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Topic: Makuria

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	Makuria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Makuria expanded, annexing its northern neighbour Nobatia either at the time of the Arab invasion or during the reign of King Merkurios.
		Makuria remained in use as a geographic term for the southern half of the kingdom, but it was also used to describe the kingdom in its entirety.
		It is clear that by the seventh century Makuria had become officially Coptic and loyal to the Coptic Patriarch of Alexandria; the king of Makuria became the defender of the patriarch of Alexandria, occasionally intervening militarily to protect him, as Kyriakos did in 722.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Makuria (4101 words)

	The Islamic period
		Makuria did not accept the superiority of the Monophysite patriarchate in Alexandria until the turn of the seventh century, when Merkurios was king.
		Next to the grand compositions of Christ Enthroned, Nativity and Three Youths in a Fiery Furnace, there are countless representations of the rulers of Makuria, mothers of kings and the eparchs of Nobadia and bishops of Pachoras, the latter playing an exceedingly important role in the kingdom as primates of the Church.
		The territory of Makuria (Nubian Dotawo) shrank to the region between the First and Second Cataracts, originally the southern part of the kingdom with the main centers at Qasr Ibrim and Gebel Adda, and to Batn el Hagar.
	www.numibia.net /nubia/islam.htm (1811 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Makuria
		Makuria (to Arabs al-Mukurra or al-Muqurra) was a kingdom located in what is today Southern Egypt and the Sudan.
		Makuria was one of three kingdoms to emerge after the fall of Meroe.
		The main economic activity in Makuria was farming, with farmers growing several crops a year of barley, millet, and also dates.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Makuria (1118 words)

	Makuria - Indopedia, the Indological knowledgebase (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Makuria was a kingdom formerly located in the Sudan.
		A peace treaty was eventually signed and Makuria agreed to pay a tribute of 360 slaves a year to Egypt but could retain its independence and Christian faith.
		From 1272 the Mamluks and Arab nomads repeatedly attacked Makuria.
	www.indopedia.org /Makuria.html (253 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> Makuria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Note that the border between Alodia and Makuria is unclear, but it was somewhere between the 5th and 6th Cataracts of the Nile]] Makuria (Arabic: ÙÙØ±Ø©; al-Mukurra or al-Muqurra) was a kingdom located in what is today Southern Egypt and Northern Sudan.
		The period from roughly 750 to 1150 saw the kingdom stable and prosperous, in what has been called the "Golden Age".{{refGolden}} Increased aggression from Egypt, the Islamicization and Arabization of the populace, and even internal discord led to the state's collapse in the 14th century.
		At some point Makuria merged with Nobatia to the north.{{refmerger}} The evidence for when this occurred is contradictory.
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/Makuria (3883 words)

	Wackipedia [regular] - Makuria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		After signing a peace treaty, known as the bakt, with the Muslim rulers of Egypt in 651 Makuria survived into the fourteenth century, when it was overwhelmed by Arab invaders.
		Makuria was one of three kingdoms to emerge in Nubia in the 4th century; the other two were Nobatia to the north of Makuria, and Alodia to the south.
		Egypt and Makuria had especially close relations when Egypt was ruled by the Fatimids: the Shi'ite Fatimids had few allies in the Muslim world.
	www.wackipedia.com /article/Makuria.html (1040 words)

	Wikipedia: Nubia
		In later Roman times, Nubia was divided into three kingdoms: northernmost was Nobatia between the first and second cataract of the Nile River, with its capital at Pachoras (modern day Faras); in the middle was Makuria, with its capital at (Old) Dongola; and southernmost was Aloda, with its capital at Soba (near Khartoum).
		However, John of Bisclorum records that the kingdom of Makuria was converted to Roman Catholicism the same year, suggesting that John of Ephesus might be mistaken.
		Further doubt is cast on John's testimony by an entry in the chronicle of the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria Eutychius, which states that in 719 the church of Nubia transferred its allegiance from the Greek Orthodox to the Coptic Church.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/n/nu/nubia.html (423 words)

	Nobatia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In the sixth century Nobatia converted to Monophysite Christianity, and Makuria to the rival Melkite faith.
		It might have occurred during the period of Arab invasion in 652, or perhaps during the reign of Merkurios of Makuria.
		Some Arab writers refer to the merged state as the "Kingdom of Makuria and Nobatia" implying a dual monarchy.
	pda.molinu.com /wiki/en/no/Nobatia.htm (284 words)

	Sudan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Makuria was situated at Old Dongola, and the kingdom of Alodia was around Soba on the Blue Nile.
		They thus ceased their offensive and a treaty was signed between the Arabs and Makuria known as the baqt.
		Despite the baqt northern Sudan became steadily Islamicized and Arabized; Makuria collapsed in the fourteenth century with Alodia disappearing somewhat later.
	www.niica.on.ca /Africalalai/Bokah/Sudan.aspx (344 words)

	History of Sudan: Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Makuria (Makuria: makuria (to arabs al-mukurra or al-muqurra) was a kingdom located in what...
		They thus ceased their offensive and a treaty was signed between the Arabs and Makuria known as the baqt (baqt: the bakt or baqt was a treaty between the christian state of makuria and...
		Despite the baqt northern Sudan became steadily Islamicized and Arabized (Arabized: arabization is the gradual transformation of an area into one that speaks arabic and is part...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/history_of_sudan (3932 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2003.01.16
		Medieval Nubia basically consisted of three kingdoms: Makuria, Alwa and Nobadia, the last becoming a part of Makuria not later than the eight century.
		In contrast, the early development of the southern kingdoms of Makuria and Alwa cannot fully be explained due to a total lack of sources.
		This is exacerbated by the fluid situation of the border region between Egypt and Lower Nubia and also the loose nature of the tribal confederacies of the Blemmyes, who controlled the eastern deserts.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/2003/2003-01-16.html (2267 words)

	Sudan: History
		They compelling Makuria to pay tribute to Egypt each year of 360 slaves.
		The agreement also defined the border between Egypt and Makuria, and stated that no Nubians could settle in Egypt and vice versa.
		Yet the campaigns have strong negative effects on Makuria's economy and political stability.
	lexicorient.com /e.o/sudan_5.htm (2233 words)

	Nubia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Around 350 AD the area was invaded by the Ethiopian kingdom of Axum and the kingdom collapsed.
		Eventually three smaller kingdoms replaced it: northernmost was Nobatia between the first and second cataract of the Nile River, with its capital at Pachoras (modern day Faras, EgyptFaras); in the middle was Makuria, with its capital at (Old) Dongola; and southernmost was Aloda, with its capital at Soba (near Khartoum).
		By the 7th century Makuria expanded becoming the dominant power in the region.
	www.33beat.com /Nubia.html (757 words)

	A History of Africa, Chapter 5
		The most obvious guess is that Makuria annexed Nobatia, but afterwards everybody in the united kingdom followed the Monophysitism of Nobatia, not the Orthodoxy of Makuria.
		The last time we looked at the lands of the upper Nile, the three Christian kingdoms of Makuria, Alodia and Abyssinia were isolated, and under periodic attack from their newly converted Moslem neighbors.
		Makuria and Alodia lasted as long as they did because their Moslem neighbor to the north, Egypt, continued to be preoccupied with events in the Middle East.
	xenohistorian.faithweb.com /africa/af05.html (16141 words)

	BAKT FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The bakt or baqt was a treaty between the Christian state of Makuria and the Muslim rulers of Egypt.
		In the 830s Egypt plunged into civil war and King Zacharias III of Makuria halted payment of the bakt.
		Even after Makuria collapsed in the thirteenth century the Egyptians continued to insist upon its payment by the Muslim successor kingdoms in the region.
	www.dividedamerica.com /Bakt (736 words)

	Madoria
		According to their most sacred fables, on the edge of the Chardrakesh is the splendid oasis city of Cha Kelkorm, where it is said Marik recovers from grievous wounds.
		A barren, frigid peninsula north of Makuria, it reaches from the mainland toward the Orathir Islands.
		The great land of the East, Makuria stretches up and down the entire east coast of Auradea and includes within her borders endless variety of culture and climate.
	www.cs.pdx.edu /~kenstcyr/physical.html (2004 words)

	Untitled Document
		Since the Nubian kingdoms were all mutually mistrustful of each other, Makuria embraced the Dyophysite doctrine and became allied with Byzantium in 570.
		Alwa, in 580, then became Monopysite in opposition to Makuria on its north and Axum in the south, both of which were Dyophysite.
		Old Dongola, the capital of Makuria, is now the largest Christian archaeological site in the Sudan (currently being excavated by a Polish team from the National Museum, Warsaw, under the direction of Dr, W, Godlewski).
	www.nubianet.org /about/about_history10.html (1273 words)

	6th and 7th centuries and research on the Christian period of Alodia is only beginning
		The Arab expedition against Nobadia in 645 and the following expedition of Abdullah abu Sarh against Dongola in 652 were instrumental in leading to the unification of the kingdoms of Makuria and Nobadia into one state organism.
		The kings of Makuria seem to have played the dominant role in this process; it was the kings of Makuria who managed to bring about the union, defend Dongola against the Arabs and negotiate a baqt treaty with them.
		The problem remains as to whether iconographic models came directly from Palestine or through Coptic Egypt or maybe also through Makuria (Dongola).The interiors of apses in the early churches in Nobadia are decorated architecturally on the most part: friezes, niches and pilasters (First Cathedral at Faras).
	www.arkamani.org /arkamani-library/christian/godlewski_1.htm (6673 words)

	MEDIEVAL NUBIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The journey was hazardous and, owing to the hostility of the kingdom of Makuria, he was not able to go by the river route.
		But a study of the tombstones which have been found in considerable numbers, presents rather a different picture ; most of these tombstones are in Greek and the prayers for the deceased inscribed on them are those in use in the orthodox church.
		But about this time also took place the complete winning of the country to the monophysite church, and it seems unlikely that a victory of Makuria, which had long championed the Melkite faith, would lead to the triumph of the rival church of the defeated country.
	rumkatkilise.org /nubia.htm (4577 words)

	Nubia - TheBestLinks.com - Ancient Egypt, Aswan, Alexandria, Athanasius of Alexandria, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Around 350 AD the area was invaded by the Ethiopian kingdom of Axum and the kingdom collpased.
		Eventually three smaller kingdoms replaced it: northernmost was Nobatia between the first and second cataract of the Nile River, with its capital at Pachoras (modern day Faras); in the middle was Makuria, with its capital at (Old) Dongola; and southernmost was Aloda, with its capital at Soba (near Khartoum).
		By the seventhn century Makuria expanded becoming the dominant power in the region.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Nubia-bp-printable-v-yes-ep-.html (649 words)

	Ancient Nubia
		However, it was probably as early as the seventh century AD that Nubadia and Makuria united to form a single federated kingdom which was to last some six hundred years under the King of Makuria.
		In the fourteenth century, Makuria was overrun by nomadic Arab invaders from the southeast who established a short-lived Muslim kingdom there.
		This state ultimately degenerated into a series of warring principalities without any royal authority and the population reduced to the level of bedouin.
	www.angelfire.com /oh/AncientKnowledge/NUBIA.html (3610 words)

	great medieval nubian kingdoms - EgyptSearch Forums
		Also the activities of Longinus in Alwa were said to be the result of a specific request by the Alwan King to the King of Nobatia, suggesting friendly contacts between the north and south of Nubia.
		In the later phases of the medieval kingdoms the historical sources hint at the growth of an independant state, the Kingdom of A1 Abwab, on the northern frontier of Alwa, presumably between it and the Kingdom of Makuria.
		It is assumed that this state had broken away from Alwa and that its presence suggests that the power of the rulers of Alwa was on the wane.
	www.egyptsearch.com /forums/Forum8/HTML/001718.html (12397 words)

	Nubia - Gurupedia
		King Silko of Nobatia crushed the Blemmyes, and recorded his victory in a Greek inscription carved in the wall of the temple of Talmis (modern Kalabsha) around AD 500.
		However, John of Bisclorum records that the kingdom of Makuria was converted to
		Roman Catholicism the same year, suggesting that John of Ephesus might be mistaken.
	www.gurupedia.com /n/nu/nubia.htm (527 words)

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