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Topic: Mameluk dynasty

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	4Reference \|\| Mameluks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In 1250, when Ayyubid dynasty sultan as-Salih died, the Mameluks killed his heir, and the Mameluk general Aybak (who ruled 1250-1257) married his widow (or mother, sources disagree) Shajar ad-Durr.
		There were two Mameluk dynasties, Bahri (consisting of Turks and Mongols) and Burji (Circassians and Georgians).
		Napoleon defeated Mameluk troops when he attacked Egypt in 1798 and chased them to French troops left 1801, Mameluks had to fight both Ottoman Empire and the British.
	www.4reference.net /encyclopedias/wikipedia/Mameluks.html (750 words)

	Mamluk - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mamluks (also Mameluks, Mamelukes) (the Arabic word usually translates as "owned", singular: مملوك plural: مماليك) comprised slave soldiers used by the Muslim caliphs and the Ottoman Empire.
		Two Mamluk dynasties ruled Egypt: the Bahri (بحري meaning 'of the sea', referring to their center in al-Manial Island in the Nile, and consisting of Kipchak Turks) and Burji (برجي meaning 'of the tower', referring to their center in the citadel of Cairo, and consisting of Circassians and Georgians).
		The Mamluk dynasties of Egypt were instrumental in defeating the invading Mongol army, the Mamluk forces being under Qutuz at the time.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mameluk (2277 words)

	History of Islam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The next three caliphs were all relatives of the prophet, but were succeeded by another household of the same Makkan tribe, a change not universally accepted, leading to the major schism in Islam between the Sunnites (in the majority) and the Shiites (in the minority).
		The new household was the first major caliphate dynasty, the Umayyads, who conquered the Sassanian empire (Persia) and the southern Byzantine provinces as far as Spain.
		Thus there was a revolution in 750, and a new dynasty, the Abbasids, took the caliphate, marking the transition to a more settled empire and a, disputed, golden age.
	hallencyclopedia.com /History_of_Islam (1858 words)

	1270s - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Both the Eighth Crusade and Ninth Crusade were brief efforts that quickly ended in failure, with King Louis IX of France dying during the former.
		The Mongol Empire continued its expansion to the east, conquering the Song Dynasty of China by the end of the decade and subjugating most of continental Asia.
		1271 - The Nakhi kingdom of the northern Himalayan foothills is annexed by the Mongol Empire's Yuan Dynasty.
	www.kernersville.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/1270s (2772 words)

	Encyclopedia: Mamelukes
		Mamluks (or Mameluks) (the Arabic word usually translates as "owned", singular: مملوك plural: مماليك) comprised slave soldiers used by the Muslim Caliphs and the Ottoman Empire, and who on more than one occasion seized power for themselves.
		Two Mamluk dynasties ruled Egypt: the Bahri (بحري meaning 'of the sea', referring to their center in al-Manial Island in the Nile, and consisting of Turks and Mongols) and Burji (برجي meaning 'of the tower', referring to their center in the Cairo Citadel, and consisting of Circassians and Georgians).
		The Mamluk dynasties of Egypt were instrumental in defeating the invading Mongol invaders under Qutuz, and in eliminating the last remnants of the Crusaders from Egypt and Syria under Baibars, Qalawun, and Khalil.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Mamelukes (882 words)

	Seventh Crusade - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Meanwhile, Louis' main force was attacked by the Mameluk Baibars, the commander of the army and a future sultan himself.
		In May he was ransomed in return for Damietta and 400 000 livres, and he immediately left Egypt for Acre, one of the few remaining possessions of the crusaders in Syria.
		Turanshah, as-Salih's successor, and took control of Cairo, creating a Mameluk dynasty that would eventually conquer the last of the crusader territories.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /seventh_crusade.htm (767 words)

	Mameluks : Mamelukes
		Mameluks (or Mamluks) were slave soldiers used by Muslim rulers who seized power in Egypt in 1250 and founded two dynasties.
		Mameluks (the world is usually translated as “owned”) were white slave soldiers in the employ of Muslim rulers.
		Mameluks were able to regain much of their influence.
	www.fastload.org /ma/Mamelukes.html (705 words)

	Encyclopedia: Mamluk dynasty in India
		The Slave dynasty served as the first Sultans of Delhi in India from 1206 to 1290.
		The founder of the dynasty, Qutb-ud-din Aybak, was a Turkish ex-slave of the Aybak tribe who rose to command the armies and administer the territory of Muhammad Ghori in India.
		After the brief reigns of Balban's grandson and great-grandson, the Slave dynasty was overthrown by Jalal-ud-din Feroz Khalji of the Khalji dynasty, who had established themselves in Bihar and Bengal in Muhammad Ghori's reign.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Mamluk-dynasty-in-India (607 words)

	Aleppo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It grew as the capital of the kingdom of Yamkhad until the ruling Amorite Dynasty was overthrown around 1600 BC.
		It came under the control of Saladin and then the Ayyubid Dynasty from 1183 and remained in Arab hands until it was taken by the Mongols in 1260, returning to Arab hands in 1317 before it became part of the Ottoman Empire in 1517, when the city had around 50,000 inhabitants.
		The city remained part of the Ottoman Empire until its collapse but it was still occasionally riven with internal feuds as well as attacks of the plague and later cholera from 1823.
	www.pineville.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Aleppo (989 words)

	kartuli.com - Mameluks, the Great Georgian Warriors of the Past
		The famous Mameluk leaders, Murad Beg and Ibrahim Beg were Georgians, kidnapped in childhood from Georgia, Murad being born in Tbilisi, and Ibrahim Beg at the little village Martkopi, near the capital of Georgia.
		It was the Mameluk’s custom to carry their wealth on their person, and after the battle of the Pyramids the French soldiers spent much time in fishing for the drowned Mameluks.
		In 1806, the Mameluks defeated the Turkish forces several times, and in June confronting parties concluded a treaty, according to which Muhammad Ali (appointed as governor of Egypt on March 26 1806) was to be removed and the state authority in Egypt returned to the Mameluks.
	www.kartuli.com /site/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=74 (3816 words)

	Mameluk dynasty in India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		dynasty dynasty warrior shang dynasty dynasty warriors dodge dynasty dynasty pictures dodge dynasty pictures india india call outsourcing india funds india hosting india north india
		Dynasty and The Colbys @ Charlton Heston World Synopsis of both Dynasty and The Colbys.
		Dynasty Warriors 3 Cheats, tips, hints, pictures, beginners guide, unlocking characters, weapons, items, screenshots and wallpaper.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Mameluk_dynasty_in_India.html (311 words)

	Encyclopedia: Muhammad of Ghor
		The Persian Empire is the name used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran).
		Muhammad was from the region of Ghor in what is now central Afghanistan, which lay on the western boundary of the Ghaznevid empire.
		Prithviraj III (1165?-1192) was a king of the Rajput Chauhan (Chahamana) dynasty.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Muhammad-of-Ghor (963 words)

	Mameluks, the Great Warriors of the Past
		Although the Mameluks lost their absolute power, they were strong enough to hold almost every high position in the country and kept their authority.
		The warrior skills of an individual Mameluk were very high, but the iron discipline of the French soldiers and the genius of their commander-in-chief always defeat them.
		That is the tragedy of Mameluks and their native land - Georgia, which during hundreds of years lost its sons to far lands fighting for some other countries' independence, while at the same time enemies raze it to ground its own.
	www.napoleon-series.org /military/organization/c_mameluks.html (4143 words)

	Egypt: Law and Administration of Ancient and Not so Ancient Egypt
		Since the 3rd Dynasty, the council, known also as the higher council of the government, comprised senior state officials in addition to certain army commanders and one of the royal sons.
		With the beginning of the Fourth Dynasty, certain laws, legislations and reforms were introduced to the government and the state administrative machinery.
		Under the Mameluk era (1250 AD-1517 AD), Sultan az-Zhaher Beibers built the "House of Justice" (Dar el-Adl) The Ruling Council was mandated, inter alia, to issue and enforce legislations, settle disputes and conduct negotiations with neighbouring countries.
	touregypt.net /historicalessays/law.HTM (2198 words)

	Delhi - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The famous Iron Pillar near the Qutb Minar was commissioned by the emperor of the Gupta dynasty (320-540) and transplanted to Delhi at some time in the 10th century.
		The Tomara Rajput dynasty founded Lal Kot, which lies near the Qutb Minar, in 736.
		After 1206, Delhi was the capital of the Delhi Sultanate (Mameluk dynasty, Khilji dynasty, Tughluq dynasty, Sayyid dynasty and Lodhi dynasty).
	www.hartselle.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Delhi (1928 words)

	ISLAM ART (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Mameluk helmet, early 15th century, reign of Sultan Seif-Ad-Din Barsbay, bronzed iron damascened in gold, Egypt or Syria: 150 000 F (US $ 30,000), March 19, Drouot-Paris, Etude Tajan.
		It was under the Ming dynasty during the 14th Century that the production of tea increased considerably while customs changed with the use of boilers instead of bottles while teapots became much important in the preparation of the beverage.
		As these pieces are quite sought, it was therefore not surprising that the pre-sale estimate would be smashed but not at such altitude.
	www.artcult.com /islang.htm (519 words)

	1277 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Burma's Pagan empire begins to disintegrate after being defeated by Kublai Khan at the Battle of Ngasaunggyan, at Yunnan near the Chinese border.
		Some 50,000 leaders and citizens of the Southern Song Dynasty of China become the first recorded inhabitants of Macau, as they seek refuge from the invading Mongol Empire.
		July 1 - Baibars, Mameluk sultan of Egypt (b.
	www.hackettstown.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/1277 (288 words)

	ABOUT JORDAN
		Famed for its preserved coral reefs and unique sea life, this Red Sea port city was, in ancient times, the main port for shipments from the Red Sea to the Far East.
		The Mameluk Fort, One of the main historical land marks of Aqaba was originally
		Square in shape and flanked by semicircular towers, the fort is marked with various inscriptions marking the latter period of the Islamic dynasty.
	www.oceanhotel.com.jo /about_jordan/about_jordan.htm (495 words)

	Mameluk dynasty Info - Bored Net - Boredom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Mameluk dynasty in Baghdad ruled that city and surrounding ares until 1832
		The Mameluk rule in Egypt lasted from 1250 until 1811
		This is a disambiguation page; that is, one that just points to other pages that might otherwise have the same name.
	www.borednet.com /e/n/encyclopedia/m/ma/mameluk_dynasty.html (114 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| Heritage \| Islamic records enshrined in stone
		Arriving in 1261 he was welcomed by the Mameluk Sultan Baybars Al- Bunduqdari, who reinstalled him as the Abbassid caliph and dubbed him Al-Muntasir Billah.
		The mausoleum is just one of the many religious and urban structures constructed under the Qalawun dynasty, which was in power for nearly a century.
		Sayeda Ruqayya was the daughter of Ali Bin Abi Taleb, the fourth caliph.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /2003/631/he1.htm (1866 words)

	Seventh Crusade -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A force led by (Click link for more info and facts about Robert of Artois) Robert of Artois and the Templars attacked the Egyptian camp at (Click link for more info and facts about al-Mansourah) al-Mansourah, but they were defeated and Robert was killed.
		Meanwhile, Louis' main force was attacked by the (Click link for more info and facts about Mameluk) Mameluk (Click link for more info and facts about Baibars) Baibars, the commander of the army and a future sultan himself.
		In May he was ransomed in return for Damietta and 400 000 livres, and he immediately left Egypt for (A town and port in northwestern Israel in the eastern Mediterranean) Acre, one of the few remaining possessions of the crusaders in Syria.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/S/Se/Seventh_Crusade.htm (726 words)

	Woman Muslim Leaders throughout the Times
		She was leader of the Qagans Mongolian Dynasty which ruled most of China and surrounding territories, during the reigns of Irinjibal (1332) and Toghon Temur (1333-70).
		Safavid Dynasty, which was of Turkmen origin and established themselves first at Tabriz, which had been the capital of the Mongol Il Khans, in Turkish speaking Azerbaijanistan.
		As the senior representative of the dynasty, her approval was considered to be imperative.
	www.guide2womenleaders.com /Muslim_Leaders.htm (7492 words)

	Iran, Islam and Decline under the Safavids
		In the 1300s, a dynasty founded by a grandson of Ghenghis Khan, Hulagu, ruled in Iran.
		Under the Mameluks, the Abbasids had been making only a feeble show of authority in religious matters.
		The younger brother of the murdered heir apparent, Abbas, succeeded Khadabandeh in 1587, and he was to rule until 1629.
	www.fsmitha.com /h3/h17isl.html (1846 words)

	Mameluks - InfoSearchPoint.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Mameluks (or Mamluks) (the world is usually translated as “owned”) were slave soldiers used by the Muslim Caliphs and the Ottoman Empire who on more than one occasion seized power for themselves.
		By this time new slave recruits came chiefly from Georgia, in the Caucasus.
		In 1811 he invited a number of Mameluk leaders (accounts differ from 64 to 700) to his palace in Cairo and ambushed them in the street after the reception.
	www.infosearchpoint.com /display/Mameluk (793 words)

	myArmoury.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Mamelukes, Christian warrior slaves who had converted to Islam, were in power in Egypt.
		The Barquq Mameluk dynasty had seized the throne in 1382, and in 1422, Sultan al-Malik al-Ashraf Barsbey (aka Baybars) ascended the throne after governing for some time on behalf of an under-age Sultan.
		The Mamelukes eventually retired with immense booty and numbers of prisoners, who were sold as slaves in Alexandria.
	www.myarmoury.com /feature_alexandria.html (1762 words)

	ALEPPO FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The city remained under Hittite control until maybe 800_BC before passing through the hands of the Assyrians and the Persian_Empire and being captured by the Greeks in 333_BC, when Seleucus_Nicator renamed the settlement Beroea.
		It came under the control of Saladin and then the Ayyubid Dynasty from 1183 and remained in Arab hands until taken by the Mongols in 1260.
		Chessplayer and writer Phillip_Stamma was born in 1705 in Aleppo.
	www.whereintheworldisbush.com /Aleppo (822 words)

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