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Topic: Malloc

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Memory allocation

Dynamic memory allocation

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	Malloc - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The initial letter is capitalized due to technical restrictions.
		The same dynamic memory allocator is often used to implement both malloc and
		Implementation of the allocator on IA-32 architectures is commonly done using the heap, or data segment.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Malloc (1582 words)

	malloc
		The malloc() function allocates uninitialized space for an object whose size is specified by size.
		If malloc(), calloc(), realloc(), or free() detect an error or warning condition, a message will be printed to file descriptor 2 (not using stdio).
		The present implementation of malloc() started out as a filesystem on a drum attached to a 20-bit binary challenged computer built with discrete germanium transistors, and it has since graduated to handle primary stor- age rather than secondary.
	resin.csoft.net /cgi-bin/man.cgi?section=3&topic=malloc (1373 words)

	General Programming Concepts: Writing and Debugging Programs - Malloc Buckets
		When malloc buckets is enabled, allocation requests that fall within a predefined range of block sizes are processed by malloc buckets.
		In this formula, malloc overhead refers to the size of an internal malloc construct that is required for each block in the bucket.
		The bucket_statistics option will cause the malloc subsystem to output a statistical summary for malloc buckets upon normal termination of each process that calls the malloc subsystem while malloc buckets is enabled.
	www.ncsa.uiuc.edu /UserInfo/Resources/Hardware/IBMp690/IBM/usr/share/man/info/en_US/a_doc_lib/aixprggd/genprogc/malloc_buckets.htm (1430 words)

	malloc - Man Pages at IceWalkers.com
		MALLOC(3) Linux Programmer's Manual MALLOC(3) NAME calloc, malloc, free, realloc - Allocate and free dynamic memory SYNOPSIS #include voidcalloc(size_t nmemb,size_t size); voidmalloc(size_t size); voidfree(void ptr); voidrealloc(void *ptr,size_t size); DESCRIPTION calloc() allocates memory for an array of nmemb elements of size bytes each and returns a pointer to the allocated memory.
		RETURNVALUE For calloc() and malloc(), the value returned is a pointer to the allocated memory, which is suitably aligned for any kind of variable, or NULL if the request fails.
		Crashes in malloc(), free() or realloc() are almost always related to heap corruption, such as overflowing an allo cated chunk or freeing the same pointer twice.
	www.icewalkers.com /Linux/ManPages/malloc-3.html (547 words)

	The Old Joel on Software Forum - malloc()ing powers of 2?
		That is, 2n growth prevents malloc** from reusing memory that is freed on previous resizes.
		From memory, ugh inadvertent pun, on i86 sbrk() which partitions memory when malloc() runs out of memory that it last sbrk()'d it does so on paragraph boundaries (the least 4 bits are zero).
		Malloc() has an admin overhead of allocating the chunk of memory and that itself should be on an even boundary so that you don't get into the hi-low fetch swapping problem.
	discuss.fogcreek.com /joelonsoftware?cmd=show&ixPost=118148 (1164 words)

	malloc(Visual C++ Programmer's Guide) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The malloc function allocates a memory block of at least size bytes.
		The new handler mode indicates whether, on failure, malloc is to call the new handler routine as set by _set_new_handler.
		You can override this default behavior so that, when malloc fails to allocate memory, malloc calls the new handler routine in the same way that the new operator does when it fails for the same reason.
	msdn.microsoft.com /library/en-us/vccore98/html/_crt_malloc.asp (379 words)

	alloc.h
		It allocates a block of Size bytes on the CPU stack (local storage space), in opposite to malloc which allocates memory on the memory heap.
		Do not attempt to use free on a pointer which has changed after it was allocated with malloc, calloc, or realloc.
		This routine is principally equivalent to ANSI C malloc function, so it is aliased here also as malloc.
	tigcc.ticalc.org /doc/alloc.html (2953 words)

	CS360 Lecture notes -- Malloc Lecture #1
		Unfortunately, the implementation of malloc() and free() on the cetus and hydra machines does not match my description 100 percent -- see this note on how to map one to the other.
		What this does is allocate a whole bunch of memory regions using malloc(), and then it prints out their starting addresses, and the values that are located one and two words (I use "word" to denote a 4-byte quantity) before the starting addresses.
		So, malloc() calls sbrk() to get memory from the operating system into a buffer, and then it doles out the memory from that buffer as it is called.
	www.cs.utk.edu /~plank/plank/classes/cs360/360/notes/Malloc1/lecture.html (1316 words)

	Malloc
		The built-in function that actually allocates the memory, and returns a pointer to it, is "malloc".
		Malloc takes one argument-a positive integer indicating how many bytes of storage are needed.
		So, "malloc" gives us a way of allocating and returning pointers to memory whose allocation and deallaction we-rather than the compiler-control.
	www.cs.utah.edu /~hamlet/release/lib/lib/lessons/c29/node2.shtml (342 words)

	Manual page for malloc(3X)
		malloc() returns a pointer to a block of at least size bytes suitably aligned for any use.
		The argument to free() is a pointer to a block previously allocated by malloc(); after free() is performed this space is made available for further allocation, and its contents have been destroyed (but see mallopt() below for a way to change this behavior).
		Function prototypes for malloc(), realloc(), calloc(), and free() are also defined in the header for compatibility with old applications.
	www.cs.utk.edu /~cs460.is&r/cgi-bin/group4/collection/free.3x.html (572 words)

	Technical Reference: Base Operating System and Extensions, Volume 1 - malloc, free, realloc, calloc, mallopt, mallinfo, ...
		The malloc subroutine returns a pointer to a block of memory of at least the number of bytes specified by the Size parameter.
		The free subroutine frees a block of memory previously allocated by the malloc subroutine.
		The malloc, realloc, calloc, and valloc subroutines return a null pointer if there is no available memory, or if the memory arena has been corrupted by being stored outside the bounds of a block.
	publib16.boulder.ibm.com /pseries/Ja_JP/libs/basetrf1/malloc.htm (1396 words)

	Why is Malloc Different Under uClinux?
		The simplest malloc implementation calls mmap to obtain memory from the kernel's free memory pool and munmap to return memory to the kernel's free memory pool.
		Several small malloc implementations have been created to alleviate point 1 by reducing the effect of the 56 byte overhead by allocating larger blocks and then managing those blocks internally for better results.
		This version of malloc has since been merged with malloc-simple as the extra code required is no longer a significant overhead when using shared libraries for uClinux.
	www.linuxdevices.com /articles/AT7777470166.html (2160 words)

	malloc (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		malloc() allocates size bytes and returns a pointer to the allocated memory.
		Unless ptr is NULL, it must have been returned by an earlier call to malloc(), calloc() or realloc().
		For calloc() and malloc(), the value returned is a pointer to the allocated memory, which is suitably aligned for any kind of variable, or NULL if the request fails.
	man.he.net /man3/malloc (250 words)

	New Malloc (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The results from this test case are saved and used to adjust all other test cases, so that the time of the benchmark itself is removed from the results.
		Note that the times displayed on the graph are scaled to be somewhat similar to the other times, so that the viewer can correlate the memory amounts with the other results.
		This is the malloc that's currently in DJGPP (BSD's).
	www.delorie.com /djgpp/malloc (448 words)

	Avoid Using malloc() and free() in C++
		The use of malloc() and free() functions in a C++ file is not recommended and is even dangerous:
		malloc() requires the exact number of bytes as an argument whereas new calculates the size of the allocated object automatically.
		malloc() does not handle allocation failures, so you have to test the return value of malloc() on each and every call.
	www.devx.com /tips/Tip/12491 (231 words)

	HI-TECH Software Forums: malloc
		If not, there is malloc source code in the HI-TECH sources directory and there are malloc implementations available on the Internet, so you could implement your own even though indiscriminate use of dynamic memory allocation facilities is ill-advised in embedded systems (just a word of warning -- I'm not saying you lack judgement!).
		Malloc is typically implemented on systems where the memory model has a stack and heap.
		I did not download the FlashFile source code to see for myself, but you might do a quick check to see if its malloc usage is for fixed sized blocks, in which case you could easily dispense with the dynamic sized aspect of malloc and roll your own block memory manager.
	www.htsoft.com /forum/all/showflat.php?Cat=&Board=pic&Number=10360 (445 words)

	efence(3): Electric Fence Malloc Debugger - Linux man page
		The memory allocation that is returned by Electric Fence malloc() is aligned using the value in EF_ALIGNMENT, and its size the multiple of that value that is greater than or equal to the requested size.
		It follows that the address returned by malloc() is the address of the inaccessible page minus the size of the memory allocation.
		If Electric Fence malloc() is to return an aligned address, it must increase the size of the allocation to a multiple of the word size.
	www.die.net /doc/linux/man/man3/efence.3.html (2070 words)

	malloc (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The malloc() function allocates unused space for an object whose size in bytes is specified by size and whose value is indeterminate.
		The pointer returned if the allocation succeeds is suitably aligned so that it may be assigned to a pointer to any type of object and then used to access such an object in the space allocated (until the space is explicitly freed or reallocated).
		If the size of the space requested is 0, the behaviour is implementation-dependent; the value returned will be either a null pointer or a unique pointer.
	www.opengroup.org /onlinepubs/007908799/xsh/malloc.html (208 words)

	Not Just Another Malloc Debugger (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A malloc debugger is usually a drop-in replacement for standard libc malloc and friends.
		Malloc debuggers change all this by mapping protected memory before or after your buffer, so your program crashes immediately after an overflow.
		Current available malloc debuggers are bloated and slow, and/or require a lengthy recompile of your entire project.
	fscked.org /proj/njamd.shtml (678 words)

	Linux: malloc (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		For calloc() and malloc(), the value returned is a pointer to the allo- cated memory, which is suitably aligned for any kind of variable, or NULL if the request fails.
		Glibc assumes that this is done (and the glibc versions of these routines do this); if you use a private malloc implementation that does not set errno, then certain library routines diagnostic is printed on stderr; if set to 2, abort() is called immedi- ately.
		This means that when malloc() returns non-NULL there is no guarantee that the mem- ory really is available.
	www.linuxforum.com /man/malloc.3.php?open_left=true (439 words)

	A Memory Allocator
		For example, previously to version 2.6.6, regardless of platform, malloc internally handled allocation size arguments as if they were signed 32-bit integers, and treats nonpositive arguments as if they were requests for a size of zero.
		These papers find that versions of this malloc increasingly rank as simultaneously among the most time- and space-efficient memory allocators available.
		This is probably because actual programs that rely heavily on malloc increasingly tend to use a larger variety of chunk sizes.
	gee.cs.oswego.edu /dl/html/malloc.html (2938 words)

	Trouble with malloc and multithreading - GameDev.Net Discussion Forums
		When we call malloc from another thread we can't allocate as much memory as in the primary thread.
		I could mention that malloc in some way issues a soft-ware interrupt when it is used from a thread (and we try to allocate pretty much memory).
		However, here's a potential alternative to a 'malloc server' - use a pool allocator that allocates all the memory you might need at startup from the main thread.
	www.gamedev.net /community/forums/topic.asp?topic_id=107530 (771 words)

	malloc
		The malloc() function shall allocate unused space for an object whose size in bytes is specified by size and whose value is unspecified.
		The pointer returned if the allocation succeeds shall be suitably aligned so that it may be assigned to a pointer to any type of object and then used to access such an object in the space allocated (until the space is explicitly freed or reallocated).
		If the size of the space requested is 0, the behavior is implementation-defined: the value returned shall be either a null pointer or a unique pointer.
	www.opengroup.org /onlinepubs/009695399/functions/malloc.html (306 words)

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