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Topic: Major Power Diplomacy of China

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	"Diplomacy and Empire" Speech by Ambassador Chas. W. Freeman, Jr. 2/9/07
		Diplomacy unbacked by force can be ineffectual, but force unassisted by diplomacy is almost invariably unproductive.
		A diplomatic strategy is needed to give our military operations persuasive political purposes, to aggregate the power of allies to our cause, to transform our battlefield successes into peace, and to reconcile the defeated to their humiliation.
		Guantánamo, AbuGhraib, the thuggish kidnappings of "extraordinary rendition," the Jersey barrier, and an exceptional aptitude for electronic eavesdropping cannot be allowed permanently to displace the Statue of Liberty and a reputation for aspiration to higher standards as the symbols of America to the world.
	www.mepc.org /whats/diplomacy.asp (3891 words)

	Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast
		The "mind of modern China" that he refers to in his title must be the mind of a saprophyte living on traditional China's rotting remains, for if he regards Liang's search for continuity between the old China and the new to be deluded the new, modern China has to be a different organism altogether.
		Also implicit in her argument about the inability of the society to adjust to the demands of modernization is an evolutionary view in which China, as a weaker social organism, succumbs in the face of competition from the fit, surviving Western powers.
		In her introduction to China in Revolution Mary Wright moves, with her discussion of "'great leap' psychology," from one stream of the China field's preoccupation with mind and consciousness to the other.
	orpheus.ucsd.edu /chinesehistory/pgp/scollon.htm (2786 words)

	China
		China refuses to require recipients of its nuclear transfers to open their entire nuclear programs to international inspections and audits---so-called "full scope safeguards." The Congressionally mandated Presidential certification process provides an effective counter to China's policy against full-scope safeguards if the President is prepared to exercise it.
		China was the supplier of this military reactor to Pakistan and has been asked by the United States not to supply the heavy water Pakistan must have to begin operating the reactor.
		China is a party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and was among the parties that embraced the "principle and objective" of full-scope safeguards when the Treaty was extended indefinitely in 1995.
	www.nti.org /db/china/engdocs/ncalev.htm (5046 words)

	DIPLOMACY / A Pragmatic Approach to Beijing / Beware 'panda hunters' in dealings with China
		China's concerns about the U.S. role in Asia and the intentions of the panda hunters grow from historical experiences, beginning with a century of imperialists roaming and sometimes despoiling their country.
		China is concerned that if Washington disapproves of developments in areas China considers its own, the United States may intervene over Taiwan, Tibet, Xinjiang or the South China Sea, where the spy plane incident occurred in April.
		China itself is divided into "eagle huggers" and "eagle hunters." The former are the heirs of China's pioneer reformer, Deng Xiaoping.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2001/07/15/IN233232.DTL&type=printable (796 words)

	Oil Awakens China To Its 'Great Power' Responsibilities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Last week, China's foreign minister stated that his country would support a new resolution "provided that the UN is allowed a key role in the reconstruction of Iraq with a clear timetable for a quick transfer of power to the Iraqi people".
		Throughout the 1970s and 1980s China was isolated from the global economy and, hence, had not been affected by the dramatic events of the world oil market.
		China's oil consumption has risen from 2.1 million barrels a day (b/d) a decade ago to 4.6 million b/d currently and is expected to increase by between one to three million b/d annually.
	www.rense.com /general42/power.htm (864 words)

	Boao Forum for Asia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The founding of BFA was driven by the People's Republic of China and founded by 26 Australasian states on 27 February 2001.
		It has a fixed address in Boao, Hainan, China, and is held annually as a high-level forum for governments, businesses, experts, and scholars.
		The geopolitical strategy 'China's peaceful rise' has been a topic of discussion for the forum in 2004.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Boao_Forum_for_Asia (150 words)

	China’s Air-Power Puzzle by Jacqueline A. Newmyer - Policy Review, No. 119 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Once the power of a dynasty to fight foreign threats or internal rivals declined, the dynasty was seen to have lost its claim to the “Mandate of Heaven” and was ousted.
		China’s wariness of weapons development in the twentieth century bears traces of the suspicion surrounding technology in the imperial age.
		China was nonetheless able to humiliate a technologically superior foe, affirming the ancient theme of the dynastic foundings tales — the weak prevail against the strong.
	www.policyreview.org /jun03/newmyer.html (5412 words)

	Feature Article - September
		Second, assessing Chinese power at this critical juncture in world history is complicated by the profound domestic social, economic, and ecological transformations China is experiencing at a time when the global system of which it is a part is undergoing a structural transformation.
		The traditional military and strategic concept of power pays too much attention to a state's aggregate power (power potential as inferred from its as yet unconverted resources and possessions) and too little to the more dynamic and interdependent notions of power in an issue-specific domain--that is, power defined in terms of control over outcomes.
		China, along with the other four powers granted a permanent seat on the Security Council at the end of World War II, was endowed with special rights and privileges (for example, permanent membership and veto power).
	www.currenthistory.com /archivesep97/Kim.html (3654 words)

	RAND \| Newsroom \| Commentary
		China has expanded the breadth and depth of its bilateral relations, joined numerous regional and international agreements and increased the quality of its participation in multilateral organizations.
		China is dissatisfied with some aspects of the international system, such as U.S. preponderance and especially the status of Taiwan.
		China is rapidly emerging as the engine of growth in Asia, which affords it increasing influence and leverage.
	www.rand.org /commentary/112503AWSJ.html (1541 words)

	Asia Times Online - News from greater China; Hong Kong and Taiwan
		China recently resolved its long-festering territorial border disputes with Russia and made progress in border talks with India, reinforcing a trend toward responsibility and pragmatism, consistent with the great power status to which it aspires.
		China's hunger for energy is threatening a similar diplomatic challenge in the South China Sea, ironically, one in which China fears its own resources may be siphoned off, just as Japan fears it will lose its own resources to Chinese development of the Chunxiao field.
		Despite China's proven great power responsibility, it may be its ever-increasing hunger for limited energy resources that bucks the trend toward dispute resolution, as has been the case with another great power in Iraq.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/China/FK02Ad01.html (1334 words)

	GuruNet — Content Map
		Major League Lacrosse Coach of the Year Award
		Major League Lacrosse first overall collegiate draft choice
		Major League Lacrosse Goaltender of the Year Award
	www.gurunet.com /cm-dsname-Wikipedia-dsid-2222-letter-1M-first-3501 (78 words)

	China should address Taiwan with diplomacy - The Minnesota Daily
		China is both playing a dangerous international game and risking alienation from the Taiwanese even more by attempting to scare them into not voting for a pro-independence presidential candidate.
		For years, China has claimed Taiwan as its own, and this is not the first time China has threatened to attack the United States if we choose to interfere.
		China's renewed aggressions toward Taiwan are the only path the nation has toward influencing the democratic elections of a country they claim to already control.
	www.mndaily.com /printfriendly.php?id=13474&year=1995 (544 words)

	China
		In addition, while China is not a member of the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG), it has recently promulgated domestic nuclear export control decrees and regulations and published a control list identical to that maintained by the NSG.
		China insists that its nuclear cooperation agreements (NCA) with Iran are for peaceful purposes only and that China has pledged to cease all nuclear transfers and/or assistance to foreign nuclear facilities not subject to IAEA inspection.
		China agreed to provide the first reactor to Iran (1992-1993), but negotiations stalled and the deal was eventually frozen in 1995, apparently due to some combination of technical and financial difficulties, disagreements over the final site, and US pressure [9]
	www.nti.org /db/china/niranpos.htm (3007 words)

	Foreign Affairs - China's New Diplomacy - Evan S. Medeiros and M. Taylor Fravel
		China's steady diplomacy is a sign of how much things have changed in the country, which has long avoided most international affairs.
		China, long reticent on matters of foreign policy, had boldly stepped into the fray, suspending crucial oil shipments to North Korea, sending high-level envoys to Pyongyang, and shifting troops around the Sino-Korean border.
		China expanded its international profile by significantly increasing its participation in intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations, especially financial ones, and China gradually began to emerge from its Mao-era isolation.
	www.foreignaffairs.org /20031101faessay82604/evan-s-medeiros-m-taylor-fravel/china-s-new-diplomacy.html (944 words)

	China's peaceful rise (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		He believed that this was because these powers "chose the road of aggression and expansion, which will ultimately fail." He said that in today's new world, China should make use of the peaceful environment to continue to develop herself, and in turn help to maintain this peaceful environment.
		The content of the policy is also widely seen to reflect a more cosmopolitan and sophisticated outlook on the part of China's foreign policy establishment, which after the leadership transition in 2003, consists largely of people educated in elite universities in the United States after the end of the Cultural Revolution.
		In addition, this doctrine seeks to avoid confrontation with the United States and one of the motivations behind the doctrine was the conclusion in the late-1990s that the United States was not a declining power and that for the first part of the 21st century, that no alliance of great powers could constrain U.S. actions.
	www.yotor.com /wiki/en/ch/Chinas%20peaceful%20rise.htm (790 words)

	danieldrezner.com :: Daniel W. Drezner :: China's growth as a regional power, redux
		China's higher profile is all the more striking, analysts, executives and diplomats say, as Washington's preoccupation with Iraq and terrorism has left it seemingly disengaged from the region, which in turn has found the United States more off-putting and harder to penetrate after Sept. 11.
		China's prime minister, Wen Jiabao, as much as threw down the gauntlet last year, saying he believed that China's trade with Southeast Asia would reach $100 billion by 2005, just shy of the $120 billion in trade the United States does with the region.
		It remains the case that China's power is only felt at the regional level -- and Perlex asserts rather than proves her argument about America disengaging because of the war on terrorism.
	www.danieldrezner.com /archives/001604.html (5286 words)

	Disarmament Diplomacy: - China & US Comment on NMD
		As is known to all, China's nuclear arsenal is the smallest and least advanced among the five nuclear powers.
		China actively participated in the CTBT negotiations, and was the first to sign the treaty besides the host country.
		In addition to the fact that we have very limited number of nuclear warheads, China has voluntarily and unilaterally undertaken not to be the first to use nuclear weapons and not to use or threaten to use nuclear weapons against non-nuclear-weapon states.
	www.acronym.org.uk /55nmd.htm (4264 words)

	Massive capital for renewable power
		China will invest 1.5 trillion yuan (US$187.5 billion) to increase the ratio of renewable energy consumption, said Wu Guihui, vice-director-general of the Bureau of Energy under the National Development and Reform Commission.
		For wind power, it will be 5 million kilowatts in 2010 and 30 million kilowatts in 2020.
		As the world's leader in the use of solar cells, China intends to increase the total area of cells in use to 300 million square metres by 2020.
	www.chinadaily.com.cn /china/2006-10/26/content_717081.htm (558 words)

	China's newfound global diplomacy to get stage in U.S.
		BEIJING -- China is flexing newfound skills in global diplomacy, dispatching an envoy to the Mideast, brokering talks on North Korea and warming up to Asian neighbors that once viewed it with deep suspicion.
		Whether China's softer image matches reality is yet to be seen, but the nation is openly taking steps to improve relations with its neighbors and project its diplomatic reach.
		China's diplomacy soon will be onstage in the United States, where Premier Wen Jiabao will visit Sunday through next Wednesday.
	www.freep.com /news/nw/china3_20031203.htm (899 words)

	Burma: Regime's Aggressive Diplomacy with China and India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		China provided financial assistance and political support to the regime from the start while India initially rejected the regime's military mission against the pro- democracy movement in late 1980s and early 1990s.
		China is keen on keeping a major share of influence on the regime regardless of international concerns and pressures.
		Major difficulties are bound to arise if the regime persists in refusing political reconciliation with the NLD and Daw Aung San Suu Kyi.
	www.mizzima.com /archives/nf/2004/July/25-jul04-08.htm (919 words)

	WINEP: Influencing Iran's Nuclear Activities Through Major Power Cooperation, by Patrick Clawson - 12-30-04
		This is the second part of a two-part series on diplomacy surrounding the Iranian nuclear program and discusses the role of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council, with particular focus on Russia and China.
		Plus China is eager to cultivate political relationships with energy suppliers, rather than simply relying on market forces to assure access to the ever-increasing oil and gas imports China's growing economy needs.
		Given the common interest of the great powers in preventing a breakdown of the global counterproliferation regime, there is much basis for diplomacy to encourage China and Russia to quietly inform Iran that they would not stand in the way of Security Council action if the current Iran-EU negotiations break down.
	www.iranwatch.org /privateviews/WINEP/perspex-winep-clawson-123004.htm (1510 words)

	How America's Friends Are Building China's Military Power
		China may have a long way to go to absorb such foreign technologies and produce new missile systems, but it is working diligently toward this goal.
		China already is using navigation satellite data from the U.S. Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) constellation to increase the accuracy of its 360-mile-range DF-15 missiles, which were used near Taiwan during exercises in 1995 and 1996.
		China reportedly is funding the development of a new land-attack variant of the Israeli Delilah anti-radar drone, although it may already have access to this technology or to the missile itself.
	www.heritage.org /Research/AsiaandthePacific/BG1146.cfm (4506 words)

	Xinhua - English
		China's birth control policy was again in the spotlight with World Population Day this week, but after almost 30 years, questions should be asked about fairness of its enforcement.
		China has cut its energy intensity for the first time in three years in 2006, but that progress still falls short of our expectations.
		Despite skepticism and indifference from its EU partners, French President Nicolas Sarkozy continues to question the reigning power of the European Central Bank (ECB), proposing to set up a "European economic government" to seek a brake on the euro's rising value.
	www.chinaview.cn /opinion (454 words)

	China (from diplomacy) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The initial development of bone china is attributed to Josiah Spode the Second, who introduced it around 1800.
		Diplomacy is a method of influencing foreign governments through dialogue, negotiation, and other measures short of war or violence.
		The word “diplomacy” is derived from the ancient Greek diplo, meaning an object folded in two—a reference to the documents through which princes granted permission to travel and other privileges.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=233734 (1030 words)

	Power Shift: China and Asia's New Dynamics
		Primary among the catalysts of change in the region is the rise of China as the engine of regional economic growth, as a major military power, as a significant voice in regional diplomacy, and as a proactive power in multilateral institutions.
		These trends are explored in a new volume, Power Shift: China and Asia's New Dynamics, edited by David Shambaugh, nonresident senior fellow at the Brookings Institution and director of the China Policy Program at George Washington University, with contributions from an international array of China specialists.
		The briefing, sponsored by the Brookings Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies in conjunction with the Brookings China Initiative, will feature a leading group of experts who will explore the various dimensions of China's rise, its influence on the region, the consequences for the United States, and alternative models of the evolving Asian order.
	www.brookings.edu /comm/events/20060112.htm (616 words)

	Vietnam Thriving on Major-power Diplomacy -- china.org.cn
		The improved relations with major powers have produced immediate results in Vietnam's drive to innovate and open to the world.
		If China's reform and opening efforts can be described as "crossing the river by feeling the stones" - in the words of Deng Xiaoping, Vietnam's opening to the world should be seen as benefiting from China's experience, which has dramatically reduced the cost of repeating mistakes.
		Currently, China remains the major power in the closest relationship with Vietnam.
	www.china.org.cn /english/international/214786.htm (937 words)

	Bush calls for North Korea diplomacy - Asia-Pacific - MSNBC.com
		Bush said he was pleased that leaders of China, South Korea, Japan and Russia, in telephone calls during the past few days, agreed that the reclusive communist regime should not be allowed to possess nuclear weapons.
		China, North Korea’s closest ally, and Russia, which has been trying to re-establish Soviet-era ties with Pyongyang, said only diplomacy could halt North Korea’s nuclear and rocket development programs.
		China’s President Hu Jintao held talks on Thursday with Bush and reiterated Beijing’s “serious concerns” after North Korea’s missile tests, the Chinese Foreign Ministry said in a statement.
	www.msnbc.msn.com /id/13704198 (1110 words)

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