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	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Battle of Malaya
		The Battle of Malaya was a campaign fought by Allied and Japanese forces in Malaya, from December 8 1941 to January 31 1942 during the Second World War.
		However, the expected arrival time of the Royal Navy, should Malaya or Singapore be threatened, was extended from weeks to months, until finally, by the time war broke out in Europe in 1939, it was evident that no fleet was likely to be forthcoming.
		The Japanese forces held a slight advantage in numbers on the ground in northern Malaya, and were significantly superior in close air support, armour, co-ordination, tactics and experience, with the Japanese units having fought in China.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Battle_of_Malaya (0 words)

	The Victoria Institution Web Page: The Presentation of the H.M.S. Malaya Watch Bell
		"Malaya was in action again in 1940, when she and Warspite engaged and drove off a superior force of Italian Warships, one of which, Cesare, was hit at a range of 14 miles.
		For the five minutes occupied by the turn and for some fifty minutes after as she shaped course due north again, the Malaya was the target of the 12-inch guns of most of the crack ships of Behncke's 3rd squadron.
		By sudden changes of course, the Malaya made herself a difficult target, and at one point, the chief gunnery officer...ordered the starboard battery of 6-inch guns to fire rapidly into the sea at close range to provide a moving screen of waterspouts.
	www.viweb.freehosting.net /HMSMalaya.htm (2598 words)

	Battle of Malaya - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Battle of Malaya was a conflict between a Commonwealth army, comprised of British, Indian, Australian and Malays from the Federated Malay States forces, and the Japanese Imperial Army from December 8, 1941 until January 31, 1942 during the Second World War.
		The Japanese forces held a slight advantage in numbers on the ground in northern Malaya, and were significantly superior in close air support, armour, co-ordination, tactics and experience, with the Japanese units having fought in China.
		As the Japanese attempted to outflank the Australians to the west of Gemas, one of the bloodiest battles of the campaign began on January 15 on the peninsula's the West coast near the Muar River.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Malaya (1552 words)

	British Far East Command - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		British India Command under General Sir Archibald Wavell the Commander-in-Chief (CinC) of the Army of India and the Far East Command under Air Marshal Robert Brooke-Popham and from December 23, 1941 by Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Royds Pownall.
		The CinC Far East Command was responsible directly to the Chiefs of Staff for the operational control and general direction of training of all British land and air forces in Malaya, Burma, and Hong Kong, and for the co-ordination of plans for the defence of those territories.
		The Malaya Command was responsible for the planning of Operation Matador.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/British_Far_East_Command (667 words)

	My Far East - Malaysian People
		The Malaya Emergency was waged against the Communist Terrorists who felt that it was time for the countries in region to overthrow the 'Capitalist and Imperialist' governments.
		Malaya in the 1940's was a country that consisted of four-fifths jungle.
		The military was commanded by Major-general C.H. Boucher, GOC Malayan District.
	www.myfareast.org /Malaysia/emergency.html (2996 words)

	Malaya and Singapore
		The Japanese planned to occupy Malaya to gain its natural resources, this task was given to General Yamashita and his Twenty-fifth Army, a combat strength of 70,000.
		The British relied on the virgin jungle of Malaya as a defense for Singapore from the north, but they were proved wrong by the preparations of Colonel Masanobu Tsuji.
		This is the story of the battle for Malaya and the 60,000 allied soldiers that had to survive for three and a half years as Japanese prisoners of war.
	www.britain-at-war.org.uk /WW2/Malaya_and_Singapore/body_index.htm (0 words)

	HyperWar: USSBS: Campaigns of the Pacific War
		After capture of Malaya, including Singapore, and the occupation of the Philippines, Borneo, Celebes and Sumatra, it was planned to combine all forces and launch an invasion against Java, the heart of the Dutch Empire.
		On 5 ember 1941 the Commander in Chief of the Combined Fleet was warned by despatch from Imperial Headquarters that war was feared to be unavoidable, and directed to complete all preparations by the first part of December.
		Consequently the unified command was dissolved on 25 February, and the Dutch assumed control of the defense of Java.
	www.ibiblio.org /hyperwar/AAF/USSBS/PTO-Campaigns/USSBS-PTO-3.html (0 words)

	History of Malaysia, Malaysian history, Allo' Expat Malaysia
		By the middle of the 14th century Islam arrived in Malaya via traders and merchants from India and began to spread rapidly as the local nobles embraced it, the influence of the Hindu Javanese Majapahit Empire was also waning at the time.
		On December 8th, 1941 the town of Kota Baru on the north-east coast of Peninsula Malaya was attacked by a Japanese invasion force composed of elements of the Japanese Imperial Army fresh from their conquest of French Indo-China.
		From his background as a soldier, a police commandant in Johor and later a district officer in Selangor, Tun Hussein Onn was instilled with a deep concern for the welfare of the people.
	www.malaysia.alloexpat.com /malaysia_information/history_of_malaysia.php (0 words)

	The U.S. Army Professional Writing Collection
		As in Malaya, the British overlooked the Mau Mau's considerable growth in strength and support until several spectacular murders forced the colonial administration to acknowledge its existence.
		In Malaya, Sir Harold Briggs and his successor, Gerald Templer, combined a strategy of population control with an effective "hearts and minds" campaign to better the living conditions of the Chinese squatters, breaking the back of the insurgency in about five years.
		Iraq resembles Malaya in one critical respect, however: the insurgency is concentrated in one social minority, the Sunni Arab population, and lacks broader appeal to Iraq's other constituent elements.
	www.army.mil /professionalwriting/volumes/volume4/june_2006/6_06_2.html (6021 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		In 1937 Major-General William Dobbie Officer Commanding Malaya (1935 - 1939), looked at Malaya's defences, he reported that during the monsoon season from October to March landings could be made by an enemy on the east coast and bases could be established in Siam (Thailand).
		The Malaya Command was responsible for the detailed planning of Operation Matador and on December 6 1941 it had reworked the plan and allocated forces for immediate deployment.
		Which is what General Officer Commanding Malaya Arthur Percival recommended that evening in meeting with the Governor Sir Shenton Thomas and CinC Brooke-Popham decided it is premature to launch the operation which included the pre-emptive move into Siam.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Operation_Matador (0 words)

	:: Malaya - The National Newspaper ::
		Under the principle of command responsibility, Arroyo should be held liable for those killings.
		We view with hope the statement of Manila Regional Trial Court Judge Silvino Pampilo Jr that the juidiciary is holding commanders and police officers "criminally liable" for their subordinates’ actions under the doctrine of command responsibility.
		But under the principle of command responsibility, he may be held criminally liable if he tolerated, failed to prevent or played blind to extrajudicial killings and enforced disappearances committed by his subordinates."
	www.malaya.com.ph /jun30/edtorde.htm (0 words)

	Malaya Command [UK]
		command downgraded with HQ at Kuala Lumpur, and districts became sub-districts
		South Malaya District, reorganised 1 Sep. 1952 as 17 Gurkha Div/So Malaya Dist
		Malaya Command Battle Order, 8 Dec. 1941, by Ron Taylor (FEPOW Community)
	www.regiments.org /formations/uk-cmdarmy/os-malay.htm (0 words)

	ZNet \|Japan \| Last Words of the Tiger of Malaya, General Yamashita Tomoyuki
		Due to the swift victory of his military campaign and the successful capture of Singapore, Yamashita won the sobriquet 'Tiger of Malaya.' A feature film under the same title was screened throughout Japan and the occupied territories of Asia, creating an image of him as a ruthless militarist.
		Immediately after the surrender, Yamashita, as commander of all Japanese forces in the Philippines, was arrested as a war criminal, charged with responsibility for atrocities committed by Japanese forces under his command against civilians in Manila.
		When he arrived in Manila as Commander of the 14th Area Army in October 1944, the Japanese communication and supply system was already in turmoil, and the morale of the troops was very low.
	www.zmag.org /content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=17&ItemID=8734 (0 words)

	Chapter 3 7th in Syria; Signals in Malaya;
		It was known that in the event of an attack on Malaya the enemy would have air superiority for some time and every Signals Office and wireless station had to be dug in.
		Eastern Johore, however, included some of the most highly malarial areas in Malaya, and from that time on the majority of the Signals offices, wireless stations and lines installed and operated by the unit were in these areas.
		It is a story of unopposed air attacks, a fighting withdrawal against an enemy whose control of the sea and air gave him unrestricted freedom of manoeuvre and enabled him to outflank any defended position by moving down the coast in small boats by night.
	www.diggerhistory2.info /army/signals/chapter03.htm (3062 words)

	Haupttext (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Nashimura, the commander of the Imperial Guards, bitterly complains that his troops are being given a second-class job and vehemently insists that he be given the main thrust.
		A bit later, the commander of the 22nd Australian Brigade, Brigadier General Taylor, plans a counter-attack but when he realises that the Japanese are 200m from his HQ, scraps these plans and evacuates the HQ with the intention of forming a defensive line further inland.
		The Australian command is in chaos as personal hatred between the two commanders comes to a head and one the commanders faints from lack of sleep.
	www.fortunecity.co.uk /underworld/kick/495/spore.htm (5250 words)

	4C Special: No Prisoners: Viewpoints: Clifford Kinvig
		This required the airfields in central Malaya, both east and west, to be defended and the air resources to be husbanded for convoy protection and general reconnaissance.
		Percival believed that the northern and western shores of the island were too intersected with creeks and mangroves for any recognised form of beach defence and based his plan upon small defended localities covering all known approaches to the coast.
		Although much was achieved, the retreating troops from Malaya were nevertheless shocked to discover than the vaunted fortress of Singapore was nothing of the kind when they finally withdrew to it.
	www.abc.net.au /4corners/specials/noprisoners/viewpoints/kinvig.htm (4348 words)

	Decision To Withdraw to Bataan
		The commander of the Philippine Division, the only U.S. Army division in the Philippines, in addition to conducting operations in the sector or sectors assigned to him, was to organize the defenses of Bataan and to command operations there if necessary.
		On the other hand, the strength of the troops on Luzon under General MacArthur's command at this time was considerably higher than the 40,000 figure he gave to the Chief of Staff.
		Both commanders had to prepare their defenses against opponents with superior air and naval forces and with ground forces possessing mobility and fire power with which both were unable to cope.
	www.army.mil /cmh-pg/books/70-7_06.htm (8043 words)

	The Japanese Surrendered at the V.I. - TWICE!
		He was part of the massive sea borne invasion force that had landed in Malaya and Singapore after the capitulation of the Japanese forces in Malaya.
		Army at the V.I. was reorganized from December 1 as Malaya Command.
		But before long Malaya Command was disbanded, its job done, and on September 9, 1946, the V.I. boys finally trudged back to their beloved home on Petaling Hill.
	viweb.freehosting.net /japsurr.htm (4286 words)

	The Story of 8th Division
		Their Army lands in Thailand and Malaya in early December 1941 at the height of the monsoon season.
		Their commander and most of his British officers had been killed and there was little resistance left.
		With superiority and command of both sea and air, Yamashita, the Japanese General, was able to mount a giant pincer movement aimed at bottling up and destroying the whole of the army in Malaya.
	www.2-26bn.org /8th_div_story.htm (2980 words)

	The Malayan Campaign 1941
		Malaya Command (GOC Lieutenant-General Arthur Percival) (HQ Singapore)
		Krohcol (Lieutenant Colonel H.D. Moorhead) (Kroh, Penang and N.W. Malaya)
		Under command of Southern Army (Field Marshal Count Hisaichi Terauchi)
	orbat.com /site/history/historical/malaysia/malayan1941.html (583 words)

	[No title]
		British Malaya was a cluster of Islamic sultanates; there was no central government as such: British rule rested on the treaties of 'protection' that had been signed with Malay rulers from 1874 to 1914· The British governed, but they did not, strictly speaking, rule.
		The instrument for this was South East Asia Command (SEAC), and the tribune of the new imperial vision was its supremo, Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten, a cousin of the British king-emperor, George VI.
		The received wisdom of amphibious warfare was that, for landings to be successful, a superiority in numbers of three to one was needed; in August 1945 Mountbatten had an advantage of only eight to five, and a high proportion of his men had yet to experience combat.
	www.raphaelvishanu-world.at /AsiaWW2.html (3164 words)

	The Malayan Volunteers Group
		Some of their figures do differ significantly to the several 1941 records stemming from Malaya Command, but it is suggested they may be the most accurate.
		Early disbandment of their units in Johore permitted all those Asians still remaining with the FMSVF to return home to families in occupied Malaya, (numbers who remained however, were later murdered by their captors.).
		On 28 October 1941 Regulations were passed allowing formation of this Corps subject to control of the RAF "to assist in observing and reporting the movements of all aircraft".
	www.malayanvolunteersgroup.org.uk /VolunteerForcesSummary.html (2663 words)

	~Military-Maniacs~
		This was soon followed by the appointment of Lieutenant-General A.E. Percival as the General Officer Commanding, Malaya Command, and Air Vice-Marshal Pulford as Commander of the Far East Air Command.
		When the Japanese moved into southern Indo-China in July 1941, the threat to Malaya had increased and land and air reinforcements were brought in and by the 7th December 1941, there was 31 infantry battalions with supporting arms and services totaling to about 87,000 men and 158 aircraft.
		The 3rd Indian Corps was deployed in the north of Malaya, with the 11th Indian Division to the west of the peninsula in Kedah, Perlis and northern Perak, and the 9th Indian Division to the east from Kelantan down to Pahang.
	groups.msn.com /MilitaryManiacs/japaninvadesmalayabyselvarajah.msnw (1192 words)

	4C Special: No Prisoners: Interviews: Brian Farrell
		There is Maxwell calling his commanders together, his battalion commanders, giving them all instructions to be prepared to retreat and telling them a blatant lie that he's been given permission to pull his Brigade back from the coast after the petrol stocks have been destroyed.
		The chain of command survives, so General Percival remained General officer commanding Malaya command, until relieved when liberated after the war.
		He gave his men an express order on the evening of February 15th that nobody was to leave their position, and then he rounded up a few of his cronies and did so himself - frankly as a former soldier I find that repugnant.
	www.abc.net.au /4corners/specials/noprisoners/interviews/farrell.htm (4068 words)

	Avalanche Press
		Its 22nd Brigade went to Malaya, while 23rd Brigade moved to the Northern Territory and eventually was broken up to send three reinforced-battalion task forces to Rabaul, Ambon Island in the Dutch East Indies, and Timor.
		The Diggers of 8th Division were not committed in the fighting for northern and central Malaya in December 1941 and early January 1942, where the Japanese successively outflanked positions of the III Indian Ciorps and drove the British and Indian troops back into Johore, the Malayan sultanate flanking Singapore.
		Arthur Percival, commander of all Commonwealth forces in Malaya and Singapore, marked “Secret and Personal.” This would not be the final defensive line, Percival informed Gordon Bennett; that would be further to the southeast just outside the city itself.
	www.avalanchepress.com /AussiesInMalaya.php (1572 words)

	Britain Malaya Emergency 1948-1960
		In 1948, communist terrorists, many of whom were Chinese, began disrupting village life in the jungles of the newly established Federation of Malaya (under the rule of a British high commissioner).
		They carried on hit-and-run guerrilla warface against army outposts, police stations, and other government places; a state of emergency was declared, and British and indigenous Malay forces fought back.
		After the Malay Federation became an independent state in the British Commonwealth (1957), the war petered out; increasing numbers of terrorists surrendered (a government amnesty was offered to them in 1955, and many accepted it).
	www.onwar.com /aced/data/mike/malaya1948.htm (541 words)

	Malaya
		By the start of the Second World War Malaya was supplying half the world's natural rubber and more than half its tin ore and was one of the most important economic and strategic territories in the British Empire.
		The peninsula was defended by 88,000 troops (Malayan, Indian, Australian and British) under the command of General Arthur Percival.
		Under the command of General Tomoyuki Yamashita, the Japanese 18th Division, made rapid progress as they forced Allied troops to retreat south.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /2WWmalaya.htm (657 words)

	phorum - Overseas Chinese Forum at Asiawind - No.101 Special Training School in Singapore
		Even until 1941 the British High Command in Malaya were not interested in guerilla warfare as there were no preceding examples of any successful resistance movement in the First World War.
		Lieutenant Colonel R.E. Jim Gavin was appointed the commander of the school.
		Then war came to Malaya and the British Authorities finally agreed to cooperate with the Malayan Communist Party (MCP) and to give irregular warfare trainings to cadets of the MCP.
	www.asiawind.com /forums/read.php?f=4&i=1669&t=1669 (454 words)

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