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Topic: Malolos Congress

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	History of the Senate - Senate of the Philippines
		That Congress’ first members were elected during the dying days of the Commonwealth in 1946, and the last barely a year before it gave way to martial law that ushered in the dictatorship in 1973.
		In the 7th Congress, fellow NP Senator Gil J. Puyat of Pampanga and Manila assumed the Senate helm until it was abolished in early 1973.
		The legislative power shall be vested in the Congress of the Philippines, which shall consist of the Senate and the House of Representatives, except to the extent reserved to the people by the provision on initiative and referendum.
	www.senate.gov.ph /about/history.asp (3231 words)

	Malolos Congress - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Malolos Constitution is the first Philippine constitution in 1899.
		The Filipino ilustrados composed in the Spanish language to draft the constitution and Spanish was declared an official language.
		Following the declaration of independence from Spain, by the Revolutionary Government, a congress was held in Malolos, Bulacan in 1899 to draw up a constitution.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Malolos_Congress (280 words)

	Constitution of the Philippines - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Malolos Constitution established Spanish as the official language of the Philippines.
		The 1935 Constitution was written in 1934, approved and adopted by the Commonwealth of the Philippines (1935-1946) and later used by the Third Republic of the Philippines (1946-1972).
		It was formed to propose to the Congress revisions to the 1987 Constitution, primarily (1) shifting from a presidential, bicameral and unitary government to a parliamentary, unicameral and federal form of government and (2) the loosening of current Constitution restrictions on the owning of land and extraction of natural resources by foreigners and foreign-owned companies.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines (1177 words)

	:: Welcome to Manila Bulletin Online ::
		The first significant act of the Congress was the ratification on September 29, of the independence proclaimed at Kawit on June 12, 1898.
		Aguinaldo, whose office and official residence were located at the convent of Malolos Church, arrived at Barasoain and congratulated Paterno for having been elected to the presidency of Congress.
		Although short-lived, the Malolos Congress mirrored the intelligence, foresight, and dedication of our early political leaders, to create a government that was democratic and reflected the will of our people.
	www.mb.com.ph /issues/2004/09/14/OPED2004091418465.html (436 words)

	The Philippine Legislature
		The present Congress is the 12th in the series since the first congress was held from 1946 to 1949; the second from 1949 to 1953; the third from 1953 to 1957; the fourth from 1957 to 1961; the fifth from 1961 to 1965; the sixth from1965 to 1969; and the seventh from 1969 to 1972.
		The Philippine Congress is divided into two chambers, namely the Senate and the House of Representatives referred to as the Upper House and the Lower House respectively.
		Congress also creates joint congressional committees and commissions as these members deem it necessary to exercise their oversight of executive agencies and their performance in implementing the law.
	www.cld.org /phil_leg.html (2323 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia - Malolos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Malolos was the capital of the Philippine republic proclaimed (June, 1898) by the insurrectionary leader Emilio Aguinaldo; U.S. forces captured the town in Mar., 1899.
		The challenge of the Malolos Congress; 104th Anniversary.(Opinion & Editorial)
		Biyaheng Linggo ng Bulacan marks Malolos Congress anniv.(Tourism)
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/M/Malolos.asp (149 words)

	PGB Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		MALOLOS, Bulacan –; The festive atmosphere which prevailed in this historic town more than a hundred years ago will be relived again as the province celebrates the 104th anniversary of the famed “Malolos Congress” in “Linggo ng Bulacan”;, a weeklong celebrations from September 8 to 15.
		That congress ratified the Malolos Constitution, a momentous feat that made Malolos, Bulacan the “Cradle of Democracy in Asia” being the first democratic republic in that part of the world.
		Historians said that during those occasions, the historic town of Malolos was in a festive mood—street dancing along the main road of the towns as “ tiendas” (street stores) sprouted selling different kinds of goods as the people anticipated the twilight of a free and independent Philippine Republic.
	www.bulacan.gov.ph /government/News/NewsDetail.asp?ID=126 (904 words)

	PHNO: Travel and Leisure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Malolos, Bulacan, Sept. 16, 1998 - Bulakenos came prepared to welcome President Joseph "Erap" Ejercito Estrada, despite the inclement weather, for the commemoration of the Malolos Congress centennary.
		The dramatic entrance of the Malolos Congress representatives in the halls of the Barasoain Church was preceded by a parade along the stretch of Calle Real leading to the church.
		The re-enactment of the convening of the Malolos Congress, which was the highlight of the 100th anniversary celebration, was participated in by a large number of film and theater artists led by Cavite Governor Ramon Revilla, Jr., who played the role of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo.
	www.newsflash.org /199809/tl/tl000460.htm (569 words)

	June 12 as Independence Day
		A few suggested January 21, the opening day of the Malolos Congress in 1899, or January 23, when the Malolos Congress, ratifying the independence proclamation of June 12, established a republican system of government.
		On May 17, 1962, I certified as urgent to the Congress the enactment of a measure to fix June 12 statutorily as independence day.
		I noted by this time that Congress had not yet approved a measure to prescribe June 12 as independence day by statute.
	www.bibingka.com /phg/documents/whyjun12.htm (1643 words)

	House of Representatives - About the HOR
		It began with the unicameral Malolos Congress of the short-lived Philippine Republic of 1898-1899, followed by the Philippine Commission of 1901, a colonial legislative system composed of all-American appointees.
		Congress was abolished and was replaced by an elected unicameral National Assembly, known as Batasang Pambansa.
		The new bicameral Congress consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives.
	www.congress.gov.ph /about/index.php?about=history (557 words)

	The Manila Times Internet Edition \| REGIONS > Historians lecture on relevance of Jan. 23
		MALOLOS CITY: Historians here have urged local leaders to pass an ordinance declaring January 23, the anniversary of the first Philippine Republic, a holiday.
		Isagani Giron, former president of the Samahang Pangkasaysayan ng Bulacan, said the local leaders’ lack of interest in the past is evident from the absence of local law declaring important dates in Bulacan history as holidays.
		The historians noted that a a bill was filed in Congress to declare January 23 a national holiday in observance of the Republic Day, but the bill has gathered dust.
	www.manilatimes.net /national/2006/jan/23/yehey/prov/20060123pro10.html (107 words)

	Global Nation \| INQ7.net
		The recent marathon session of Congress, the longest in its history, to decide on the impeachment complaint against President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo reminded me of an equally interesting story of voting in the Malolos Congress on the issue of the separation of Church and State.
		When the Malolos Congress is remembered and eulogized each year, we are reminded that it was this body that ratified the Declaration of Independence from Spain made on June 12, 1898 in Cavite province and that it drafted and adopted what our textbooks describe as the Malolos Constitution.
		This faction was formed almost spontaneously when the celebrated debates started in Congress over the separation of Church and State, the expulsion of the friars and other religious congregations from the Philippines, and the prohibition by the Constitution of the formation of new religious orders.
	www.inq7.net /globalnation/col_lob/2005/sep12.htm (789 words)

	The Collaborators
		In September, he was elected to the high position of Vice-President of the Malolos Congress only to desert the said post in just less than 3 months when an armed conflict between the Americans and the Filipinos was becoming more evident.
		In January 1899 he was elected delegate to the Malolos Congress but because he had a plan to join the Americans, he did not dischrage the duties of his office.
		He was elected first secretary of the Malolos Congress and later appointed as Secretary of Justice.
	www.angelfire.com /rant/history/collaborators.html (997 words)

	Open for Business
		In July 1988, in the first-ever State of the Nation of Address made by a post-Marcos president in Congress, sugar planter and Negros Occidental Rep. Hortensia Starke marched triumphantly into the session hall attired in a swirling ball gown and twirling a frilly parasol.
		This trend was already evident in the 1980s, but the image of the likes of Starke was so compelling, it hid the reality that the hacienderos, for all their flair, are a dying class.
		The most notable example is Tarlac, whose representatives to Congress in the last 100 years have largely been drawn from just two families, the Aquinos and the Cojuangcos.
	www.pcij.org /imag/SpecialReport/business.html (959 words)

	:: Malaya - The National Newspaper :: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The 2nd Malolos Congress-Government of Unity for National Survival deliberated on four resolutions, which were unanimously approved by the delegates.
		The congress also called for a "consolidated sovereign action by the Filipino using any and all adequate and available legal, constitutional and/or inherent means to address and respond to the national crisis and to put it in effect with immediate responsive action."
		Abat is one of the convenors of the Coalition for National Salvation, an umbrella organization of various groups which is calling for the ouster or resignation of Arroyo for poll fraud, corruption and malgovernance.
	www.malaya.com.ph /nov19/news5.htm (939 words)

	Manuel L. Quezon III: The Daily Dose » Blog Archive » Taking the measure of Congress (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Appointive legislatures thrice: the Malolos Congress; the Philippine Commission from 1901 to 1916 (with an elective lower house, called the Assembly, from 1907-1916); during the Japanese occupation from 1943-44.
		Congress can act on its own and display an admirable originality, a startling craftsmanship and an unexpected wisdom—all from 220 members who are brimming with ideas and insights that are bottled up by a firm tradition of legislative subservience.
		The reason is that, if we cannot trust the Congress to come up with good laws or even check the executive, we trust the executive even less to make the laws himself—as Marcos did when he combined both powers in his person and robbed the country blind.
	www.quezon.ph /?p=811 (10674 words)

	History
		General Aguinaldo issues a decree ending his dictatorial government, creates a constitution for a Revolutionary Congress, and sets up the Revolutionary Congress (known as the Malolos Congress) for advisory purposes.
		Malolos Congress opens as a republican form of government.
		Malolos Congress approves a new constitution for the new First Philippine Republic.
	langlit.colstate.edu /faculty/jmccallu/students/apage/history.htm (1732 words)

	Philippines - The Malolos Constitution and the Treaty of Paris
		On September 15, 1898, a revolutionary congress was convened at Malolos, a market town located thirty-two kilometers north of Manila, for the purpose of drawing up a constitution for the new republic.
		A document was approved by the congress on November 29, 1898.
		The Malolos congress had set up schools, a military academy, and the Literary University of the Philippines.
	countrystudies.us /philippines/14.htm (647 words)

	Manila Bulletin Online
		Speaker Jose de Venecia said yesterday the momentous Malolos Congress envisioned a unicameral legislature for the country 108 years ago in the Filipinosâ first taste of independence, as he reiterated calls for Charter reform to shift the country to the system planned by the heroes of the countryâs independence.
		De Venecia reiterated this message a day after he spoke in Malolos City, where he was guest of honor at the 108th anniversary of Philippine Independence at the plaza of the historic Barasoain Church, site of the Malolos Congress.
		At the adjournment of the Second Regular Session of the 13th Congress last week, De Venecia said he remained hopeful that the Senate and the House could revive talks in August aimed at forging a consensus on amending the 1987 Constitution through a Constituent Assembly.
	www.mb.com.ph /issues/2006/06/14/MAIN2006061466758.html (1008 words)

	Write and Win Contest : Sponsored by Liberal Philippines and Friedrich Naumann Foundation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		As the historic independence year of 1898 was drawing to a close, Apolinario Mabini, President Emilio Aguinaldo’s chief adviser, was exasperated: The Revolutionary Congress of Malolos, originally convoked as a mere consultative assembly by a decree penned by Mabini himself, was unyielding in its desire to promulgate a constitution.
		Riled by these constitutional efforts of the ilustrados in Congress to reduce President Aguinaldo into a mere figurehead and concentrate the powers of government in the legislature (because those were what the original draft intended), Mabini fired off a volley of amendments, which Congress successfully parried and rejected almost in toto.
		With the president constrained by an omnipotent legislature as proposed by the ilustrados in the Malolos Congress, Mabini was doubtful that the people’s popular expectations would be met.
	www.fnf.org.ph /News/achive/writeandwincontestwinner2.htm (728 words)

	BILOG: October 2004 Archives
		In a roster of school children enrolled in 1898 in Malolos, the students came from different parts of the Philippines, Cavite, Iloilo, Ilokos.
		Congress was abolished and replaced by the Batasan Pambansa.
		29th, 1898 Ratification of Philippine independence by the Malolos Congress; congressional mandate to write a constitution which was adopted in November 9, 1898.
	www.stanford.edu /~migonz/blog/archives/2004_10.html (2875 words)

	The Malolos Congress
		The first significant act of the Congress was the ratification on September 29, of the independence proclaimed at Kawit on June 12, 1898.
		After promulgating the Malolos Constitution, the Filipino leaders proceeded to inaugurate the first Filipino Republic on January 23, 1899.
		To make the function of Congress continuous, the document provided for a Permanent Commission which would sit as a law-making body when Congress was not in session.
	www.msc.edu.ph /centennial/malolos.html (849 words)

	Chronology of the Spanish-American War
		The U.S. Congress by vote of 311 to 6 in the House and 42 to 35 in the Senate adopted the Joint Resolution for war with Spain.
		The inaugural session of the Congress of the First Philippine Republic, also known as the Malolos Congress, was held at Barasoain Church in Malolos, province of Bulacan, for the purpose of drafting the constitution of the new republic.
		The constitution of the Philippine Republic, the Malolos Constitution, was promulgated by the followers of Emilio Aguinaldo.
	www.loc.gov /rr/hispanic/1898/chronology.html (3487 words)

	Today, October 22, 1897
		On the sunny morning of September 15, 1898, the Malolos Congress was inaugurated at the Barasoain Church, Malolos.
		The members of the Malolos Congress represented the flower of Filipino intelligentia.
		On September 17, after Dr. Paterno’s speech as president of the Malolos Congress, eight permanent committees were organized: 1) Committee on Message, 2) Committee on Congratulations, 3) Committee on Appropriations, 4) Committee on Internal Relations, 5) Committee on Receptions, 6) Committee on Festivities, 7) Committee on Style, and 8) Committee to Draft the Constitution.
	www.thefreeman.com /today_in_the_past/story-20031022-11081.html (194 words)

	ABS-CBN Interactive
		Declaring the establishment of the Second Malolos Congress, about 300 former military men and civilians on Friday called for the formation of a revolutionary government to replace the Arroyo administration.
		Meeting at the Club Filipino in Greenhills, San Juan, the delegates, many wearing barong tagalog sashed with the colors of the Philippine flag, approved four resolutions withdrawing their support from the present government, acknowledging that the country is in crisis and appointing a replacement for Mrs.
		The assembly drew inspiration from the revolutionary Congress that was convened in Malolos, Bulacan, on September 15, 1898, to draw up a Constitution for the new republic set up by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo.
	www.abs-cbnnews.com /storypage.aspx?StoryId=22436 (1170 words)

	Diosdado Pangan Macapagal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		A few suggested January 21, the opening day of the Malolos Congress in 1899, or January 23, when the Malolos Congress, ratifying the independence proclamation of June 12, established a republican system of government.
		There was no difficulty in adhering to June 12, however, because although Aguinaldo Government was a dictatorship in view of the military operations he was then leading, he led in converting it into a republican Government in the Malolos Congress.
		The feeling of resentment among our people and the attitude of the US Congress negate the atmosphere of good will upon which my state visit to your country was predicated.
	www.macapagal.com /dm/june12.htm (1590 words)

	TODAY, December 23, 1898
		This was bitterly opposed by Masonic members of the Malolos Congress who advocated the separation of Church and State and the freedom of religion in order to avoid the evils that recurred during the Spanish period.
		After days of furious debates, Calderon’s Article III was changed, reading as follows: “The State recognizes the freedom of and equality of religion, as well as the separation of the Church and State.” On November 29, 1898, it was approved by Congress and forwarded to President Aguinaldo for his approval.
		On January 21, 1899, President Aguinaldo finally proclaimed the Malolos Constitution as the fundamental law of the land.
	www.thefreeman.com /today_in_the_past/story-20021223-463.html (257 words)

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