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Topic: Majorana particle

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	PURPOSE OF THE COURSE
		The neutrino was always an interesting particle since it was proposed by Wolfgang Pauli in a famous letter from December 4th, 1930 from Zuerich to a conference in Tuebingen.
		Majorana proposed a theory in which the neutrino can be its own antiparticle (Majorana neutrinos) while the standard model assumes that the neutrino is a Dirac particle and therefore different from its antiparticle.
		To distinguish between Majorana and Dirac neutrinos, Ray Davis used in 1955/56 reactor antineutrinos to induce the inverse beta decay in 37Cl which is only possible with neutrinos and not with antineutrinos.
	www.uni-tuebingen.de /erice/2005/sec/purpose.html (1059 words)

	Double beta decay - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		If the neutrino is a Majorana particle, meaning that the anti-neutrino and the neutrino are actually the same particle then it is possible for neutrinoless double beta decay to occur.
		In neutrinoless double beta decay the emitted neutrino is immediately absorbed (as its anti-particle) by another nucleon of the nucleus, so the total kinetic energy of the two electrons would be exactly the difference in binding energy between the initial and final state nuclei.
		Numerous experiments have been carried out and proposed to search for neutrinoless double beta decay, as its discovery would indicate that neutrinos are indeed Majorana particles and allow a calculation of neutrino mass.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Double_beta_decay (417 words)

	Majorana equation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		If a particle has a spinor wavefunction ψ which satisfies the Majorana equation, then the quantity m in the equation is called the Majorana mass.
		Unlike Weyl spinors or Dirac spinors, the Majorana spinor is a real representation of the Lorentz group, which is why we are permitted to include both the spinor and its "complex conjugate" in the same equation.
		Actually, there is another way of writing a Majorana spinor in terms of four real components, which shows that the "complex conjugation" is really an artifact of using the Dirac notation for a real spinor.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Majorana_equation (172 words)

	Majorana Equation
		Majorana was mathematically extremely gifted, and was very young when he joined Enrico Fermi's team in Rome as one of the "Via Panisperna...
		3The representations used in the Dirac equation are (1=2;−3=2) and (1=2; 3=2) and in the Majorana equation...
		Derivation of the Majorana Equation from Irreducible Poincare' Representations, Nuovo Cimento, 56A, 1113 (1968);
	www.majoranaequation.info (377 words)

	Cosmolological Implications of Weakly Interacting Massive Particles
		The annihilation of X particles does not continue unabated though, since the annihilation rate is proportional to the X number density, n, times the anti-X number density, which is assumed^7 to be equal to n, so as n decreases, the annihilation rate decreases like n^2.
		It is expected the number of particles per comoving^35 volume, which is proportional to f, remains approximately equal to the number of particles per comoving volume in equilibrium, f_eq, until the chemical equilibrium is destroyed at the freezing temperature.
		Since Majarona particles are their own antiparticles, if X were a Majorana particle, then the number density of anti-X particles would be the number density of X particles.
	particle.physics.ucdavis.edu /archive/wimps.html (7599 words)

	Michael Hornish Neutrino Page
		Neutrino physics is quite unique in that it spans from nuclear and particle physics (which study the smallest objects in the universe) to astrophysics and cosmology (which study the largest objects in the universe).
		Secondly, while charged particles can easily be described as Dirac particles (where a particle and antiparticle are distinctly different due to the opposite sign of the electrical charge), the neutrino is electrically neutral and the distinction between a neutral particle and its antiparticle is not at all obvious.
		Hence, in the context of a gauge theory, the experimental observation of neutrinoless double beta decay necessarily means that the neutrino is a massive Majorana particle.
	www.tunl.duke.edu /~hornish/neutrino.shtml (1644 words)

	Student Abstracts: SLAC - Physics
		Particle identification based on measurements such as the Cerenkov angle, momentum, and the rate of energy loss per unit distance (-dE/dx) is fundamental to the BaBar detector for particle physics experiments.
		Using the Monte Carlo model of particle collision events, Anders Ryd's EVTGEN program, C++ code derived from GeneratorsQA, and PAW, we tested the hypothesis that the peak might be a reflection of the system, but found that this possible explanation could not account for the peak.
		The primary motivations of the present paper are to verify the implementation of the parameterization, to explore regions of energy where the parameterization is valid and to serve as a basis for further improvement of the algorithm.
	www.scied.science.doe.gov /scied/Abstracts2003/SLACphys.htm (3586 words)

	RMCybernetics - Other Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		This article was submitted as a term paper for a course in Particle Physics, Physics 521, given in the Spring semester by Professor Doreen O. Wackeroth, whose guidance and assistance is gratefully acknowledged.
		Unlike other elementary particles, which are either charged or are composite particles made up of equal amounts of positive and negative charges (e.g., the neutron), the neutrino is completely neutral.
		This would be consistent with the proposal that the neutrino is a Majorana particle and does not have an anti-particle.
	www.rmcybernetics.com /science/physics/other_theory_neutrino.htm (3029 words)

	Matthew Strait's Comps: Neutrino Oscilations
		However, another interpretation is that neutrinos are Majorana particles, which means they are identical to their antiparticles.
		The muon, μ, is a particle which is often referred to as a heavy electron: it has many of the same properties as the electron, but is about 200 times more massive.
		With the discovery of the tau particle in 1977, it was clear that for the set of leptons to remain symmetric, there needed to be a tau neutrino to accompany it.
	gridley.res.carleton.edu /~straitm/comps/comps.xml (6852 words)

	Photons, Neutrinos, And Their Anti-Particles
		Now consider what Eisberg and Resnick say on the subject of particles and anti-particles: "There is an obvious distinction between a particle and and its anti-particle if they are charged, because their charges are of opposite sign.
		Massless particles move with the velocity of light, and a right-handed particle remains right-handed in any coordinate system.
		For a massive particle, a Lorentz transformation along the momentum can be performed in such a way that the [direction of] momentum is reversed in the new coordinate system.
	www.mathpages.com /home/kmath246.htm (1226 words)

	Dick's PhAQs I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		An elementary particle is an excitation of a point, that is, the difference between the energy of an excited point and its ground state energy.
		For a composite particle such as a baryon, mass is mostly binding energy (gluons), the masses of the elementary constituents (quarks) contributing very little to the baryon mass.
		It is a Standard Model particle, but one that is thought not to exist because it would have exotic characteristics that are impossible in continuous spacetime.
	home.earthlink.net /~dolascetta/PhAQsI.html (3685 words)

	[No title]
		They are located at the transition energy of the decay as both the alpha particle and the nuclear recoil contribute to the signal, but present a low energy tail due to that fraction of decays occurring near the surface where part of the alpha or of the recoil energy is lost outside the crystal.
		Indeed a fraction of the 5.3 MeV peak is due to signals that are in coincidence with a 100 keV (this is the nuclear recoil) signal in the facing crystal.
		By means of particle or heater pulses then, the operation point on the load curve which corresponds to the highest signal is determined.
	crio.mib.infn.it /LNGS/PROPOSAL.doc (15031 words)

	KATRIN homepage
		In modern particle physics, one of the most intriguing and most challenging tasks is to discover the rest mass of neutrinos, bearing fundamental implications to particle physics, astrophysics and cosmology.
		However, actual investigations of neutrinos from the sun and of neutrinos created in the atmosphere by cosmic rays, in particular the recent results of the Super-Kamiokande and SNO experiments, have given strong evidence for massive neutrinos indicated by neutrino oscillations.
		The SM of particle physics, which very precisely describes the present experimental data up to the electroweak scale, offers no explanation for the observed pattern of the fermion masses or the mixing among the fermion generations.
	www-ik.fzk.de /tritium/motivation (1326 words)

	CERN Courier - Bookshelf - IOP Publishing - article
		In the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge in 1927 there were two lines of approach to the study of the nucleus: the traditional one using naturally produced particles such as alphas, gamma rays, etc, and another that was trying to accelerate particles artificially in the laboratory.
		Majorana was chronically diffident, and this shyness extended to his own publications.
		This book looks instead at Majorana's first steps in physics research, carefully documented by him in five notebooks (Volumetti) from 1927-1932, about one notebook per year, and extending from his formal coursework to original research covering topics ranging from the effect of a magnetic field on melting point to solutions of the Fermi-Thomas equation.
	www.cerncourier.com /main/article/44/6/21 (1691 words)

	symmetry - May 2005 - Searching for the Neutrino's Identity
		Assuming that neutrinos and antineutrinos are distinct particles, experiments have seen both of them where expected: antineutrinos in decays that also produce electrons, and neutrinos in decays that also produce positrons.
		However, the lack of charge allows for the possibility that an antineutrino is the same particle as the neutrino.
		Italian theorist Ettore Majorana proposed this idea, and the phenomenon of a particle being identical to its antiparticle is named after him.
	www.symmetrymagazine.org /cms?pid=1000113 (1810 words)

	Measuring neutrino mass without neutrinos! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The energy released in beta decay is divided between the electron and the neutrino, and the proportions are sensitive to the mass of the neutrino at the high-energy end of the beta spectrum.
		This suggestion was first made by Ettore Majorana in the 1930s, and it would make neutrinos very special: many theoreticians would be delighted if the neutrino turned out to be a Majorana particle.
		If the neutrinos have a Majorana component, then it is possible for a few, very rare, isotopes (such as germanium-76, selenium-82, molybdenum-100, tellurium-130 and xenon-136) to decay into two beta particles and no neutrinos.
	www.pparc.ac.uk /frontiers/current/editorial02.asp (813 words)

	Theoretical High Energy and Particle Physics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The central objective of all particle physics research is to understand the fundamental interactions of the basic forms of matter and their ultimate structure.
		The high energy theory group's activity centers on a quantum-field-theoretical study of these interactions, with specific emphasis on gauge field theories, which are indispensable for the description of all interactions.
		He has worked on Skyrmions, quantum breaking of classical symmetries, conformal and topological field theories, theories of anyons (particles of fractional spin), fl holes and on the geometry of the configuration space for gauge theories.
	www.sci.ccny.cuny.edu /~vpn/high_energy.html (312 words)

	Simulation of the proposed SuperNEMO neutrinoless double beta decay experiment
		In reality, no particle or nuclear physics experiment can place their detector at the interaction or decay vertex; one has place them at a distance from an event.
		Once a vertex is generated and initial momenta calculated, the particle is tracked by taking small steps - at the end of each step decisions are made based upon the particle's location, energy and physics processes in operation to determine its trajectory from that point onwards.
		This process continues step-by-step until the particle leaves the geometry, loses all its energy or the program encounters a problem with the code which leads to rejection of an event.
	www.hep.ucl.ac.uk /~orme/index1.html (2637 words)

	[No title]
		In the late 1930s, Italian physicist Ettore Majorana postulated a strange characteristic of neutrinos that implies there is a second type of double-beta decay.
		While most elementary particles have a corresponding antimatter particle, the young Majorana proposed that neutrinos are their own antiparticles.
		Yet the big leap in sensitivity expected from massive experiments may not even be needed to confirm Majorana's hypothesis, says Hans V. Klapdor-Kleingrothaus of the Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics in Heidelberg, Germany, and the leader of the Heidelberg-Moscow collaboration and one of the large proposed germanium experiments.
	www-project.slac.stanford.edu /exo/docs/Science_News_Article.txt (2423 words)

	LCI Forum Talk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		One of the major goals of particle physics is to find conservation principles that predict which interactions among elementary particles are possible; well-known examples include the conservation of energy and electric charge.
		On current data, the program finds a set of conservation principles that are equivalent to those in standard particle theory, in the sense that the program classifies reactions as "possible" or "impossible" exactly as the standard laws do.
		This leads to the computation of a novel experiment for testing the hypothesis that the neutrino is a Majorana particle, which is one of the crucial questions in current particle physics.
	www.cs.ubc.ca /~kevinlb/LCI/04/Schulte.htm (190 words)

	HMBB (Heidelberg-Moscow Double Beta Decay Experiment)
		It has contributed in an extraordinary way to the research in neutrino physics and more general beyond standard model physics, and limits for the latter are competing with those from the largest high-energy accelerators.
		It will keep its outstanding position in non-accelerator particle physics for several further years to come, before it may be succeeded by future large projects.
		Our observation at the same time means evidence that the neutrino is a Majorana particle.
	www.lngs.infn.it /lngs_infn/contents/lngs_en/research/experiments_scientific_info/experiments/past/hmbb (753 words)

	XXV Symposium on Nuclear Physics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The method of studying the angular correlation functions and spin-tensors of final nucleus density matrix for nuclear reactions induced by complex particles and semi-heavy ions are developed.
		Theoretical nuclear matrix elements are needed to convert experimental half-life limits, which are available for many double-beta-unstable isotopes, into constrains for the effective Majorana mass of the neutrino and the contribution of right-handed currents to the weak interactions.
		The a-particle energies and the half-lives of the nuclei in the three decay chains, the first a-decays and those detected after the accelerator was switched off, are consistent with each other within the limits of the detector energy resolution
	www.nuclecu.unam.mx /~oaxtepec02/Symp/topics.html (4071 words)

	week93
		In general a "fermion" is a particle whose angular momentum comes in units of Planck's constant hbar times 1/2, 3/2, 5/2, and so on.
		These are used for describing particles that are their own antiparticle, because the operation of turning a particle into an antiparticle is described mathematically by complex conjugation.
		"Majorana spinors" describe spin-1/2 particles that come in both left-handed and right-handed forms and are their own antiparticle.
	math.ucr.edu /home/baez/week93.html (3533 words)

	Citebase - Pseudoclassical theories of Majorana, Weyl and Majorana--Weyl particles
		Authors: Grigoryan, G. Grigoryan, R. Tyutin, I. A pseudoclassical theories of Majorana, Weyl and Majorana--Weyl particles in the space--time dimensions D=2n are constructed.
		In D=8k+2 dimensions the neutral Weyl particle coincides with the Majorana--Weyl particle in the Foldy--Wouthuysen representation.
		The propagator of a spinning particle in external Abelian field and in arbitrary dimensions is presented by means of a path integral.
	citebase.eprints.org /cgi-bin/citations?id=oai:arXiv.org:hep-th/9608088 (1027 words)

	Holoscience News
		Although it is extremely improbable for this reaction to happen (one reaction per particle in 14 thousand million years!), there is such a vast supply of protons available that it is argued many such reactions occur.
		The second stage in the p-p chain is the fusion of a deuteron with another proton to form a nucleus of an isotope of helium, 3 He, consisting of two protons and one neutron, and a gamma ray photon.
		We then have an electrically responsive medium for the transmission of light in which the characteristic velocity of an electrical disturbance in that medium is the so-called speed of light, c.
	www.holoscience.com /news/print_pages/puzzle_print.html (3145 words)

	[No title]
		However, higher energy neutrinos are known to come from a side reaction involving 3 He and 4 He particles to form a beryllium nucleus (7 Be) which then captures a proton to form a boron nucleus (8 B); this nucleus then breaks up into Beryllium (8 Be) plus a positron and neutrino.
		In it, neutrinos are not fundamental particles but are comprised of the same charged sub- particles that make up all matter.
		According to Wark, the neutrino could be the first ever example of a Majorana particle, a type of particle that is its own antiparticle.
	www.kronia.com /thoth/thothv10.txt (2412 words)

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