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Topic: Malingering

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	eMedicine - Malingering : Article by David Bienenfeld, MD
		Malingering behavior typically persists as long as the desired benefit outweighs the inconvenience or distress of seeking medical confirmation of the feigned illness.
		Because malingering for the purpose of compensation constitutes criminal behavior, document the diagnosis meticulously.
		Differential diagnosis of malingering, factitious disorder, and somatoform disorders.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic3355.htm (1160 words)

	Professional Issues: Malingering of Memory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The malingering term is usually applied to a situation in which the subject is consciously engaged in faking impairment; it implies that the subject has a clear intention and plan for faking.
		Particular discriminating features of malingering, such as a dissociation between recall and recognition are often obscured by the numerous differences in level of performance on a number of tests and subtests.
		This may be the true state of malingering, and the lack of an underlying, valid difference between the groups may explain the general failure of symptom validity tests and the inability of clinicians to detect malingering.
	nanonline.org /content/text/prof/malingmem.shtm (8967 words)

	Malingering
		Malingering is a deliberate behavior for a known external purpose.
		Malingering can be expressed in several forms from pure malingering in which the individual falsifies all symptoms to partial malingering in which the individual has symptoms but exaggerates the impact which they have upon daily functioning.
		Another form of malingering is simulation in which the person emulates symptoms of a specific disability or dissimulation when the patient denies the existence of problems which would account for the symptoms as in the case of drug abuse.
	www.psychnet-uk.com /dsm_iv/malingering.htm (481 words)

	Psychology Today's Diagnosis Dictionary: Malingering
		Malingering is the purposeful exaggeration of physical or psychological complaints in order to receive some kind of reward.
		Some behaviors a malinger may engage in are attempting to raise the temperature of a thermometer through heat from a light or adding sand to a urine sample; however, if the malingerer is more secretive, the clinician will have great difficulty gathering evidence to make an accurate diagnosis (Morrison, 1995).
		Malingering is difficult to diagnose because it is not easy to gather overt evidence; also, symptoms are emotional and mental.
	cms.psychologytoday.com /conditions/malingering.html (475 words)

	IVA as a Test for Malingering (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The malingering study is useful in that it provides a peer reviewed study regarding the usefulness of this CPT in detecting malingering of ADHD whereas the commonly used diagnostic instrument can be easily faked.
		Malingering is, “The deliberate exaggeration of psychological and/or physical complaints for purpose of tangible gain (monetary rewards, etc.).” It is a difficult problem in health care.
		The hypothesis was that subjects attempting to malinger would respond in a way which was clearly different than when they were instructed to try their best.
	www.braintrain.com /iva/malingering_study.htm (527 words)

	Discovery Health :: Diseases & Conditions :: malingering
		Malingering is a condition in which a person pretends to have an illness or disability to get some type of external gain.
		Some individuals may only fake an illness once in a while, such as a person calling in sick to work or school when he or she is not really ill. Someone who is faking an illness may complain of any symptom that will fool the other person.
		A healthcare provider may suspect malingering when a person is clearly trying to gain something, such as pain medication or money.
	health.discovery.com /encyclopedias/illnesses.html?article=2899&page=1 (342 words)

	Dr. David B. Adams - Malingering
		Presentation: Malingering can be expressed in several forms from pure malingering in which the individual falsifies all symptoms to partial malingering in which the individual has symptoms but exaggerates the impact which they have upon daily functioning.
		Another form of malingering is simulation in which the person emulates symptoms of a specific disability or dissimulation when the patient denies the existence of problems which would account for the symptoms (Eg.
		Another form of malingering is false imputation in which the individual has valid symptoms but is dishonest as to the source of the problems, attributing them, for example, to an automobile accident when the cause was, in fact, an injury occurring in the home.
	psychological.com /malingering.htm (370 words)

	Conferencias (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Malingering is defined as the intentional production of false or grossly exaggerated physical, psychological or neuropsychological symptoms which are motivated by external incentives such as avoiding military service, avoiding work, obtaining drugs, evading criminal prosecution or obtaining financial compensation for alleged injuries.
		In the pathogenic model, the malingerer is seen as mentally disordered, in the criminological model, the malingerer is simply seen as bad, and in the adaptational model, the malingerer is attempting to meet his or her objectives in an adversarial circumstance (Rogers, 1997d).
		Malingering on one measure does not necessarily mean that the client is malingering on all of them.
	www.uninet.edu /union99/congress/confs/for/04McCaffrey.html (4375 words)

	Not Just Malingering: Psychological Syndromes In Brain Injury Litigation
		The plaintiff's attorney, for his or her part, is only too glad to find new and better experts to document a growing list of impairments, in response to which the defense attorney deputizes more hired guns to smoke out the duplicitous varmint who's trying to rob the insurance company stagecoach.
		Rather, malingering is defined as the conscious and intentional simulation of illness or impairment for the purpose of obtaining financial compensation or other reward; evading duty, responsibility, obligation; or exculpation or mitigation for the consequences of criminal or other illicit behavior.
		These "psychopaths" or "sociopaths" have no qualms about malingering impairment for material gain and may be quite slick, engaging, and convincing in their performances, often eliciting sympathy from well-meaning clinicians and attorneys.
	www.doereport.com /article_malingering.php (4597 words)

	Malingering
		In recent history, the incidence of Malingering appears to be on the rise, probably related to the creation of the Social Security Disability Act in the 1970s, which has offered worthwhile enticements to those so inclined.
		Less common and more unforgiving is the scenario that I unflatteringly refer to as "sociopathic symbiosis", in which an enterprising clinician, sharing a clandestine mission with a scheming patient, willfully diagnoses a serious mental/medical illness on the basis of subjective claims per se without objective supporting evidence from examination.
		Clinical hints that a patient may be malingering include the presence of an antisocial personality or chemical dependency issue, noncompliance with the evaluation and treatment process, a medicolegal context to the presentation (e.g.
	www.mindspring.com /~doctorz/id13.html (451 words)

	Defining Malingering
		Malingering is seen in apparently normal children, students, test subjects, spouses, and adults.
		Malingering may coexist with the antisocial personality disorder, with various factitious disorders, such as the Ganser Syndrome and the Munchausen Syndrome, with the hysterias and with traumatic neuroses and other mental disorders.
		Malingering is an act, which is distinguished from a legal or mental status.
	www.astm.org /JOURNALS/FORENSIC/PAGES/135.htm (106 words)

	Malingering (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The presentation will conclude with specific recommendations for practitioners and attorneys both in the assessment of the malingering hypothesis and in the presentation of evidence bearing on the claim of malingering in brain injury litigation in federal and state courts.
		Malingering is differentiated from other conditions and states of mind which may mislead the forensic psychiatrist into making the wrong diagnosis.
		A number of issues were involved: test validity with racial minorities, psychometric evidence of malingering, analysis of defendant's language and responsiveness on the videotape, and a number of indicators of adaptive behavior of the defendant gathered in the community.
	www.forensicpsychonline.com /presentations_folder/malingering.htm (1243 words)

	Malingering Research Update
		First, malingering tests themselves, though very accurate, are likely to be imperfect, because the test results of honest responders overlap with those of test takers who are feigning or exaggerating.
		However, the use of malingering as a default diagnosis neglects a variety of clinical possibilities that may be relevant for treatment and forensic disposition.
		In neuropsychology, the growing use of a malingering diagnosis has recently been fueled by the increasingly adversarial nature of forensic brain injury litigation in which the goal is often less to provide an objective evaluation of cognition and personality as to brand all personal injury claimants as manipulative frauds.
	www.kspope.com /assess/malinger.php (14795 words)

	Symptom Manipulation and Malingering (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The diagnosis of malingering is made when the recognizable goal of obtaining money is more prominent than the goal of becoming a patient.
		Malingering is a conscious or voluntary act or set of actions.
		Malingering is known as, "pay me!" and the Factitious Disorder is known as, "Pay attention to me and take care of me!" Like malingering, the Factitious Disorder is a conscious or voluntary act that is designed to obtain a goal.
	www.defenseinformationcenter.com /pages/iimalingering.html (653 words)

	Malingering
		In the context of medicine, malingering is the act of intentionally feigning or exaggerating physical or psychological symptoms for personal gain.
		Because it is often impossible to determine who is malingering and who is not, it is impossible to know how frequently malingering occurs.
		In a sense, malingering cannot be treated because the American Psychiatric Association does not recognize it as a personality disorder.
	www.lifesteps.com /gm/Atoz/ency/malingering.jsp (798 words)

	Review of VIP (Validity Indicator Profile) Test Instrument from Pearson Assessments, American Psychology Law Society ...
		The initial development of the VIP test involved a total sample of 1,048 subjects, of which 104 were classified as clinical participants and the remaining 944 were classified as non-clinical participants and were obtained from populations of college students and employees of the test publisher.
		Although the correlations were generally low (.07 to.20 between the VIP nonverbal subtests and alternate measures of malingering, and.04 to.16 between the VIP verbal subtests and alternate measures of malingering), the agreement between test classifications of valid versus invalid was reasonably high, ranging from 69% to 73% agreement for each of the VIP subtests.
		The low rate of agreement between the VIP subtests and other measures of malingering is dismissed by the author on the grounds that these alternative measures may be specific in identifying malingering, but are quite weak in terms of sensitivity.
	www.pearsonassessments.com /resources/vipreview.htm (3201 words)

	Alibris: Malingering
		Despite a rich and turbulent history spanning several centuries, malingering continues to be a controversial and neglected clinical condition that has significant implications for medical, social, legal and insurance interests.
		Estimates of malingering - the wilful, intentional attempt to simulate or exaggerate illness in the pursuit of a...
		MADNESS, MALINGERING, AND MALFEASANCE is a groundbreaking study that clearly describes the development of medical and legal practices provoked by the turmoil of the American Civil War.
	www.alibris.com /search/books/subject/Malingering (555 words)

	Introduction: Malingering - WrongDiagnosis.com
		Malingering does not include disorders where the person gets "internal" gains, such as attention in factitious disorders, or unknowingly feigns medical symptoms, such as in psychogenic syndromes.
		People who are malingering know they are not being honest, and have a clear and rational motive for acting this way.
		Statistics and Malingering: Various sources and calculations are available in statistics about Malingering, and you can also research other medical statistics in our statistics center.
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /m/malingering/intro.htm (222 words)

	TOMM (Test of Memory Malingering): Pearson Assessments
		One of the limitations of most malingering tests is the patient’s ability to determine the purpose of the evaluation.
		In research studies, subjects did not suspect that the objective of the TOMM instrument was to detect malingering.
		Non-malingering patients may seek to increase their response accuracy, while malingers may adjust their performance to respond more poorly on subsequent trials.
	www.pearsonassessments.com /tests/tomm.htm (294 words)

	Postgraduate Medicine: Is it malingering, or is it 'real'?
		Is it malingering, or is it 'real'?: eight signs that point to nonorganic back pain.
		These nonorganic causes of pain may be a deliberate deception or a process unknown to the patient and include malingering motivated by secondary gain, Munchausen's syndrome, and psychosomatic disorders.
		Malingering is defined as feigning illness or disability to derive benefit, or secondary gain.
	www.postgradmed.com /issues/1999/12_99/kiester.htm (2731 words)

	Documenting Malingering: What Type of Examiner Should You Use?
		Lacking objective test data, your case may boil down to the opinion of one or more treating doctors versus an IME examiner who spent a mere hour and a half or less talking to the claimant—which is hardly the type of case you'd like to wind up defending in a litigation.
		The key to symptom validation, and to confirming or ruling out malingering, is to administer a variety of tests which appear unrelated to the examinee, but which in fact are designed to assess the same area of cognitive or psychological functioning.
		In a psychiatric disability case where malingering is a possibility, it is absolutely essential that your questions be prepared by an experienced professional mental health consultant who understands the psychiatric dynamics of the case as well as the testing process itself.
	www.fhipa.com /ipa-type.html (827 words)

	Black Propaganda - Malingering & Desertion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		For both PWE [Political Warfare Executive] and SOE [Special Operations Executive] the promotion of malingering and desertion were major goals of their subversive propaganda campaign against the enemy.
		Malingering, shirking, feigning illness could be a very tempting way of encouraging a soldier to get himself off active duty or a worker out of the munitions factory.
		Their purpose was to show German soldiers the terrible extent of bomb damage to the homeland, to stimulate fears for the safety of their family, and also to give soldiers reason to demand home leave.
	www.psywar.org /malingering.php (6887 words)

	Trowbridge Foundation: Current Article in Full
		Malingering is not an inconsequential problem. In a widely cited 1994 survey, 320 forensic psychologists estimated that malingering occurs in 15.7% of all their forensic cases.
		[7] Rogers and Cruise[8]suggested that the prevalence of malingering varies widely across forensic settings, but is likely to occur in approximately one-sixth of all forensic cases. Unfortunately, these are probably underestimates of the actual prevalence of malingering, because they do not include individuals who successfully feigned mental illness.
		The term “malingering” presents us with numerous definitional problems. There are varying degrees of truthfulness and deception, and people can be motivated to distort their response in various directions depending on the purpose of the forensic interview, and may do so consciously and deliberately, or may act out of unconscious motivations.
	www.trowbridgefoundation.org /docs/malingering_exposed.htm (2453 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: Malingering and Illness Deception (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Estimates of malingering - the wilful, intentional attempt to simulate or exaggerate illness in the pursuit of a consciously desired end - vary greatly, despite the fact that malingering is believed to contribute substantially to fraudulent health care and social welfare costs.
		Malingering remains a difficult attribution to make not least since it falls outside the remit of the formal psychiatric classifications.
		Viewed in this way, malingering is not so much illness behaviour in search of a disease, as the manifestation of a conflict between personal and social values.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0198515545 (461 words)

	Excerpt from: Detecting Malingering and Deception
		As a general decision rule, subjects who scored in the range of malingering on at least three of the six (valid) tests could tentatively be classified as malingerers.
		Subjects were considered nonmalingerers if they scored in the range of malingering on less than three of the tests.
		It should be noted that the battery used by Bash and Alpert (1980) has not been used in a cross-validation study and the criteria for malingering specified for the component tests of the battery hale not been individually cross-validated.
	www.securitymanagement.com /library/000395.html (884 words)

	ASSESS PSYCHOLOGICAL and NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL MALINGERING
		Malingering and exaggeration of complaints is a serious matter resulting in increased costs to insurance companies and consumers.
		The assessment of exaggeration and malingering requires a thorough, ethical and considered approach.
		However, care must be taken to ensure that chance findings and variation are not erroneously interpreted as indicative of malingering when the professional examines for a virtually unlimited number of "signs" of malingering.
	www.assessmalingering.com (139 words)

	Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine: Malingering
		Malingering may take the form of complaints of chronic whiplash pain from automobile accidents.
		Malingering is difficult to distinguish from certain legitimate personality disorders, such as factitious diseases or post-traumatic distress syndrome.
		Resnick, Phillip J. "Malingered Psychosis." In Clinical Assessment of Malingering and Deception, 2nd ed., edited by Richard Rogers.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_g2601/is_0008/ai_2601000868 (746 words)

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