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Topic: Malayan Chinese Association

In the News (Fri 17 Feb 12)

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	Malaysian Chinese Association - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Malaysian Chinese Association (Persatuan Cina Malaysia, MCA) (Simplified Chinese: 马华公会; pinyin: Mǎ Huá Gōng Huì; Cantonese: Ma Wah Koong Wui) is a political party in Malaysia, made up of Chinese Malaysian and one of the three major parties that make up the ruling Barisan Nasional, or National Front.
		Along with the larger UMNO and the smaller Malaysian Indian Congress, the MCA has a heavy influence on the politics of the country.
		The Malaysian Chinese Association was formed on 27 February 1949 as the Malayan Chinese Association, with Sir Tun Tan Cheng Lock as the inaugural President.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Malaysian_Chinese_Association (283 words)

	Commanding Heights : Malaysia \| on PBS
		Malayan Communists begin an insurgency, and the British declare a state of emergency.
		Forty-one percent of the Chinese population is denied citizenship under constitutional rules favoring ethnic Malays.
		Chinese domination of the economy is a source of simmering anger among Malays, sparking the massive 1969 riots.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/commandingheights/lo/countries/my/my_full.html (3731 words)

	Chua's Corner: Malaysia In The Wikipedia (Edited By Chua's Corner)
		The sultans, who were seen as collaborators with both the British and the Chinese, lost some of their traditional prestige, particularly among the increasing number of Malays with a western education, but the mass of rural Malays continued to revere the sultans and their prestige was thus an important prop for colonial rule.
		Chinese reaction against the MCP was shown by the formation of the Malayan Chinese Association (MCA) in 1949 as a vehicle for moderate Chinese political opinion.
		In exchange, the MCA agreed that Malaya’s head of state would be drawn from the ranks of the Malay sultans, that Malay would be the official language, and that Malay education and economic development would be promoted and subsidised.
	chuascorner.blogspot.com /2006/03/malaysia-in-wikipedia-edited-by-chuas.html (6390 words)

	Malaysia - Search View - MSN Encarta
		Traditional Chinese family structure is patrilineal and patriarchal; as in China, sons are preferred over daughters in order to maintain the family surname through descent.
		In general, ethnic Chinese have played the major role in both the rural and urban sectors of the economy, and this has been an issue of contention for many bumiputras.
		Malaysia is a founding member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and is a full participant in the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), established in 1992 with the goal of establishing nearly free trade among member nations.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761558542__1/Malaysia.html (6749 words)

	Singapore - HISTORY
		The designation Chinese lumps together speakers of more than five mutually unintelligible dialects; Singaporean Malays trace their forebears to all of the major islands of the Indonesian archipelago, as well as to the Malay Peninsula; and the ancestral homes of Indians include what are the modern states of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka.
		Chinese immigration was drastically cut by the Immigration Restriction Ordinance of 1930, which limited immigration of unskilled male laborers.
		Singapore's prominent Chinese leaders and businessmen were further disaffected when the Japanese military command bullied them into raising a S$10 million "gift" to the Japanese as a symbol of their cooperation and as reparation for their support for the government of China in its war against Japan.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/country_studies/singapore/HISTORY.html (19216 words)

	Part II, p732 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The essence of the Alliance was cooperation on the level of national politics while avoiding electoral competition at the local level, where the component parties presented candidates for elections in constituencies which were dominated by their ethnic groups.
		Not competing in any of the elections was the illegal Malayan Communist Party, still a major disruptive force in Malayan politics-although losing the guerrilla war and allowing the state of emergency to be ended in 1960.
		A predominantly Chinese party with a socialist orientation, DAP functioned in opposition to the Alliance/National Front and especially in opposition to its Chinese component, the MCA.
	www.janda.org /ICPP/ICPP1980/Book/PART2/5-AsiaFarEast/58-Malaya/Malaya.htm (1419 words)

	[No title]
		As the Chinese, now organized into secret societies, consolidated their hold in the mining industry, the stage and the pretext for British intervention on the mainland were set.
		Chinese tin mining and commercial activity, together accounting for over four fifths of total revenue, were such important sources of funds for the government that "the main object of British policy towards the Chinese in the years after the Pangkor Engagement was to encourage tin mining and other commercial activities." (Butcher.
		Chinese and Indians combined totaled 53.2% of the population of all of Malaya, and the number was even more unsettling in the FMS alone, where the non-Malay population was 63.7%, and in the Straits settlements where it was an astounding 71.5% (Comber determined from a table titled "Abstract from 1931 Census." p 90).
	www.ecst.csuchico.edu /~ong/SCM/scm-faq2.htm (7247 words)

	Minorities At Risk (MAR) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The rural Chinese became the victims of repressive government actions to counteract the MCP including a massive rural relocation program which clustered the Chinese in "New Villages" in the early 1950s.
		The Chinese in Malaysia remain underrepresented in the political arena due to prevailing social practices by the dominant Malay majority and public policies are not adequate to offset these disadvantages (POLDIS00 = 3).
		The Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) is a part of the ruling NF coalition which is headed by Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamed.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/data/malchi.htm (932 words)

	1960 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership - Tunku Abdul Rahman
		When Chinese support also was not forthcoming in the magnitude he had expected after his championing of the non-Malays, he alienated his Chinese adherents by angry attacks on their community.
		The startling MCA document suggested to the Malay concurrent chairman of a district committee and an election campaign subcommittee in the Kuala Lumpur branch of the UMNO the possibility of a local political alliance.
		The TUNKU persuaded the MCA, strained as was the UMNO by violent differences between temperates and extremists on the citizenship issue, and the MIC to accept a provision to permit those born in Malaya of alien parents after independence to choose their nationality upon attaining 21.
	www.rmaf.org.ph /Awardees/Biography/BiographyAbdulRahman.htm (9854 words)

	Britain Malaya Emergency 1948-1960
		In 1948 the Communist Party of Malaya--a mostly Chinese movement formed in 1930 that had provided the backbone of the anti-Japanese resistance--went into the jungles and began a guerrilla insurgency to defeat the colonial government, sparking a 12-year period of unrest known as the Emergency.
		Promising independence, British officials began negotiating with the various ethnic leaders, including the UMNO and the Malayan Chinese Association (MCA), formed in 1949 by wealthy Chinese businessmen.
		In 1948, communist terrorists, many of whom were Chinese, began disrupting village life in the jungles of the newly established Federation of Malaya (under the rule of a British high commissioner).
	www.onwar.com /aced/data/mike/malaya1948.htm (541 words)

	Click here for other language
		His efforts and those of Chinese leaders, saw fruition in a political alliance of UMNO and the Malayan Chinese Association (MCA) in 1952; later was known as the Alliance Party.
		As a follow-up, the Baling Talks were held on the 28th-29th December 1955 between the Malayan Communist Party, represented by Chin Peng, Chen Tien and Rashid Maidin; and the Government represented by Too Joo Hing, David Marshall, Tun Tan Cheng Lock and Tunku.
		The Malayan delegation, comprising of four representatives of the Malay Rulers and four Alliance representatives, convinced the British Government to set a date for independence: 31st August 1957.
	www.geocities.com /smkjsp/tunku2-eng.htm (763 words)

	Politics of Chinese Education in Malaya 1945-61; The - Books - Travel Centre - www.wildasia.net
		The future of Chinese education was the subject of intense debate just before and after Malaya's independence in 1957.
		It pays special attention to the extent to which the leaders of the three major Chinese associations - the United Chinese School Teachers' Association, the United Chinese School Committees' Association, and the Malayan Chinese Association - could agree on their objectives, strategies, and limits of accommodation.
		The author is Associate Professor in the School of Humanities, Universiti Sains Malaysia.
	wildasia.net /main/product.cfm?productID=961 (295 words)

	Bibliography on Party Politics in MALAYA, 1950-1962 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		With the exception of the Malayan Communist Party, none of the Malayan parties can trace their origins any further into the past than 1946, and the first national elections in Malaya were not held until 1955, while the first post-independence elections occurred in 1959.
		Malaya's "plural society" constitutes the significant factor in Malayan politics, and this is reflected in the heavy usage of the 610, 640, and 630 codes, which deal with "Issues of consensus or cleavage," "political attitudes," and "political participation" respectively.
		Nonetheless, it may be concluded that the available literature on Malayan politics is surprisingly abundant and of a generally high quality.
	www.janda.org /icpp/ICPP1980/Book/PART3/58-MalayaBib.htm (904 words)

	10
		Almost all were Chinese, for the uprising called the Emergency was a continuation of earlier conflicts between Chinese and Malays.
		The Chinese control the modern economy, which would collapse if they left in large numbers; the Indians dominate the unions and the legal profession, which would wither if they left; but the Malays ruthlessly ensure that they continue to control the government and its coercive arms-the courts, the police, and the armed forces.
		Chinese feelings were of no particular concern, for the Chinese had nowhere else to go.
	userwww.sfsu.edu /~aappell/malasiaback.htm (7277 words)

	Archive of Learning // Postmodern Politics
		The Malayan Indian Congress (MIC), Malayan Indian Association and Straits Chinese British Associations, which were the minority parties during the transitional stage of the pre-Independence period did not have much political clout, having not as large a following as UMNO or MCA (nor the funds either).
		In which case, the title of sons of the soil should be given to the Straits Chinese and Gujerati merchants that came not long after.
		To further deconstruct such ethnic identities, we would say that most of the current generations are “sons (daughters) of the soil”, which would imply that the constitution should protect each and everyone of us, yet only the Malay race has been gazetted into the Constitution as the race especially favoured.
	www.archiveoflearning.net /world/demo_div.html (2686 words)

	More about Malaysia.
		Fifteen percent of the population in Sabah and 40 percent of the population in Sarawak belongs to one of the numerous ethnic groups inhabiting the island of Borneo (see Dayak).
		The Chinese constitute a sizable population in all three of these regions and especially in Sarawak.
		The Chinese are largely Buddhist, Confucian, or Taoist, and the Indians are mostly Hindus.
	members.fortunecity.com /ycwee/Mmore.htm (3148 words)

	New Page 1
		Chinese fled to the outskirts of the jungle and rural areas and opened new settlements, met with Malay villagers, causing ‘culture shock’
		Chinese who were born in Malaya or the Straits Settlement formed the Strait Born Chinese Association and we headed by Tan Cheng Lock
		Non-Malays formed the Malayan Democratic Union (MDU) because the establishment of Malayan Union in undemocratic and Singapore is not included.
	www.geocities.com /compulsorysubject/history.html (4351 words)

	Political Parties in Singapore
		The Singapore chapter of MCA Malaya, it is defunct in Singapore today, but still exists as a component of the ruling Barisan Nasional in Malaysia.
		Presently, like MCA Malaysia, it is a member party of the ruling Barisan Nasional coalition, and known as Malaysian Indian Congress.
		Originally Perak Progressive Party in 1953 (renamed in 1956), this Malayan opposition party founded by the Seenivasagam brothers was in the Malaysian Solidarity Convention with PAP during the years Singapore was part of Malaysia.
	www.singapore-elections.com /political_parties.html (1859 words)

	MCP
		The MCP failed miserably to entice both Malayans and Indians to join, although there was a short-lived secret agreement with the left-wing Malay Nationalist Party, but police intervention and arrests crippled the latter, and brought the liaison to an end.
		As a counter of the MCP, the government encouraged the formation of the Malayan Chinese Association (MCA) whose professed objects were support of the Government in its efforts to preserve the peace and the fostering of good inter-communal relations.
		The decision of the MCP to launch open insurrection against the British-backed government of the Malayan Federation was the result of a number of factors that led the Central Executive Committee to agree on this course.
	www.britains-smallwars.com /malaya/mcp.html (7311 words)

	'Indian' Tamils & 'Ceylon' Tamils in Malaysia
		Although, as is well known, trading contacts between Tamil Nad and the Malayan peninsula extend back over many centuries, the period most relevant here began with the establishment of British control over Malaya, and the migration of Tamils from Tamil Nad and Ceylon.
		With the establishment of Pax Britannica in Malaya, British officials who were transferred from Ceylon to Malaya recruited Ceylon Tamils as clerks in the colonial administration and as supervisors in the construction and operation of railways, posts, telegraphs, docks, and other facilities.
		They face the competition of their Malaysia-born Chinese peers in commercial and industrial segments of the economy which have been strongholds of Chinese entrepreneurs.
	www.tamilnation.org /diaspora/malaysia/glick.htm (2894 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		This was fuelled in part by anti-Chinese prejudice engendered by the growing economic clout of the Chinese immigrants.
		Even as the British were forced to capitulate on their earlier grand plans for a 'Malayan Union' and to promise eventual self-rule for the federation of Malayan states in 1948, a growing number of radical elements led by the Malayan Communist Party began an insurrection, using terrorist tactics.
		In that election, there was an unprecedented shift in popular preferences, with the Malaysian Chinese Association losing nearly half its strength in parliament The resulting violence led to several hundred casualties.
	www.law.qub.ac.uk /humanrts/emergency/malaysia/mal1.htm (3523 words)

	Keranamu Malaysia : History of Malaysia
		In the same year, the Malayan Communist Party was formed and began a guerrilla uprising against the British that became known as the Emergency.
		In 1955, the Malayan Chinese Association (MCA) joined UMNO in an anticommunist, anticolonial coalition that won 51 of 52 parliamentary seats.
		The Chinese resented the political power of the Malays, and the Malays envied the economic success of the Chinese.
	www.phoenity.com /hibiscus/history (2032 words)

	Singapore - People's Action Party
		Malay, Chinese, Tamil, and English were all made official languages, but, with its eye on a future merger with Malaya, the government made Malay the national language.
		Moreover, Malayan leaders feared merger with Singapore because it would result in a Chinese majority in the new state.
		Accordingly, on May 27, 1961, in a speech in Kuala Lumpur to the Foreign Correspondents' Association, Tengku Abdul Rahman made a surprise proposal of an association of states that would include the Federation of Malaya, the British Borneo territories, and Singapore.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-11798.html (2649 words)

	Asia Times: What if Dr Mahathir is right?
		They indeed made life increasingly difficult for the coalition government Umno-MCA (Malayan Chinese Association) (7) and radicalized both electorates: the Chinese electorate turned its back on the MCA, and part of the Malays (8), considering the government too soft with the Chinese, did so with the Umno.
		The Chinese community was mainly urban, and controlled the modern sectors of the economy; the majority of Malays were peasants; Indians were represented in the plantations and liberal professions.
		(13) The Malaysians' revenue was at that time less than 40 percent that of the Chinese, and their influence in the modernization process derisory (less than 2 percent against 36 percent, the rest remaining in the hand of Westerners).
	www.atimes.com /se-asia/CC22Ae01.html (3056 words)

	Singapore - Road to Independence
		The mass arrests, although undertaken by the British and Malayans, benefited the PAP because there was less opposition.
		On July 21, 1964, fighting between Malay and Chinese youths during a Muslim procession celebrating the Prophet Muhammad's birthday erupted into racial riots, in which twenty-three people were killed and hundreds injured.
		UMNO ran candidates in Singapore's September 1963 elections, and PAP challenged MCA Alliance candidates in the Malaysian general election in April 1964.
	countrystudies.us /singapore/10.htm (3789 words)

	MCA : Homepage
		GOVERNMENT scholarships are very limited and as such, not all students will be able to enjoy a fully-sponsored education.
		Prepared to help the public: MCA Crisis Relief Squad and MCA Wanita Selangor are ready to go out and help members of the public who are in need...
		Education is one of the most important issues in the community and without proper emphasis, the people, especially the Chinese, would not be able to face the challenges of the future which is getting globally more competitive.
	www.mca.org.my (528 words)

	History Channel Search Results
		With independence approaching, Malays were concerned that immigrants might acquire political power, and they protested successfully against a scheme (the Malayan Union, 1946) that would have given most immigrants citizenship and voting rights, while reducing the power of the Malay rulers.
		The Alliance, the dominant political party that emerged in the 1950s, was multiethnic at the top, but also ensured separate representation of ethnic groups through three component parties: the United Malays National Organization, the Malayan Chinese Association, and the Malayan Indian Congress; it won an overwhelming victory in the first nationwide elections (1955).
		In 1987 the Mahathir government responded to what it said was the threat of rising tensions between Malays and Chinese by arresting opposition leaders and suspending publication of four newspapers.
	www.historychannel.com /thcsearch/thc_resourcedetail.do?encyc_id=215580 (3238 words)

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