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Topic: Male lactation

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	male lactation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Male lactation is most commonly caused by hormonal treatments given to men suffering from prostate cancer.
		The phenomenon of male lactation occurs in some non-human species, and the lactating males may assist in the nursing of their infants.
		Indeed some human males secrete milk at birth and at puberty.Historically, male lactation was noted by the German explorer Alexander Freiherr von Humboldt prior to 1859, who wrote of a 32-year-old man who breastfed his child for five months.
	www.menstuff.org /issues/byissue/malelactation.html (4213 words)

	Breasts
		In theory, males might gain by selecting women with more than optimal glandular tissue if the cost to the female of the extra tissue was increased mortality (perhaps reduced running ability, greater exposure to disease, depletion of her food reserves, etc) while the benefit of the extra milk went to the child.
		A male who expected to father a lactating female's next child (presumably because he had or was creating a pair-bond with her) would promote his reproductive success by provisioning her.
		Male parental investment does not fully explain these behaviors because the infants are often unlikely to be the male's own offspring.S She then offers the hypothesis that male infant care sometimes represents mating effort rather than parental investment (see also Whitten, 1986, 357).
	cas.bellarmine.edu /tietjen/images/breasts.htm (4381 words)

	Male Lactation?
		From an evolutionary perspective, unless it significantly benefits the survival of a species, male lactation really isn't worth the cost.
		And the fact is that, for most mammals, evolution has shown that the best way to perpetuate the species is when the female invests in nurturing while the male concentrates on attracting females and spreading their seed.
		Even in cases when lactation has been artificially induced, the mother doesn't always produce a full supply of milk.
	amos.indiana.edu /library/scripts/malelactation.html (294 words)

	Father's Milk - - science news articles online technology magazine articles Father's Milk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Lactation has likewise been observed in people taking tranquilizers that influence the hypothalamus (which controls the pituitary gland, the source of prolactin), in people recovering from surgery that somehow stimulated the nerves related to the suckling reflex, and in women on prolonged courses of estrogen and progesterone birth-control pills.
		The female ejects her not-yet-fertilized eggs; the male, hovering close by, spreads his sperm on the eggs; he immediately scoops up the eggs, before any other males have a chance to cloud the picture with their own sperm; then he proceeds to care for the eggs, completely confident in his own paternity.
		Males also still try to impregnate other females, which in a paired-off society means other males’ spouses, leaving the unfortunate cuckolded male to care unknowingly for the cuckolder’s offspring.
	www.discover.com /issues/feb-95/features/fathersmilk468 (3400 words)

	The Straight Dope: Is there any mammal species in which the males breastfeed the young?
		Daly notes that there is nothing about male physiology that "appears to present an insurmountable barrier to the evolution of male lactation." In fact, there are a couple cases on record in which elderly men treated with estrogen for prostate cancer were induced to lactate.
		Males don't make much "parental investment" in their offspring--that is, they don't spend much time with them like mama mammals do.
		Interestingly, there are some non-mammalian species in which the males do suckle their young, notably pigeons and doves, who feed their babies "crop milk," which is vaguely similar to human breast milk.
	www.straightdope.com /classics/a2_321.html (479 words)

	Father's milk - male mammals' potential for lactation Discover - Find Articles
		Until last year, males of not a single one of the world's 4,500 mammal species were suspected of lactating under normal conditions.
		Adult male gorillas, for example, are much larger than females (weighing roughly twice as much), have a differently shaped head, and a silver-haired back.
		It should be emphasized that male and female differences in hormones aren't absolute but a matter of degree: one sex may have higher concentrations of a certain hormone and more receptors for it.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1511/is_n2_v16/ai_16051177 (948 words)

	Mouse and Rat Studies - Reproductive Changes Linked to PCBs
		The influence of gestational and lactational exposures of rats to the PCB mixture Aroclor 1254 was determined for hepatic microsomal metabolism of 17beta-estradiol (E2) and the proestrogenic organochlorine insecticide methoxychlor (MXC).
		Male Sprague-Dawley-rats were injected intraperitoneally with 0, 10, 20, and 40mg/kg Aroclor-1254 (11097691) in a 0.1 milliliter (ml) volume of sesame oil.
		Male Wistar-rats were administered diets containing 0, 10, 100, or 500 parts per million (ppm) Kanechlor-500, a Japanese manufactured PCB mixture, plus tap water containing 0 or 1,000ppm ABS for up to 7 months.
	www.foxriverwatch.com /mouse_rat_pcbs_reproductive_1.html (8256 words)

	The Imperfect Blog - Social Issues » Men who are obsessed with breastfeeding
		I think the promotion of male breastfeeding is an extension of the zealotry that wishes to force women to breastfeed.
		Perhaps people will wake up and understand that this fanatic obsession [to force women to breastfeed], to subsitute a mother’s role and welcome men to do use their breasts to feed babies if the woman doesn’t want to, is circumventing her rights to safely feed her child how she wishes.
		And for those of you who might be in denial that male lactation is a political ideology against formula feeding moms and formula feeding companies, read this article.
	blog.imperfectparent.com /2006/08/19/men-who-are-obsessed-with-breastfeeding (747 words)

	Noviflumuron (121451-02-3). Adverse Effects. Fluoride Action Network Pesticide Project.
		liver weight was observed at in males at 100, 500, and 1000 mg/kg/day and in females at 500 and 1000 mg/kg/day.
		in males at 1000 mg/kg/day and in females at 500 and 1000 mg/kg/day.
		was observed at in males at 100, 500, and 1000 mg/kg/day and in females at 500 and 1000 mg/kg/day.
	www.fluoridealert.org /pesticides/epage.noviflumuron.htm (6352 words)

	Subject: Re: Men who breastfeed (next on Oprah..) Date: Fri, 14 Jan 1994 18:25:21 GMT Subj (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		lactation by a woman who has never been pregnant is actually comparable in difficulty.
		Male lactation: there are cases reported in the anthro literature in tribal groups where men routinely pacify babies at the breast.
		- Babies, both male and female, at birth will occasionally have a few drops of milk ooze from their nipples; this was referred to as "witch's milk".
	www.skepticfiles.org /urban/malelact.htm (317 words)

	Gene Expression: Male Lactation
		Historically, male lactation was noted by the German explorer Alexander Freiherr von Humboldt prior to 1859, who wrote of a 32-year-old man who breastfed his child for five months.
		Here is a PubMed article, Lactation induced by luteotrophin in women with mammary cancer; growth of the breast of the human male following estrogenic treatment that notes the phenomena of male lactation.
		Now, as Jane Galt noted in her outstanding essay on gay marriage there are usually unintended consequences that follow from initiatives that are advocated passionately in the politics of the moment.
	www.gnxp.com /MT2/archives/003879.html (1221 words)

	San Francisco Bay Guardian \| News
		Since I live in Pervertville, population: perverts, the usual reasons would have something to do with snakebite kits and nipple clamps and maybe taking the hormones usually produced in larger quantities by whichever sex happens to be the opposite one.
		Nobody really knows, I told my friend, but if you ask me, male nipples exist because female nipples exist, and it's often easier to leave an unused organ or function in place, in rudimentary form, than it is to cleanse the developing organism of any vestiges of the extra or obsolete part.
		Male gorillas may not let you get that close, but they, along with the rest of the primates, have plenty nipples.
	www.sfbg.com /40/14/x_alt_sex_column.html (724 words)

	Male Lactation
		about 2/3 down says male lactation, while statistically possible, is exceptionally rare; and cannot produce enough milk to nurish a child.
		Because lactation is produced from prolactin, which can be generated by nipple stimulation in men and women, it has been suggested by other sources that it is possible for males to do so after a few weeks of simulated 'sucking' with a breast pump.
		But one resource pointed out that from an evolutionary standpoint, male lactation could occur in species with high paternal certainty, such as in monogamy, and high participation from the male in raising the infant.
	www.museumofhoaxes.com /hoax/weblog/comments/157 (1465 words)

	Evidence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		A female disadvantage in mortality is generally explained in terms of preferential treatment of males, with poorer nutrition for females often specifically cited as a likely part of such a pattern of discrimination.
		In adulthood, comparing males and non-pregnant, non-lactating females at the same activity level, 12 of the 18 comparisons show females consuming a greater percentage of their requirements.
		Of the states covered by the NNMB data, the 1981 ratio of females to males was lowest for Uttar Pradesh, in which several of the gender comparisons within age and activity-level categories do favour males.
	www.unu.edu /unupress/unupbooks/uu22we/uu22we0g.htm (3007 words)

	male lactation
		I am not finding any information on induction of lactation in the male.
		In theory, the male breast should be capable of milk production.
		We are still ignorant of the factors that go into structure/function of the lactating breast.
	www.medhelp.org /forums/maternal/archive/1230.html (183 words)

	The Straight Dope: Why do men have nipples?
		One interesting consequence of the developmental set-up just described is that during the very early stages of fetal life, before the sex hormones have had a chance to do their stuff, all humans are basically bisexual.
		Anyway, both male and female babies are born with the main milk ducts intact--the gland that produces milk is there in the male, but it remains undeveloped unless stimulated by the female hormone, estrogen.
		Occasionally, a male baby is born with enough of his mother's estrogen in his body to produce a bizarre phenomenon known as "witches' milk," with the male glands, suitably stimulated, pumping away at the moment of birth.
	www.straightdope.com /classics/a1_093.html (738 words)

	Index
		Male lactation is physiologically possible and has been observed in some domesticated mammals and even humans.
		Historically male lactation has been noted by the explorer Humbolt, who spoke of a 32 year old man who brestfed his child for five months.
		Attorneys for the Cozy Cabin dancing establishment argued sex discrimination because the law does not bar men from baring their chests even though "male pecs are sexually arousing," according to Psychologist Lenore Tiefer, who pointed to a popular Diet Coke commercial showing women turned on by a shirtless construction worker.
	members.fortunecity.com /madfitz/rights.htm (2397 words)

	Induction of a Phosphate Appetite in Adult Male and Female Rats -- Czarnogorski et al. 229 (9): 914 -- Experimental ...
		measured at intervals from 0 to 48 hrs in juvenile male rats.
		Torasson M. Calcium flux in vivo in the rat duodenum and ileum during pregnancy and lactation.
		Brommage R. Measurement of calcium and phosphorus fluxes during lactation in the rat.
	www.ebmonline.org /cgi/content/full/229/9/914 (3564 words)

	Threaded discussion points on male lactation, breast growth (gynecomastia) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		I am curious--have any of you worked with male adolescents who are on this drug or one with similar side effects, but are in a state group home setting (or in state custody) or do not have private insurance, who were successful in getting Medicaid to pay for surgery for the gynecomastia?
		The lactation will stop once your body rids itself of the excess prolactin (you may have to give it another week or two).
		Prolactin (doesn't need to be capitalized) is a female hormone which affects lactation, and the menstrual cycle, among other things.
	www.monheit.com /risperdal/help/resources_threaded_discussion.php (1758 words)

	AlterNet: Artificial Wombs and Pregnant Men
		But they do need to live in a society where men aren't penalized for realigning their use of time and labor, as women are today when they bear and care for children.
		However, arguing in favor of bioengineering men to lactate and creating artificial uteruses is a perverse and convoluted detour from the underlying opinion stated above.
		It's made even worse by the argument she posits in favor of it--the ability of women to avoid having to take time off from their jobs, assumed to be in the corporate environment.
	www.alternet.org /columnists/story/37199/?comments=view&cID=133169&pID=132614 (4805 words)

	Re: can a normal human male produce breast milk?
		All reports of lactating males have in common that milk production was inadvertent and surprising.
		The story is usually that the mother died, and the father, overwhelmed with grief and love for the child put it to his breast which upon stimulation by the suckling child started to produce milk unexpectedly.
		The question of male lactation seems to be entirely one of the "right" circumstances: The milk-producing organ is there, complete with fat, glands, nipple and the requisite hormones: Oestrogen, oxytocine, and prolactine.
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/2005-07/1121456585.An.r.html (683 words)

	World Magazine Blog: Comment on Whirled Views 04.24.06
		But if there are no lactating women (and a woman should be willing to volunteer to take medicine to get it going in order to help out) then and only then should the dad nurse.
		At the very least, male lactation is a normal phenomenon in early fathers.
		Now, our doctors at the hospital say that male lactation is not abnormal, nor a function of hormone or radiation treatment, but something that will happen given stimulation by a nursing infant.
	www.worldmagblog.com /cgi-bin/mt-comments.cgi?entry_id=24079 (5349 words)

	Why do men have nipples?
		It is physiologically possible for male humans to lactate, and apparently children have been breast-fed this way.
		However, development from nipples to breasts seems to be regulated hormonally beginning at puberty...in the presence of higher estrogens, breasts form in girls, and in the absence of this, they do not form in boys.
		Evidence that this is something that depends on hormones and is not pre-determined genetically is that male to female transexuals can develop breasts when placed on hormonal therapies to develop more feminine characteristics.
	www.physicsforums.com /showthread.php?p=294844 (377 words)

	The "Brave New World" of Male Breastfeeding
		While men have the biological ability to produce milk, she says, the time and effort necessary to induce lactation might be out of proportion to the miniscule amounts of milk actually produced--but for a gay man to hold a baby to his breast "would be extremely beneficial to both the parent and child."
		All of the sources cited in the And Baby article, however, point out the biological hurdles of inducing male lactation, as well as the social stigma attached to the idea of men breastfeeding their children.
		Commenting on the article, NARTH's Joseph Nicolosi said, "Indeed, the 'social stigma' attached to male breastfeeding isn't something we need to break down, because a gay man imitating a woman by nursing a baby is an affront to human dignity.
	www.narth.com /docs/brfeed.html (386 words)

	TeenHealthFX - Answers - Male Lactation
		Is it normal for a 15 year old who has hit puberty late to lactate?
		No, it is NOT normal for a male to lactate (or have a discharge from his nipples) at any age.
		About three percent of American men -- a total of 2.78 million men-have experienced an attempted or completed rape in their lifetime.
	www.teenhealthfx.com /answers/1712.html (196 words)

	Amazon.com: Why Is Sex Fun?: The Evolution of Human Sexuality (Science Masters): Books: Jared Diamond (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Males invest minimal resources in producing offspring and in most mammal species, decamp after coupling.
		That this situation doesn't always keep males in line is exemplified by the study showing that up to 20 per cent of British babies were conceived by someone other than the purportive parent.
		Supposedly, for the sake of social engineering, it might be a good idea for men to lactate as we could form stronger bonds with women and children.
	www.amazon.com /Why-Sex-Fun-Evolution-Sexuality/dp/0465031269 (2906 words)

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