess, stiff nudes, and zoomorphic figurines.
		Anthropologists are also turning to the so-called "fringe cultures" such as the modern foraging and horticulture societies for proof of the goddess civilization's persistence: "cultures do not seem to be aware of the male role in procreation" (Aelfric 3).
		A culture may worship the "Great Goddess" and therefore consider females as the creators of all life, while another culture may believe females to be the only creators of life but not necessarily believe in the "Great Goddess." One need not imply the other.
	uts.cc.utexas.edu /~gloria/Goddess.html (2888 words)

	Kurgan, Russia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Subsequent expansion beyond the steppes leads to hybrid cultures, such as the globular amphora culture to the west, the immigration of proto-Greeks to the Balkans and the nomadic Indo-Iranian cultures to the east around 2500 BC.
		Wave 3, 3000–2800 BC, expansion of the Yamna culture beyond the steppes, with the appearance of the characteristic pit graves as far as the areas of modern Romania, Bulgaria and eastern Hungary.
		Gimbutas viewed the expansions of the Kurgan culture as a series of essentially hostile, military invasions where a new warrior culture imposed itself on the peaceful, matriarchal cultures of "Old Europe", replacing it with a patriarchal warrior society, a process visible in the appearance of fortified settlements and hillforts and the graves of warrior-chieftains:
	www.creekin.net /c6245-n153-kurgan-russia.html (1366 words)

	1.The Indo-European-Semitic-Kartvelian Links of The Ukrainian Dnipro River Region
		The "Maikop culture" preceded the "Novosvobodnyanskaya archaeological culture".
		Semites belonging of the representatives of the "Maikop culture".
		It was observed that the most ancient representatives of the "old village culture" of the Lower Dnipro headed the union of the Hurryts and the Aryans and its short-term raid to the Caucasus and return.
	yurshilov.chat.ru /article1.html (2792 words)

	Scythians - History Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In its movement to the North, it comes to contact with the culture of the Ugro-Finnish group, the ancestors of Mari, Mordvinians etc. In the West direction, this culture got mixed with the culture of the earliest pra-Slavic tribes on the banks of Dnieper, Dniester, Danube and their tributaries.
		It should be stressed that Maikop culture definitely belongs to the barrow type, which was not inherent in Caucasus, but was the ethnocultural characteristic of steppes, where the barrow culture came from.
		On the early stages of development, Maikop culture retained the steppe forms and the burial in large pits in the ground, with wooden walls and the bedding of bark, organic substances, or just yellow clay; no stone constructions have been found in such barrows and pit burials.
	www.simaqianstudio.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=5231 (11281 words)

	[ THE SINTASHTA CULTURE AND SOME QUESTIONS OF INDO-EUROPEANS ORIGINS. - S.A.Grigoryev ] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Cultures of Scythian and Sarmatian world were not forming on the basis of the Late Bronze Age cultures placed from the Dnieper river to the Altai.
		Timber-grave, Petrovka and Alakul cultures, distributing in a huge area from the Dnieper river to CentralKazakhstan, were formed on the base of Sintashta and Abashevo cultures in the XVI century.
		However the Sintashta Culture extends from the West, on the Don river, to the East, South of the Ural (Early Srubnaya).
	www.egyptologie.be /sintashta_grigoryev.htm (1800 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The monuments of Maikop Culture of the Early Bronze Epoch are a unique phenomenon in the history of ancient population of the entire Caucasus region.
		The Maikop Culture got established at the end of the 4th millennium in the border territory between the Near East and Eastern Europe under a strong influence of cultural traditions of pre-Sumer tribes living south of this region.
		The phenomenon of Maikop Culture played a great role in the history of population of southern steppes and Eastern Europe: it was due to the contacts with Maikop people that their northern neighbors got familiar with the achievements of Near Eastern and Caucasian craftsmanship.
	www.arcaucasica.ru /index.php3?path=_art/gold_noth_caucasus/eng&source=bronze_age (774 words)

	Justice For North Caucasus
		By 3000 B.C., the Dolmen culture, whose name comes from the distinctive megaliths used as grave markers, had arisen here and reached its peak; it lasted until the last quarter of the second millennium B.C. The area where the Caucasian dolmens are found is the ancestral home of the Adyge-Abkhaz tribes.
		The first classical monuments of the Maikop culture in the form of large burial mounds (kurgans) containing splendid articles made of precious metals were discovered in the Kuban before the Revolution.
		By this time, the Meatic culture was thriving on the right bank of the Kuban, on the left banks of its tributaries to the northern slopes of the Caucasian range, and along the eastern shore of Lake Meota (the Sea of Azov).
	groups.msn.com /JusticeForNorthCaucasus/shapsuga.msnw?action=get_message&mview=0&ID_Message=4079&LastModified=4675566686197585341 (2509 words)

	Book Reivew
		Indicating that the Dereivka horse domestication is flawed because of the same methodological inadequacies of "false-direct," Levine reconsiders the "Dereivka Myth," and concludes that the hypothesis that horse domestication spread from west to east, i.e., from Dereivka to Botai, is erroneous.
		The rise of the archaic Kvityana (south of the Dereivka culture along the Dnieper), according to Rassamakin, was influenced by Sredny Stog II as noted in pottery compositional and technical parallels.
		The Yamnaya culture extended over a vast territory and according to Rassamakin's model it was a piecemeal "transformation of a series of cultures, conditioned by a range of interdependent factors, principally climatic and economic." (p.
	www.csen.org /Articles_Reivews/Levine_Review.html (3173 words)

	History of Northern Caucasus, Nabatchikov
		The Maikop Culture of the Early Bronze Age, which received its name from the richest kurgan (burial mound) found in the city of Maikop (Republic of Adighe) in 1897 by professor Veselovsky N.I., spread over the major part of the Northern Caucasus - from the Taman peninsular in the North-West to Daghestan in the South-East.
		Arising, formation and development of this culture are primarily connected with penetration of individual groups of population from the Near Easter to the Trans-Kuban steppes and foothills, which were the ones that brought here the cultural and technological achievements of the Near East.
		The complex cultural interactions resulted in formation of unique culture, which represented one of the most outstanding phenomena of the Bronze Age of Europe and of the entire Eurasian border territories.
	www.circassianworld.com /V_Nabatchikov.html (1707 words)

	THE CHONOLOGY OF THE CAUCASUS DURING THE EARLY METAL AGE: OBSERVATIONS FROM CENTRAL TRANS-CAUCASUS
		The mainly sixth millennium chronology of the early farming culture of Shulaveri-Shomu Tepe in central Trans-Caucasia is based on calibrated radiocarbon evidence.
		A following culture displays a certain similarity with the preceding and subsequent cultures, that is between the Shulaveri-Shomu Tepe period and the earliest materials of the Kura-Araxes culture.
		This phase is represented in the final layers of Level B at Kvatskhelebi-Khizanaant Gora, in the bulk of the Early Bronze Age material from Sachkhere and in the latest burials of Amiranis Gora.
	www.geocities.com /komblema/observe.htm (5724 words)

	Sexual Paradox: The Fall
		Neolithic agrarian cultures displayed a disturbing trend towards blood-fests of male sacrifice, personified in the ritual slaughter and dismemberment of sacred kings, in a confusion between the transience of male fertility in the reproductive process and the notion of sewing blood back into the pasture to ensure a rich harvest in the coming season.
		In ‘Culture of Honor’, the social psychologists Richard Nisbett and Dov Cohen show that violent cultures arise in societies that are beyond the reach of the law and in which precious assets are easily stolen.
		Associated with this cultural complex is an older form of marriage called the beena marriage, associated with the matriarchs at the founding of Old Testament myth.
	www.dhushara.com /paradoxhtm/fall.htm (20172 words)

	REPUBLIC OF ADYGHEYA
		These include the International Festival of Adyge Culture; the Friendship Stage (Rampa druzhby) amateur theater festival of the Northern Caucasus and a number of regional competitions for young musicians; regional festivals of Cossack culture; and the Peace in the Caucasus (Mir Kavkazu) festival of master artists of Southern Russia.
		The Maikop culture of the Kuban valley coexisted with the Dolmen culture.
		However, the Maikop clays have excellent natural properties and are suitable for manufacturing tile, glazed tile, ceramic sewer pipe, floor tiles, and faience.
	www.circassianworld.com /Adygherep.html (4620 words)

	The State Hermitage Museum: Collection Highlights
		The display incorporates three major sets of objects from the Northern Caucasus and adjacent area: finds from the Maikop burial mound, the Staromyshastovsky hoard and items found in the settlement of Novosvobodnaya.
		This burial of a chieftain produced precious jewellery and utensils: necklaces of gold, cornelian and turquoise beads, gold and silver vessels, as well as silver tubes bearing small gold and silver sculptures of bulls, and plaques in the form of rings and figurines of walking bulls and lions.
		The come from the burial mounds of not only the nomadic Scythians, but also the Meotians, a tribe closely related to them in culture and way of life that inhabited the basin of the River Kuban, as well as settled farmers of the forest-steppe zone.
	www.hermitagemuseum.org /html_En/03/hm3_10_4.html (696 words)

	Bronze Gifts
		The earliest copper alloys date to the late 4th millennium BC, and are found in the context of the Maikop culture.
		The date of the arrival of a Bronze Age varies from culture to culture.
		The Bronze Age in the Near East is considered as beginning around 3300 BC with the increasing use of bronze and the rise of complex urban civilisation (to varying degrees and in varying forms) in the main cultural centres of the region, Egypt and Mesopotamia.
	www.breadlike.com /pages7/11/bronze-gifts.html (1172 words)

	[ VARIA_KURA_ARAXES.htm]
		This vigorous culture that had taken shape in the southern part of Western Georgia and in Anatolia begins, from the middle of the 2nd millennium B.C., to gradually spread northward and crosses the river Enguri.
		The Kura-Araxes culture was an important Chalcolithic (copper-stone age) and Bronze Age culture that flourished in the Caucasus, eastern Anatolia, and northwestern Iran from about 4000 BC to 2200 BC.
		The cultural uniqueness of Urkesh is in part the result of its geographical uniqueness: against the backdrop of the mountains, it combined the urban potential of the plains with the ability to exploit less easily accessible resources of the highlands.
	www.egyptologie.be /varia_kura_araxes.htm (10008 words)

	Kommersant - Russia's Daily Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The capital of the Republic of Adygea is Maikop.
		The Adyge, who gave their name to the republic, are the oldest inhabitants of the Northwest Caucasus and were known in Europe and the East as Circassians (or Cherkessians) from the 13th century onward.
		Adygea's role in the cultural life of the Northern Caucasus region is increasing.
	www.kommersant.com /tree.asp?rubric=2&node=432&doc_id=-88 (4666 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		From the first discovery of this culture at Knossos in the beginning of the 20th century, the self-possessed independence and confidence of women was noticed.
		The Kurgan culture of the 5th millennium B.C. in the Volga foreststeppe and steppe and its newly acquired territory north of the Black Sea agrees with much that is reconstructed on a linguistic basis as PIE.
		Agrculture and Its Increase in the European Branch In the Kurgan culture of the steppe, agriculture was secondary to a pastoral economy.
	saturniancosmology.org /files/kurgan/burn.txt (21380 words)

	[No title]
		It then considers the implications of the now generally accepted “high” chronology of the Maikop culture as based on parallels with materials from Mesopotamia and a series of calibrated radiocarbon determinations.
		It discusses the interpretations of Maikop remains within broader inter-regional patterns of interaction between the worlds of the western Eurasian steppes and of the greater Ancient Near East, including the so-called Uruk expansion.
		The paper concludes by addressing certain features of the Maikop phenomenon that distinguish it from later Bronze Age developments on the steppes and that raise questions as to the degree of social complexity on the steppes during the Bronze Age.
	www.ucis.pitt.edu /steppe/abstracts/Kohl.doc (174 words)

	Protected Areas Programme - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		CULTURAL HERITAGE The history of the human occupation of this region can be traced back about 500 thousand years, archaeologists have found more than 150 sites of the ancient people in the area.
		At the end of 4,000 BC in the area was established a tumulus culture that had connections with the migration wave from Forward Asia.
		The territory was a part of highly developed Maikop culture that existed up to the 1,000 BC: numerous findings have been found in the tumuli including unique golden adornments, and artefacts made of metal and clay.
	www.unep-wcmc.org /protected_areas/data/wh/w_caucas.html (2302 words)

	Shevchenko Scientific Society hosts conference on archeology (04/24/05)
		The agricultural Trypillian culture, and other similar peoples who inhabited a large portion of Ukraine from the Neolithic period through the Early Bronze Age (4750-2500 B.C.), confronted the incoming tribes of the Maikop culture - Central Asiatic nomads who reached Ukraine via the Caucasus mountains.
		There were hostilities between the two radically different cultures, but also trade and eventually a cultural exchange, which led to a partial synthesis of the two cultural life-styles.
		The steppe cultures, specifically that of the Scythians, were further discussed in the talk "The Scythians of the Pontic Steppe" by Yuriy Boltryk, also from the Institute of Archeology (NANU).
	www.ukrweekly.com /Archive/2005/170520.shtml (995 words)

	Adelphiasophism: The Subjugation of the Goddess - The Goddess and her Enemies
		Presuming a Goddess culture existed, its disappearance was linked to the Indo-European invasion of war-like patriarchal hierarchical societies.
		Some critics point out that later cultures which still worshipped the Goddess were warlike, such as the Celts, a criticism that seems to concede that whole cultures did venerate the Goddess, while suggesting that they were obliged to defend themselves against the invaders.
		The early Yamna culture of the Volga steppe was about 4300 BC, the Maikop culture of the North Pontic area was 3500 BC, and the late Yamna also of the Volga steppe was after 3000 BC.
	www.adelphiasophism.com /enemies/16.html (1128 words)

	THE KURGAN INVASIONS
		She says "The material of the Volga-Ural interfluve and beyond the Caspian Sea prior to the 7th millenium BC are, so far, not sufficient for ethnographic interpretation." But I do not see how it could be otherwise.
		What stands out to me is that when Marija Gimbutas wrote the Civilization of the Goddess she could not have been aware of Ryan and Pitman's discovery of the Great Flood of the Black Sea in 5600 BC.
		When human cultures are separated for such long ages they evolve into distinctly different creations.
	www.geocities.com /gardenofdanu/the_kurgan_waves.htm (1529 words)

	Session
		Samara was the focus of this project, because the river Samara was the natural transitional zone between the classic steppe and forest-steppe and the natural northeastern border of the steppe in Eastern Europe.
		In this territory, the history of many archaeological cultures of stockbreeders and their intensive interaction with those around them is reflected in the archaeological record.
		In most cases the main attention is paid to the issue of the development of continental cultures in connection with their adaptation to the natural environment.
	www.symvoli.com.gr /eaa8/prasino.htm (2314 words)

	Welcome to Magical World of Adygheya (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Republik of Adygheya is situated to the north of the Caucasus mountains in the lush Prikubansk Valley.
		The capital of Adygheya is Maikop; Maikop is 1670 km distant from Moscow and 160 km from Krasnoidar.
		Railroad and airline links connect Maikop with Moscow, and a new airport will be built to connect the cith with other cities in Russia and elsewhere.
	www.magicaladygheya.com (713 words)

	Adygea - Russian Tales archives
		An agricultural and cattle-breeding culture arose in Caucasus in the early Bronze age.
		The ancestors of the Adyge also created the rich and golden Maikop culture.
		Cultural, historical and natural sights make Adygea to an attractive place for tourists in any season.
	www.russiantales.se /archives/adygea.html (230 words)

	THE MAIKOP TREASURE
		This collection was acquired by the museum in 1930 under the name of the “Maikop treasure.” It is worth noting that the collection of the Berlin Museum’s Classics Department (acquired in 1913) and of the University of Pennsylvania Museum share more than ten other types of golden wares, represented by many items.
		In 1915, in the context of this exhibition that was the biggest cultural event of the year, Canessa showed his collections and published a catalog, where Scythian treaures were shown in the U.S. for the first time [Canessa 1915, lot no. 2].
		I would like to add: and not until the monuments of material and spiritual culture of the past, ones that belong to all of humanity, are returned to museums from which they were stolen.
	www.silk-road.com /newsletter/vol2num2/maikop.html (5519 words)

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