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Topic: Malapportionment

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Australian electoral system

	The Political Economy of Financial Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The deviation from the appropriate vote to seat ratio (i.e., zero malapportionment) reflects the proportion of the population that is overrepresented in rural areas, and underrepresented in urban places.
		Permitting malapportionment to take on a 0 value (which is the value for the Netherlands) is highly problematic since multiplying it by any other value (as is done with respect to the rural population variable) suggests that rural interests have no political power.
		Malapportionment of the Lower House: I use malapportionment for the lower house, since this is a higher hurdle for agricultural interests to surmount (in general).
	www.isanet.org /noarchive/carney.html (8432 words)

	Political Systems: Development and change in political systems: ELECTORAL PROCESSES: Constituencies: districting and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This kind of "constitutional malapportionment" must not be confused with the kind of "electoral malapportionment" that defies the one-man, one-vote principle of equal representation.
		From a political rather than a legal perspective, malapportionment is usually considered "undemocratic" because it results in overrepresentation and underrepresentation of certain sectors of the population and, as a result, may culminate in public policies not acceptable to the true majority.
		Malapportionment, whether of the constitutional or electoral sort, must not be confused with gerrymandering--a form of arbitrary districting used to benefit the party that at a given time controls the apportionment process.
	search.eb.com /elections/macro/5005/17/14.html (1133 words)

	iqexpand.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Malapportionment is only possible within electoral systems that have districted constituencies - an electoral...
		malapportionment issues because they were considered issues solely for the legislature to decide.
		Provision is made for redistributions to be conducted with sufficient frequency to limit malapportionment, i.e., the inequality in the voter populations of divisions within a state or territory.
	malapportionment.iqexpand.com (518 words)

	Middle East Open Encyclopedia: Malapportionment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Malapportionment, or unequal representation, is broad and systematic variance in the size of electoral constituencies resulting in disproportionate representation for a given voter.
		Malapportionment is only possible within electoral systems that have districted constituencies - an electoral system with only one national constituency, such as those in Israel and the Netherlands, cannot be malapportioned.
		The UK retains a substantial malapportionment in favour of urban voters, which currently benefits the British Labour Party.
	www.baghdadmuseum.org /ref/index.php?title=Malapportionment (1237 words)

	Australian electoral system @ BaseballLiving.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		But Australia has seen systematic malapportionment of electorates, and indeed until fairly recently this was considered a perfectly natural and defensible practice in some states.
		In the later 20th century these arguments were increasingly and usually successfully challenged, and the malapportionment was reduced and finally abolished in all states.
		In Queensland the malapportionment initially benefitted the Labor Party, since many small rural constituencies were dominated by rural workers organised into the powerful Australian Workers Union.
	www.baseballliving.com /about/Australian_electoral_system (4371 words)

	Fifty Years of Bias in the UK's Electoral System
		Deliberate malapportionment reflects the legal guarantee of a minimum number of seats for Scotland and Wales: in 1995 the most recent review of constituencies gave Scotland one seat to every 54,569 voters and Wales one per 55,559, but Northern Ireland had one per 64,082 and England 68,626.
		This is another form of malapportionment, which favors a party that is strongest where the minor parties perform best — the Conservatives in the UK: this source was worth 36 seats to it in the 1997 bias calculations.
		Malapportionment and gerrymandering, and also reactive malapportionment, are geographical strategies.
	www.apsanet.org /~elections/resources/johnson.html (2090 words)

	australian electoral system
		Malapportionment is the allocation of more electoral districts to one part of a country or state than its population would merit, and conversely the allocation of fewer electoral districts to another part.
		The most conspicuous examples of malapportionment were in South Australia and Queensland.
		In South Australia the 1856 Constitution stipulated that there must be two rural constituencies for every urban constituency, and this remained in force until 1968, by which time the urban-rural voter ratio was almost exactly reversed: that is, there were two urban voters for every rural voter.
	www.fact-library.com /australian_electoral_system.html (3398 words)

	THORNTON v. GREENVILLE, MISS., 4:93CV276-B-O (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The plaintiffs contend that the malapportionment issue was not set forth in the paragraphs entitled "First Cause of Action: Section 2 and 5 of the Voting Rights Act" and "Second Cause of Action: Fourteenth And Fifteenth Amendments" alleging the intentional adoption and maintenance of a racially discriminatory redistricting plan.
		The plaintiffs further contend that the malapportionment issue was raised not for the purpose of adjudication but solely as a means of remedying the alleged violations.
		The Thornton I ruling noted that "[t]he parties agree that the 1990 census reflects a malapportionment under the existing plan." On the record before the court, it is uncertain whether the defendants intend to make any necessary adjustments pursuant to preclearance in the absence of a court order.
	home.olemiss.edu /~llibcoll/ndms/sep95/95d0165p.html (1473 words)

	Malapportionment -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Malapportionment occurs when (A legal system for making democratic choices) electoral systems violate the norm of equal representation according to population.
		In contrast, (additional info and facts about majoritarian) majoritarian electoral systems invite both malapportionment and (additional info and facts about gerry-mandering) gerry-mandering because they require the drawing of borders for a large number of single member constituencies.
		The conservative Liberal Democratic Party thus wins more seats in the Japanese parliament because its voters are concentrated in more rural prefectures.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/m/ma/malapportionment.htm (240 words)

	GARDNER v. TALLAHATCHIE COUNTY, MISSISSIPPI, 2:91cv146-EMB (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Plaintiffs filed this voting rights action on Septem-ber 13, 1991, alleging unconstitutional malapportionment in the voting districts of Tallahatchie County, Mississippi, specifically in the election of Tallahatchie County Board of Supervisors and election commissioners.
		It appears from a reading of the briefs that the parties agree that the objective of the lawsuit --to remedy malapportionment in the voting districts of Tallahatchie County -- was achieved.
		Although the defendants contend that they were actively working to remedy the malapportionment problems before this lawsuit was filed, it appears clear from the more specific history recited by the plaintiffs that, although some action was taking place, a constitutional plan was not implemented until this lawsuit was filed.
	home.olemiss.edu /~llibcoll/ndms/mar97/97D0029P.html (1069 words)

	FindLaw for Legal Professionals - Case Law, Federal and State Resources, Forms, and Code
		With the crazy-quilt existing apportionment virtually conceded to be invalid, the Alabama Legislature offered two proposed plans for consideration by the District Court, neither of which was to be effective until 1966 and neither of which provided for the apportionment of even one of the two houses on a population basis.
		In those States where the alleged malapportionment has resulted from noncompliance with state constitutional provisions which, if complied with, would result in an apportionment valid under the Equal Protection Clause, the judicial task of providing effective relief would appear to be rather simple.
		And, while currently the thrust of state legislative malapportionment results, in most States, in underrepresentation of urban and suburban areas, in earlier times cities were in fact overrepresented in a number of States.
	caselaw.lp.findlaw.com /scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=377&invol=533 (14469 words)

	[No title]
		Moreover, malapportionment in favor of rural, sparsely populated areas is often built into electoral systems from birth, especially in federations.
		But bear in mind that the malapportionment variable is a poor proxy for the concept of interest since it does not adequately capture the extent to which the countryside is favored over cities.
		I have simply added urbanization and malapportionment variables to the data set of cross-country averages used in Persson and Tabellini (2003) and explored interactions, the results of which are displayed in Table 2.
	cas.uchicago.edu /workshops/cpolit/papers/rodden.doc (9088 words)

	78 Wn.2d 424, RICHARD THURSTON et al., Appellants, v. RICHARD GRECO et al., Respondents
		In Baker, the court held that a justiciable issue was presented when it was alleged that the voting rights of individuals had been debased by the malapportionment of Tennessee legislative districts; thus, a vote in one district was worth less than a vote in another district because of geographic location.
		This requires a close scrutiny of the malapportionment decisions in order to determine whether their rationale is applicable.
		The suspicion of discrimination which is triggered by a denial of the vote or by malapportionment does not exist in the instant case.
	www.mrsc.org /mc/courts/supreme/078wn2d/078wn2d0424.htm (8509 words)

	Re: 1998 Inquiry and Electoral Reform
		Malapportionment is a means of assisting the election of favoured party candidates by legislation or regulation which nullifies or reduces the value of contrary votes.
		In the 1998 federal election, the value of a million votes was almost nullified by preference collusion of opposing parties who conspired to protect their own interests by placing One Nation last.
		I called this a "virtual malapportionment" because that effect resulted not from legislated electoral boundaries but from calculations based on known data about the manipulability of federal elections.
	www.mail-archive.com /public-list@neither.org/msg00298.html (766 words)

	Reynolds v. Sims (1964)
		Charging that malapportionment of the Alabama Legislature deprived them and others similarly situated of rights under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and the Alabama Constitution, voters in several Alabama counties brought suit against various officials having state election duties.
		Complainants sought a declaration that the existing state legislative apportionment provisions were unconstitutional; an injunction against future elections pending reapportionment in accordance with the State Constitution; or, absent such reapportionment, a mandatory injunction requiring holding the 1962 election for legislators at large over the entire State.
		Since neither of the houses of the Alabama Legislature, under any of the three plans considered by the District Court, was apportioned on a population basis, we would be justified in proceeding no further.
	wps.prenhall.com /wps/media/objects/751/769950/Documents_Library/reynolds.htm (17633 words)

	Title Here.
		Malapportionment is a political tactic that allows state officials to strengthen the position of their party by drawing districts in which their opponents will be underrepresented.
		Gerrymandering is another device used to enhance a party's position in a district either by packing (designing a "safe" district of solid supporters) or by cracking (splitting up the supporters of opponents).
		Malapportionment abuses have been largely corrected by the 1962 Supreme Court ruling that required districts to be equal in population.
	wps.ablongman.com /wps/media/objects/901/923507/outline04.htm (2128 words)

	The Heartland Institute - Partisan Gerrymandering: Harms and a New Solution - by Daniel D. Polsby and Robert D. Popper
		Inasmuch as conditions this extreme probably do not exist anywhere in the United States, such a standard is tantamount to the proposition that gerrymandering does not exist.
		In a series of malapportionment cases, most prominent among them Reynolds v.
		In brief, malapportionment is not a denial of the right to vote; it is a dilution of that right.
	www.heartland.org /Article.cfm?artId=83 (1814 words)

	Jesse Choper on whether the Supreme Court will curtail political gerrymandering
		For a number of years prior to 1960, there had been challenges to what is called "malapportionment," which means there were some congressional districts in which 10,000 voters elected a representative, and other districts in which it took 200,000 voters.
		A couple of years later, in 1964, the "one man, one vote," ruling took place that ensured that all legislative and congressional districts in a state would have an equal number of voters.
		One of the criticisms about the decision was that correcting malapportionment, or population disparities, is best described as one blade of a set of scissors.
	www.berkeley.edu /news/media/releases/2004/01/20_choper.shtml (1844 words)

	Easy Encyclopedia - Online Encyclopedia. Knowledge is Power
		Australia and New Zealand held Royal Commissions to find the best form of "proportional representation" of parties in the legislature, and redesign ballots to select or elect these Members of Parliament.
		Periodic redrawing of electoral constituency (or "riding" or "district") borders is conducted at regular intervals, or by statutory rules and definitions, if for no other reason than to eliminate malapportionment attributable to population movements.
		Some electoral reforms seek to fix these borders according to some cultural or ecological criteria, e.g.
	www.easyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/e/el/electoral_reform_1.html (422 words)

	Cornell College: Department of Politics
		Is the issue of malapportionment of state legislatures a justiciable question?
		Significance: The vicious cycle of malapportionment was broken as the legislators who benefited from malapportionment were no longer the only people with the power to change it.
		In a relatively short period of time the rural domination of state legislatures came to an end as cities and suburbs achieved representation based on their populations.
	www.cornellcollege.edu /Politics/courses/allin/365-366/model-case-brief.html (812 words)

	Under a Rock: comments on One Vote, One Value (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		I would be interested in having a read—this is not really my field, but the malapportionment that persisted for so long just astounds me. A similar analysis about QLD would also be interesting to have a look at.
		One argument often advanced for the gross malapportionment was that the wealth of the country lies in the bush.
		Second argument also advanced for malapportionment is the lack of services in the bush is compensated by extra seats.
	www.papertrap.net /textpattern?parentid=15 (435 words)

	SSRN-Legislative Malapportionment and the Politicization of Germany's Intergovernmental Transfer System by Hans Pitlik, ...
		Malapportionment of the states' population in the legislature is claimed to lead to disproportionally higher benefits to overrepresented states.
		It can be shown that overrepresented states in the upper house receive disproportionate shares of transfers, while malapportionment in the lower house does not seem to matter.
		Pitlik, Hans, Schneider, Friedrich and Strotmann, Harald, "Legislative Malapportionment and the Politicization of Germany's Intergovernmental Transfer System" (March 2005).
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=680509 (283 words)

	The Daily Sentinel Star
		While Plaintiffs contend that any redistricting plan to be devised by Grenada's governing body should include the entire legally defined (and currently enforceable) municipal limits (which includes the 1994 annexed areas as well), Grenada enigmatically and surprisingly contends that it need only submit a redistricting plan which encompasses the "pre-annexed" city limits.
		This is not an issue of "standing," it's an issue of the legal adequacy of any remedy to be approved by this Court pursuant to its remedial and equitable powers.
		Although any remedy fashioned in this case under the court's auspices must be tailored to address the particular injury established by the liability finding, Grenada's obligation to fashion a responsive remedy is also controlled by its special charter, notions of common sense and Mississippi statutory and common law.
	www.zwire.com /site/news.cfm?newsid=14624263&BRD=1433&PAG=461&dept_id=170165&rfi=6 (2606 words)

	Legislative Malapportionment & Rural Domination
		Nevertheless, most rural legislators agreed with Orval Hafen of St. George, who became a major defender of rural overrepresentation after his election in 1952.
		In popular votes, the people of the state testified that they detested such malapportionment.
		In 1954, for instance, the voters soundly defeated a constitutional amendment proposed by the rural-dominated legislature and supported by a whispering campaign throughout LDS congregations that would have assured continued rural domination by guaranteeing each county one senator regardless of population.
	historytogo.utah.gov /utah_chapters/utah_today/legislativemalapportionmentandruraldomination.html (365 words)

	Southern Regional Council - Voting Rights HelpNet - Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The political process by which governing bodies redraw congressional, state legislative, or local representational districts to comply with the one-person, one-vote rule and remedy malapportionment.
		A form of modified at-large voting in which each voter gets fewer votes to cast than there are seats to be filled; the effect is to prevent the majority from capturing all the seats and to allow the minority to elect some of its candidates.
		Given prevailing legal limits on allowable population differences between representational districts, malapportionment is a condition or situation in which a representational district is either under-populated or over-populated.
	www.southerncouncil.org /helpnet/glossary (1794 words)

	[No title]
		It was argued that the extent of the malapportionment meant that the Western Australian electoral system could be described neither as an election by the people nor one giving effect to the principle of representative democracy.
		That malapportionment results in large part from the absence of flexibility in the system which would allow for a movement in population from rural areas to urban centres and otherwise ensure a more fair representation of urban voters.
		The vice lies in the absence of flexibility, rather than the need to have regard to particular problems of representation affecting non-metropolitan electors.
	www.parliament.wa.gov.au /hansard/hans35.nsf/451a59fb51257dd248256c85002bc738/0cfd34e00dddd21e48256aa10032eda1?Navigate&To=Prev (731 words)

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