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Topic: Malaspina Glacier

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	EO Newsroom: New Images - Malaspina Glacier, Alaska
		Malaspina Glacier in southeastern Alaska is considered the classic example of a piedmont glacier.
		Malaspina Glacier is actually a compound glacier, formed by the merger of several valley glaciers, the most prominent of which seen here are Agassiz Glacier (left) and Seward Glacier (right).
		The moraine patterns at Malaspina Glacier are quite spectacular in that they have huge contortions that result from the glacier crinkling as it gets pushed from behind by the faster-moving valley glaciers.
	earthobservatory.nasa.gov /Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=15272 (366 words)

	ABSTRACT: Oxygen-isotope variations in the Malaspina and Saskatchewan Glaciers. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Oxygan-isotope analyses of ice and firm from the Saskatchewan Glacier (Banff National Park, Alberta), Canada, and the Malaspina Glacier (St. Elias Mts.), Alaska, show that variations in O18/O16 ratios are likely to be of considerable value in glacialogical research.
		This is interpreted as indicating that ice at successively lower points in the glacier tongue originated at progressively higher positions in the accumulation area, thus confirming Reid's early deductions concerning flow lines in a valley glacier.
		In Malaspina Glacier, the oxygen-isotope ratios confirm a deduction made earlier as to the principal units composing this piedmont sheet.
	cgrg.geog.uvic.ca /abstracts/EpsteinOxygen-isotopeOxygan-isotope1959.html (372 words)

	background
		Malaspina Glacier (60º N latitude, 140º W longitude) is the largest glacier in Alaska and the largest piedmont glacier in the world.
		Agassiz Glacier is only ~5 km wide at the mouth of its valley where it becomes the Malaspina, and the distance from the Aassiz and Seward valley mouths to the Sitkagi Bluffs is ~45 km.
		Seismic investigations reveal that the Malaspina is ~600 m thick, and extends as much as ~300 m below sea level, although it is not a tidewater glacier at its present size and with present-day sea-level.
	www.geology.um.maine.edu /geodynamics/AnalogWebsite/Projects2003/Sterns_Osterberg_2003/background.html (358 words)

	ABSTRACT: Recent elevation changes on the glaciers of the Malaspina Complex, Alaska, and their flow dynamics from ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Malaspina piedmont glacier, with an area of 2400 km2 (Post and LaChapelle, 2000), includes the Agassiz and Marvine Glaciers to the west and east, respectively, of the central Seward Lobe.
		Upper Seward Glacier, mostly in Yukon, Canada, is a broad icefield that forms the main accumulation area of Malaspina Glacier.
		We present the spatial distribution of surface elevation changes on the glaciers of the Malaspina complex from February 2000 (adjusted to late-summer 1999) to August 2002, and an interpretation of the flow dynamics of these glaciers based on differencing of two high-resolution co-located digital elevation models(DEMs).
	cgrg.geog.uvic.ca /abstracts/MuskettRecentThe.html (538 words)

	Dynamic Behavior of the Bering Glacier-Bagley Icefield System During a Surge, and Other Measurements of Alaskan ...
		Although the glacier topography is approximately the same in both figures, the topographic contribution to the phase is not the same because of the differing baselines.
		Malaspina Piedmont Glacier is fed primarily by Seward Glacier and, with a diameter of approximately 50 km, it has long been known both for its size and the immense folded moraines, clearly recognizable in satellite imagery, that form striking patterns on its surface.
		Ice velocities on Malaspina Glacier, measured with cross-correlation of 2 SAR images aquired 29 June 1992 and 14 June 1993.
	earth.esa.int /symposia/ers97/papers/lingle2 (2296 words)

	The Elements Of Geology by William Harmon Norton eBook by BookRags
		The Malaspina glacier of Alaska, the typical glacier of this kind, is seventy miles wide and stretches for thirty miles from the foot of the Mount Saint Elias range to the shore of the Pacific Ocean.
		The glacier here is practically stagnant, and lakes a few hundred yards across, which could not exist were the ice in motion and broken with crevasses, gather on their beds sorted waste from the moraine.
		Valley glaciers differ from rivers as carriers in that they float the major part of their load upon their surface, transporting the heaviest bowlder as easily as a grain of sand; while streams push and roll much of their load along their beds, and their power of transporting waste depends solely upon their velocity.
	www.bookrags.com /ebooks/4204/67.html (494 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Valley glacier is a glacier that is confined to a valley, as expected, most valley glaciers are found in mountainous regions, like in the United States and Canada.
		The largest glacier in the United States is Malaspina Glacier, which is considered a compound glacier, becuase it forms by mergers of several valley glaciers, it is 850 square miles, which contributes to the five percent of Alaska that is covered with glaciers.
		Ice sheet glaciers are based on masses of ice that is not restricted to a valley, but covers a large area of land, which is associated with continental glaciation.
	geology.wcedu.pima.edu /~bnevarez/webdcutting.htm (303 words)

	Wrangell St. Elias Glaciers
		Glaciers leave an impressive footprint on the landscape, carving the rock as they retreat and leaving behind steep topography and fiords where the ice once held sway.
		As glaciers carve U-shaped valleys, rocks plucked from the bedrock and frozen in the ice etch grooves and striations in the bedrock.
		Glacial recession unmasks trimlines, slightly sloping changes in vegetation or weathered bedrock on the valley walls that indicate a glacier's height at its glacial maximum.
	www.nps.gov /wrst/glaciers.htm (1095 words)

	Discussion_conclusions
		It is possible that the likeness between the Flubber and the Malaspina is a coincidence, but the strong similarity between the two suggests that it is a result of side shear induced by a lateral gradient in longitudinal velocity.
		The Malaspina does not have a calving margin at its present extent, and thus melting is the primary ablation process.
		Bordering the main (Seward) lobe of the Malaspina piedmont are dynamic glacier lobes (Agassiz and Turner) that undoubtedly affect the folding patterns seen especially on the eastern margin.
	www.geology.um.maine.edu /geodynamics/analogwebsite/Projects2003/Sterns_Osterberg_2003/Discussion_conclusions.html (670 words)

	GEO_PLATE_G-7.HTML
		Piedmont glaciers are also associated with outlet glaciers and are common in glacierized mountainous areas fringed by a coastal plain or by a region of low relief.
		The Malaspina Glacier is an extremely complex glacier, deriving its ice from multiple highland sources, although its main source is the Seward Glacier, as seen in the index map of the area (from Sharp, 1958b).
		They found that glacier flow patterns were best shown on the Landsat image, but that the SAR image showed many interlobate features because of radar´s greater sensitivity to surface roughness (e.g., heavily crevassed areas), and the low reflectivity of the debris-covered surface made analysis of the Landsat image difficult.
	www.geography.otago.ac.nz /Mirrors/GEOMORPH_FROM_SPACE/GEO_9/GEO_PLATE_G-7.HTML (716 words)

	Glaciers of Alaska: Current Amazon U.S.A. One-Edition Data (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Glaciers of Alaska examines the paleoenvironmental information exposed with the melting of 8,000-year-old snow patches and questions what these clues to the past reveal about ancient hunters and their prey.
		Glaciers of Alaska introduces the scientific methodologies used to study glaciers, monitor their changes, and image them from afar.
		An area-by-area survey of the state';s glaciers from Rhode Island-sized Malaspina to diminutive Brooks Range cirque glaciers provides a record of their size and extent, and also ponders the future health of Alaska';s living ice masses as the climate changes.
	www.travelpromote.us /books-reviewed/1566610559.html (1431 words)

	Malaspina Glacier
		Malaspina Glacier is in southern Alaska and the given image is oriented N-S and is 35.4 km in height and 50..4 km in width.
		The image of the Malaspina Glacier in Alaska is digital elevation Model (DEM), that shows the topography of the glacier surface.
		The objective is to find evidence in the long wavelength surface topography that may reflect the presence of large sub-glacieal rivers that drain the glacier.
	utam.geophys.utah.edu /maikeb/Malaspina_Glacier.html (607 words)

	Malaspina image (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Malaspina Glacier, Alaska: NASA space-shuttle photograph, STS066-117-014, 11/14/94, 70 mm format.
		Malaspina is a classic large piedmont glacier that descends to tidewater from several mountain sources.
		This glacier has a history of surging--rapid advances separated by periods of stagnation.
	academic.emporia.edu /aberjame/remote/space/malaspin.htm (49 words)

	Glaciers: Glacier Facts
		North America's longest glacier is the Bering Glacier in Alaska, measuring 204 kilometers long.
		The Malaspina Glacier in Alaska is the world's largest piedmont glacier, covering over 8,000 square kilometers and measuring over 193 kilometers across at its widest point.
		Glacial ice often appears blue because ice absorbs all other colors and reflects blue.
	www.digistar.mb.ca /minsci/geology/gfacts.htm (270 words)

	Malaspina Melting, But Still Bigger than Rhode Island , Alaska Science Forum
		At the top of Alaska’s panhandle, Malaspina Glacier spills from a funnel of rock in the St. Elias Mountains and spreads to form a huge pancake between the mountains and the sea.
		Since the early 1970s, Malaspina and its main source of ice, Seward Glacier, have lost the snow and ice equivalent of about 15 cubic miles of water.
		Lingle said the ice lost by the Malaspina-Seward glacier system accounts for almost one half of one percent of global sea level rise during the past 20 years.
	www.gi.alaska.edu /ScienceForum/ASF14/1476.html (491 words)

	NASA - Mapping the World
		Piedmont glaciers occur where valley glaciers exit a mountain range onto broad lowlands and spread to become wide lobes.
		Malaspina Glacier is actually a compound glacier, formed by the merger of several valley glaciers.
		In total, Malaspina Glacier is up to 40 miles wide and extends up to 28 miles from the mountain front nearly to the sea.
	www.nasa.gov /multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_239.html (210 words)

	glacier
		Glaciers are formed over a number of years where more snow falls than melts.
		Glacier ice often appears blue to the eye, because it absorbs all the colors of the spectrum except blue, which is scattered back.
		USGS Benchmark Glaciers Program to monitor the Wolverine and Gakona Glaciers in Alaska, and South Cascade Glacier in Washington.
	www.alaska.net /~logjam/glacier.html (494 words)

	Edstrom's Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A glacier is a large mass of mobile, permanent ice formed on land by the consolidation and recrystallization of snowflakes.
		Glaciers can be found today in all of the great mountain ranges of the world, where there are tens of thousands of them, being present on all continents except Australia.
		Malaspina is considered the best example of a rare piedmont glacier, one that extends beyond its mountain valleys and spreads onto level land.
	www.gpc.edu /~pgore/students/f96/students/edstrom/doug.htm (568 words)

	Matt Haas Proofing Document
		St. Mary Lake occupies a glacially eroded valley (glacial trough) and exists because of glacial deposits that act as a dam.
		The sharp ridges on the left (arêtes) and the pointed peak in the background (a horn) were also sculptured by glacial ice.
		Such images are excellent tools for mapping the geographic extent of glaciers and for determining whether such glaciers are thinning or thickening.
	dev.prenhall.com /divisions/esm/artworks/media_gallery/Tarbuck_IRCD/ch18_1of7.html (511 words)

	Alaska Travel Information & Vacation Planning Guide - in Alaska.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Taku Glacier* is the largest glacier extending from the Juneau Icefield and is currently advancing a few hundred feet per year.
		Malaspina Glacier* is the largest piedmont glacier in North America.
		Bernard Glacier* is well-known for its numerous parallel medial moraines.
	www.inalaska.com /alaska/nature/glaciers2.html (154 words)

	Glacier Facts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In the United States, glaciers cover over 75,000 square kilometers {29,000 square miles} with most of the glaciers located in Alaska.
		North America's longest glacier is the Bering Glacier in Alaska, measuring 204 kilometers (126 miles } long.
		The Malaspina Glacier in Alaska is the world's largest piedmont glacier, covering over 8,000 square kilometers {2500 square miles } and measuring over 193 kilometers (120 miles }across at its widest point.
	members.aol.com /scipioiv/glacierfacts.html (460 words)

	Anthropogenic Induced Climate Instability - Chemtrail Central Forum
		Mountain glaciers are excellent monitors of climate change; the worldwide shrinkage of mountain glaciers is thought to be caused by a combination of a temperature increase from the Little Ice Age, which ended in the latter half of the 19th century, and increased greenhouse-gas emissions.
		Glacier fluctuations, reconstructed for historical and Holocene time periods from direct measurements, old paintings, written sources or moraines, indicate that glacier extent in many mountain regions may have varied over past centuries and millennia within a range defined by the extremes of the maximum of the Little Ice Age advance and today's reduced stage, respectively.
		Earlier this week, newly-formed lakes at the foot of a glacier in the south of the country, the Grubengletscher, were emptied as a precaution, while authorities were keeping a close watch on a growing lake on the Triftsgletscher in central Switzerland.
	www.chemtrailcentral.com /ubb/Forum14/HTML/000094-7.html (10829 words)

	ASTER Image Gallery: Malaspina Glacier, Alaska
		This ASTER image was acquired on June 8, 2001, and covers an area of 55 x 40 km over the southwest part of the Malaspina Glacier and Icy Bay in Alaska.
		The composite of infrared and visible bands results in the snow and ice appearing light blue, dense vegatation is yellow-orange and green, and less vegetated, gravelly areas are in orange.
		ASTER data are being used to help monitor the size and movement of some 15,000 tidal and piedmont glaciers in Alaska.
	asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov /gallery/gallery.htm?name=Malaspina (152 words)

	Malaspina on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The glacier was named for Alejandro Malaspina, the Italian navigator who explored this region for Spain in 1791.
		Malaspina Capital Ltd. has Received Conditional Consent From the A.S.E. to Proceed With the Purchase of Alcell Technologies Inc.
		Le glacier Malaspina, en Alaska Les glaciers des montagnes de l'Etat de l'Alaska fondent à un rythme alarmant, contribuant.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/M/Malaspin.asp (324 words)

	Malaspina Glacier
		At the top of Alaska’s panhandle, Malaspina Glacier spills from a funnel of rock in the St. Elias Mountains and spreads out to form a huge pancake between the mountains and the sea.
		This massive glacier is the largest "piedmont" glacier on the continent.
		Piedmont glaciers occur where steep valley glaciers exit a mountain range onto flat plains or lowlands.
	www.athropolis.com /arctic-facts/fact-malaspina.htm (243 words)

	Glacier Morphology And Classification by Shape and Temperature
		Cirque glaciers are the smallest of the alpine glaciers, they form in amphitheater like bowls and are confined to the basins they form in.
		Unconfined glaciers are usually massive, they can be 1000's of square kilometers in area as well as 1000's of meters thick.
		In a temperate glacier the temperature is at the pressure melting point throughout the entire ice body except for the upper few meters of ice.
	www.homepage.montana.edu /~geol445/hyperglac/morphology1 (666 words)

	Glacier Links
		USGS The Quelccaya ice cap is situated in the Cordillera de Vilcanota in the eastern branch (Cordillera Oriental) of the Peruvian Andes.
		USGS In Perú, mass-balance measurements were begun in the Cordillera Blanca in 1966 by this author on the Pucahirca Glacier.
		Maps of the Baltoro Glacier, Asia, Pakistan and the Karakoram Peaks.
	ebeltz.net /glaciers.html (1114 words)

	Glacier Listing
		Jones, J.E., and Molnia, B.F., 1989, A radar study of Malaspina Glacier, Alaska, with implications for safer ice transportation and global change studies: 7th ERIM Conference, Remote Sensing for Exploration Geology, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, Oct. 2-6, 1989, Proceedings.
		Krimmel, R.M., 1982, Water-supply from the glaciers of Xizang [abs.], in Proceedings of Symposium on Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau: Peking, Sinica Academy, p.
		Tangborn, W.V., 1980, Contribution of glacier runoff to hydroelectric power generation on the Columbia River: in Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Computation and Forecasts of Runoff from Glacier and Glacierized Areas, Tbilisi, 1978: USSR Academy of Sciences, Section of Glaciology, Data of Glaciological Studies Publication 39, p.
	ak.water.usgs.gov /Publications/Glaciers/glacier_listing.htm (12444 words)

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