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	The Photovoltaic Effect - Forming the Electric Field
		The majority charge carriers, however, have excess energy that is not bound up in valence bonding with neighboring atoms.
		The majority carriers--electrons in n-type and holes in p-type silicon--are the ones that physically respond to an electric field.
		The bulk of the n-type silicon is still populated with negative charges; holes remain the majority charge carriers in the bulk of the p-type silicon.
	photovoltaics.sandia.gov /docs/PVFEffElectric_Field.htm (802 words)

	Band gap energy measurements for silicon and germanium diodes
		Majority carriers consist of electrons (in the conduction band) that travel from the n to the p side and holes (vacancies in the valence band) that travel from the p to the n side.
		The minority carriers also consist of electrons and holes yet the direction of their movement is opposite that of the majority carriers.
		Unlike the majority carriers, though, the concentration of minority carriers that cross the pn junction is independent of voltage and temperature.
	webphysics.davidson.edu /alumni/jocowan/exp1doc.htm (1057 words)

	The p-n Junction Diode
		Note that when a few minority carriers (such as the electrons in Figure 6) are diffusing through a sample, they will encounter a large number of majority carriers.
		Remembering that the built-in potential opposes the flow of majority carriers across the junction, a reduction in that potential makes it easier for holes in the p-type region to cross the junction and for electrons in the n-type region to cross the junction in the opposite direction.
		Majority carriers are thereby firther inhibited from crossing the junction.
	library.thinkquest.org /12666/junction.html (2386 words)

	Welcome to
		The majority carriers are mobile electrons in “n-type” semiconductors and are mobile holes in “p-type” semiconductors.
		The drift velocity of mobile carriers in a semiconductor is proportional to the electric field strength in the semiconductor.
		Carrier mobility is degraded by carrier scattering, which occurs by ionized dopant atoms, semiconductor defects, and interfaces (e.g., the interface between semiconductor silicon and the gate oxide in an MOS device).
	www.thresholdsystems.com /glossary.php?letter=m (743 words)

	Lake Carriers' Association
		LAKE CARRIERS' ASSOCIATION is the trade association representing U.S.-Flag vessel operators on the Great Lakes.
		Iron ore, stone and coal are the primary commodities carried by LCA members.
		The vast majority of cargos carried by U.S.-Flag lakers move between U.S. ports, what is commonly referred to as the Jones Act trades.
	www.lcaships.com (417 words)

	The Photovoltaic Effect - Forming the Electric Field
		The majority charge carriers, however, have excess energy that is not bound up in valence bonding with neighboring atoms.
		The majority carriers--electrons in n-type and holes in p-type silicon--are the ones that physically respond to an electric field.
		The bulk of the n-type silicon is still populated with negative charges; holes remain the majority charge carriers in the bulk of the p-type silicon.
	www.sandia.gov /pv/docs/PVFEffElectric_Field.htm (802 words)

	[No title]
		Eq.(1) does not, however, describe the carrier drift motion because its peak remains fixed at x=0, independent of time t, nor it describes the recombination process because the total number of carriers is constant in time in eq.(1).
		Therefore, the total majority concentration is little affected by the excess concentration; but the total minority concentration is dominated by the excess concentration.
		These excess carriers are the signal currents in a photodetector, a pn junction diode, or the bipolar junction transistor.
	jas.eng.buffalo.edu /education/semicon/diffusion/math.html (786 words)

	Solid State Technology - Electronic transport characterization of HEMT structures
		The mobility of carriers in lightly doped semiconductors is relatively insensitive to the doping density, and is primarily limited by phonon scattering.
		The assumption is frequently made that the minority carrier mobility is identical to the majority carrier mobility, with the two differing primarily in carrier density.
		As mentioned previously, the assumption that the minority and majority carriers are identical in their mobility while different in concentration is clearly erroneous for this sample.
	sst.pennnet.com /Articles/Article_Display.cfm?Section=Articles&SubSection=Display&ARTICLE_ID=87698&VERSION_NUM=1 (2980 words)

	[No title]
		This example illustrates that the concentration of minority carriers is dominated by the (laser-generated) excess carriers; while the concentration of majority carriers is little affected by the excess carriers.
		Note that the transport of excess minority carriers under the influence of an externally applied bias voltage is responsible for the physical operation of such minority-carrier devices as a pn junction diode and a bipolar junction transistor.
		In a steady state, the rate of excess carrier generation by the external stimulus is exactly matched by the rate of the excess carrier recombination.
	jas.eng.buffalo.edu /education/semicon/diffusion/intro.html (947 words)

	A Boyce's Electrical Definitions Webpage
		Forward Current-Current in a circuit of a semiconductor device due to conduction by majority carriers across the PN junction.
		Majority Carriers-The type of current carriers, free electrons or holes, of which a given semiconductor contains the most.
		Magnetic Shield- A piece of magnetic material used to carry the magnetic lines around and object to prevent the object from being affected by the magnetic field.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/boyce_smith/diction.htm (2291 words)

	Doping (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		In doped material, there is always more of one type of carrier than the other and the type of carrier with the higher concentration is called a "majority carrier", while the lower concentration carrier is called a "minority carrier."
		Expressed in a different form, the ratio of minority to majority carriers is less than one person to the entire population of the planet.
		Minority carriers are created either thermally or by incident photons.
	www.udel.edu /igert/pvcdrom/SEMICON/DOPING.HTM (218 words)

	Obsolete semiconductor distributor - SLC Logistics Corp.
		In this case, all carriers are created by thermally or optically exciting electrons from the full valence band into the empty conduction band.
		In this case the electrons are the majority carriers and the holes are the minority carriers.
		Thus, the holes are the majority carriers, while electrons are the minority carriers in p-type materials.
	www.slc-semiconductors.com /obsolete_semiconductor.html (639 words)

	APPENDIX F
		Besides having resistivities between those of conductors and insulators, semiconductors are different, in that their resistivities decreases exponentially with temperature, whereas the resistivities of conductors and insulators increase slightly with temperature.
		Assume initially that we have a p-type and an n-type semiconductor with equal majority carriers as illustrated in figure F-5 (a) and (b).
		The majority carriers are shown by the + and - symbols but remember that the semiconductors are overall neutral.
	www.thiel.edu /digitalelectronics/chapters/appf_html/appf.htm (2931 words)

	Bipolar Junction Transistors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Since the carriers move through this region by diffusion, it is the thermal energy, which causes the carrier motion.
		It is also of interest to note that the transit time is the same as the drift time of a majority carrier across a region of the same width if the applied voltage equals twice the thermal voltage.
		This then causes a gradient of the majority carriers equal to the gradient of the minority carrier density.
	ece-www.colorado.edu /~bart/book/book/chapter5/ch5_5.htm (1033 words)

	Junction Barrier
		The carriers throughout the remainder of the N and P material are relatively undisturbed and remain in a balanced condition.
		Thus, the effect of the battery voltage in the forward-bias direction is to reduce the barrier potential across the junction and to allow majority carriers to cross the junction.
		It enters the N material, where it is the majority carrier and moves to the edge of the junction barrier.
	www.tpub.com /neets/book7/24h.htm (1622 words)

	New UK Guidance to be issued on Hepatitis C as 'silent epidemic'
		The hepatitis C virus was first reported in 1989 and is a major cause of liver disease, with 170 million people worldwide believed to be infected with the virus.
		The main implications of hepatitis C are that carriers can develop cirrhosis of the liver (in which the liver is gradually destroyed, leading eventually to liver failure) or liver cancer over a period of 20-30 years.
		It is estimated that up to 20% of hepatitis C carriers could develop cirrhosis and require liver transplantation, putting significant pressure on transplantation services which are already experiencing a shortage of donor organs.
	www.news-medical.net /?id=11239 (470 words)

	Semiconductor Devices
		This movement of minority carriers is called MINORITY CURRENT FLOW, because the holes and electrons involved come from the electron-hole pairs that are generated in the crystal lattice structure, and not from the addition of impurity atoms.
		The only charge carriers able to support a net current across the p-n junction are the minority carriers and hence the reverse current is very small.
		This region, the depletion region, is essentially devoid of carriers and behaves as the dielectric of a capacitor.
	www.mtmi.vu.lt /pfk/funkc_dariniai/diod/p-n_devices.htm (2760 words)

	Privateline.com Telephone History: Transistor Explanation by Dante
		This translates to minority carriers and majority carriers, depending on the type of silicon is use.
		In N-type silicon, the majority carrier is the electron, whereas it is the hole in P-type.
		The majority carrier will be the electron and the analogy to the triode holds true.
	www.privateline.com /transistor/index.html (1158 words)

	S.F. Newspaper Carriers Stage Wage Protest (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Chronicle and Examiner carriers are demanding a 30 percent increase in base fees.
		Johnson said the newspapers had already increased carrier fees by five cents for each Sunday paper delivered in anticipation that those editions would increase in size during the holidays.
		And two years ago, carriers were given a 30 percent increase in base fees, he said.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2000/10/17/BU47039.DTL&type=printable (330 words)

	Carrier's Diffusion
		Under the thermal equilibrium, i.e., in the absence of excess carriers, the carrier recombination is exactly matched by thermal generation of carriers, so that the electron and hole concentrations remain constant in time.
		is the concentration of carriers in an intrinsic semiconductor.
		Thus under most circumstances, the excess carrier concentration is much much smaller than the equilibrium majority carrier density, and is much larger than the equilibrium minority density.
	www.mtmi.vu.lt /pfk/funkc_dariniai/sol_st_phys/diffusion_applet.htm (904 words)

	Benefitnews.com - A SourceMedia and Investcorp publication
		The Eastbridge Consulting Group study (http://www.eastbridge.com/), titled "Distribution Strategies of Worksite/Voluntary Carriers," indicates that the majority of carriers do work with brokers, although they receive just a fraction - between 10% and 20% -- of their brokers' voluntary/worksite business.
		Regardless the number of sales management levels, most carriers say they are satisfied with their distribution systems.
		That's not to say carriers don't desire change, although most requests were unrelated to the company's specific distribution strategy.
	www.benefitnews.com /finance/detail.cfm?id=8821&arch=1 (199 words)

	Measurement of the Linear Range of Photodiode Detector
		If a positive voltage is in contact with the N type end of the diode while a negative voltage is in contact with the P type end of the diode, which means we reverse bias the diode, the depletion region will be enlarged.
		The majority carriers in P region (holes) are attracted by the negative voltage, which draws them away from the depletion region.
		And the majority carriers in N region (electrons) are drew away from the depletion region by the positive voltage.
	laser.physics.sunysb.edu /~hmiao/report2 (684 words)

	Absorption of Light (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		In many photovoltaic applications, the number of light-generated carriers are of orders of magnitude less than the number of majority carriers already present in the solar cell due to doping.
		Consequently, the number of majority carriers in an illuminated semiconductor does not alter significantly.
		The number of photo-generated minority carriers outweighs the number of minority carriers existing in the solar cell in the dark, and therefore the number of minority carriers in an illuminated solar cell can be approximated by the number of light generated carriers.
	www.udel.edu /igert/pvcdrom/SEMICON/ABSORPT.HTM (294 words)

	IBM RD 50-1 \| Bipolar spintronics: Fundamentals and applications
		For example, when the number of carriers is changed, either by shining light [70, 71] or by applying a gate bias in a field-effect transistor geometry [72], the material can be switched between the paramagnetic and ferromagnetic states.
		In this case, nonequilibrium carrier densities are small compared with the density of majority carriers in the corresponding semiconductor region.
		is the intrinsic carrier density in the semiconductor.
	www.research.ibm.com /journal/rd/501/zutic.html (8740 words)

	Discount Long Distance Carriers by Volunteer Long Distance Services
		The "big three" long distance carriers either charge too much or put too many restrictions on when you can call in order to get their "best rates" on long distance calls.
		Select a plan from the carriers listed on this page and join the thousands who are already saving on their long distance.
		Select your long distance carrier from the list of carriers on the right or use our best rate search engine to help you select a carrier.
	www.volunteerlongdistance.com (429 words)

	Working with wireless carriers
		Because carriers have been building sites for the past 15 years or so, it is fair to assume most of the initial coverage objectives have been met (in the top 100 markets) with the exception of formerly rural areas where there is significant movement of population due to urban sprawl.
		The fact is that landlords will accept a lease on carriers' paper, but with changes, ranging from minor language modifications to complete removal or rewriting of major sections of the lease.
		For example, you may note existing monopolies or rooftops with carriers installed, this might indicate an adequate supply of locations within the area, however it could also mean that the population center is moving in the direction of your tower and a need for additional sites in the future.
	beradio.com /departments/radio_working_wireless_carriers (1435 words)

	Telecom Cost Minimizer
		Carriers are realising that cost-management requires a unique skill set, some robust automated tools, metrics and cross-functional support with the championship of executive management to be successful.
		A large carrier was faced with the challenges of integrating a number of telecom cost-management systems and processes in a post-merger environment.
		A large carrier knew the importance of implementing a cost-management function, but did not know where to focus its scarce resources to achieve the greatest return.
	www.pwc.com /pl/eng/about/ind/tice/bs_tel_cost_min.html (647 words)

	A Boyce's Electrical Webpage of Semiconductors
		A major factor that determines the ease of movement is the form of the material or the way that the atoms group together in nature.
		The minority carriers add their effect to that of the majority carriers to produce the total current.
		However, the current due to the minority carriers is very small compared to that provided by the majority carriers.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/boyce_smith/diodes.htm (2852 words)

	Boylestad's Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory Chapter 99 -- Glossary
		J. enhancement - Application of an electric field that attracts majority carriers to a volume of semiconductor material.
		intrinsic carriers - Charges constituting a current that are able to move simply because of the nature of the material and its temperature.
		majority carriers - Charge carriers made abundant in the doping process of extrinsic material—electrons in n-type material or holes in p-type material.
	cwx.prenhall.com /bookbind/pubbooks/boylestad_ca/chapter99/custom1/deluxe-content.html (3098 words)

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