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Topic: Mameluks

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	Knowledge King - Mameluks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Mameluks (or Mamluks) (the world is usually translated as “owned”) were slave soldiers used by the Muslim Caliphs and the Ottoman Empire who on more than one occasion seized power for themselves.
		In 1260 the Mameluks defeated a Mongol attack at the Battle of Ain Jalut in modern-day Syria and eventually forced them to retreat to area of modern-day Iraq.
		In 1517 the Ottoman Turks and their sultan Selim I defeated the Mameluks — the Mameluk cavalry charges were no match for the Ottoman artillery and janissaries, Ottoman version of slave soldiers.
	www.knowledgeking.net /encyclopedia/m/ma/mameluks.html (768 words)

	Mameluks: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com - All about Mameluks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Mameluks (or Mamluks) were slave soldiers used by Muslim rulers who seized power in Egypt in 1250 and founded two dynasties.
		Mameluks (the world is usually translated as “owned”) were white slave soldiers in the employ of Muslim rulers.
		Mameluks consolidated their power in ten years and eventually established the Bahri dynasty.
	www.encyclopedian.com /ma/Mamluk.html (681 words)

	Mameluks : Mamluk Sultanate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		During this time mameluks fought Timur Lenk and conquered Cyprus.
		However, Ottoman Empire retained mameluks as an Egyptian ruling class.
		Mameluks were able to regain much of their influence.
	www.eurofreehost.com /ma/Mamluk_Sultanate_2.html (315 words)

	The Georgian Mameluks in Egypt
		The famous Mameluk leaders, Murad Beg and Ibrahim Beg were Georgians, kidnapped in childhood from Georgia, Murad being born in Tbilisi, and Ibrahim Beg at the little village Martkopi, near the capital of Georgia.
		It must be mentioned that in 1803 Mameluk leaders Ibrahim Beg and Usman Beg wrote a letter to Russian general-consul and asked him to act as a mediator to the Sultan as they wanted a cease fire and to return to their homeland, Georgia.
		In 1806, the Mameluks defeated the Turkish forces several times, and in June confronting parties concluded a treaty, according to which Muhammad Ali (appointed as governor of Egypt on March 26 1806) was to be removed and the state authority in Egypt returned to the Mameluks.
	www.napoleon-series.org /military/organization/c_mameluks1.html (3609 words)

	Encyclopedia: Principality of Antioch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Both, however, were swept up by the conflict between the Mameluks and the Mongols; when the Mongols were defeated at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260, Baibars began to threaten Antioch, which (as a vassal of the Armenians) had supported the Mongols.
		Baibars finally took the city in 1268, and all of northern Syria was quickly lost; twenty-three years later, Acre was taken, and the Crusader states ceased to exist.
		Events Eleanor de Montfort is captured by pirates in the employ of Edward I of England to prevent her marriage to Llywelyn the Last, prince of Jews over the age of 7 to wear the yellow badge and makes usury illegal Jean de Meun writes the second portion of the...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Principality-of-Antioch (5663 words)

	Mameluks at Austerlizt - www.ezboard.com
		In 1813 a second Mameluk squadron is formed attached to the Young Guard.
		In all 583 men served in the Mameluks of the Guard, half of which were of foreign origin, (some of them were Georgians).
		Mameluks were lived in Marseilles and after Napoleon's first abdication, most of them were slaughtered by royalist mob.
	p074.ezboard.com /fbreakawaygamesfrm11.showMessage?topicID=105.topic (396 words)

	Mameluks, the Great Warriors of the Past
		Although the Mameluks lost their absolute power, they were strong enough to hold almost every high position in the country and kept their authority.
		The warrior skills of an individual Mameluk were very high, but the iron discipline of the French soldiers and the genius of their commander-in-chief always defeat them.
		That is the tragedy of Mameluks and their native land - Georgia, which during hundreds of years lost its sons to far lands fighting for some other countries' independence, while at the same time enemies raze it to ground its own.
	www.napoleon-series.org /military/organization/c_mameluks.html (4143 words)

	9739 Mounted Mameluks of the Consular Imperial Guard, 1802-08 hobby kit by Valiant Miniatures!
		In the beginning, the unit, which varied in size between a squadron and a company, was composed almost entirely of bonafide Egyptian Mameluks, but as the Napoleonic Wars took their toll the ranks were increasingly filled with Europeans.
		The original Mameluks spoke little French and were aggressively independent; they were not so much a disciplined military organization as an eccentric and fearless band of individuals, bound together only by their loyalty to "him".
		This kit represents a Mameluk Officer of this early period, when they were still Mameluks in every sense of the word.
	www.veltd.net /valmin/imgvalmin_02/pages/9739_MtdMameluk.htm (223 words)

	Mamluk - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mamluks (also Mameluks, Mamelukes) (the Arabic word usually translates as "owned", singular: مملوك plural: مماليك) comprised slave soldiers used by the Muslim caliphs and the Ottoman Empire.
		On more than one occasion they seized power for themselves.
		Mameluke Flag over Cairo according to the Catalan Atlas c.1375
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mameluks (2277 words)

	daniel11:6 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The KEY to this passage is the fact that she was a Mameluk (Touregypt.net, "The official Egyptian Tourist site" on the web, "Shajara").
		All was going well until the Caliph of Baghdad told the Mameluks to find a man to rule them.
		And this same attitude DIRECTLY caused his own down fall, for the Mameluks of Egypt were the only ones that held the Mongol Empire at bay.
	thebookofdaniel.lbgo.com /daniel11:6.html (551 words)

	T.C. Kultur Bakanligi / Ministry of Culture, Republic of Turkey
		Alaeddin Taybars, who had been appointed governor of Aleppo by the Mameluke Sultan Aybars I in 1272, chased the Mongols from the environs of Urfa and Harran.
		A Mameluke army commanded by Emir Tanrıvermiş besieged and captured Urfa in 1429.
		The Euphrates River thus remained as the border between the White Sheep Turks and the Mameluke Empire.
	www.discoverturkey.com /english/yeni/sanliurfa/mameluks.html (508 words)

	The Modern Age (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		At the close of the Mameluk era, Sultan Selim I invaded Egypt in 1517, and the country became a province under the heteronomy of the Ottoman Emprie.
		They were the governing Pasha, the Diwan and the Mameluks; they were always in disputes.
		He got involved in several conflicts with the British and the Ottomans, until a Sublime Porte Farman was enforced in 1841 after the interference of the European countreis.
	www.sis.gov.eg /public/yearbook96/YEARBOOK/CH02SC14.HTM (2772 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Catherine Cornaro
		James died soon after the wedding, and she became Queen when their infant son James died in 1474.
		The kingdom had long since declined, and had been a tributary state of the Mameluks from 1426.
		Under Caterina, the island was controlled by Venetian merchants, and in 1489 she was forced to abdicate.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Catherine_Cornaro (276 words)

	History of Lebanon
		In 1292, the Mameluks drove out the Crusaders who took refuge in Cyprus, and tried in vain for a full century to regain the territory they had lost.
		The Mameluks reorganized their territory into administrative sectors, and entrusted the government of these areas to a local ruler who was given the title of Emir (Prince), or Sheikh (Count), depending on his importance.
		The administrative division of the empire was the same as that of the Mameluks.
	www.mountlebanon.org /historyoflebanon.html (4230 words)

	The Crusades [encyclopedia] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		He also tried unsuccessfully to regain Jerusalem by alliance with the Mongols and the Mameluk Turks, who were descendants of the former slave bodyguards to the Egyptian Sultans.
		In 1258, the Mongols occupied Mesopotamia and captured Baghdad, but they in turn were defeated by the Mameluk Turks.
		The new Mameluk Sultan of Egypt, Baybars (1223--77), conducted a ruthless and merciless campaign against the Latin states, first taking Arsuf, Caesarea, and Haifa (1265), then Antioch and Joppa (1268).
	artzia.com /History/Wars/Crusades (2161 words)

	Marche septennale : les compagnies
		Ils figuraient encore dans la septennale de 1858, mais rien ne dit qu'ils étaient fossois.En 1988, une Compagnie de Mameluks de la Garde impériale se forma à l'initiative de quelques anciens tromblons; ils étaient une trentaine à la Saint-Feuillen de 1991 et ils ont participé à diverses sorties depuis lors.
		Le mot "mameluk" est la forme passive du verbe arabe "malaka" qui indique la notion de possession : il s'agissait, au début, d'esclaves turcs formant une milice d'élite dans l'armée égyptienne, dès le XVe siècle.
		Lors de sa campagne d'Egypte, Bonaparte défit l'armée des Mameluks en 1811, mais réussit à s'en rallier les rescapés qui le suivirent en France et, dès 1803, formèrent une compagnie de la Garde consulaire, impériale en 1804.
	www.fosses-la-ville.be /Tourisme/Marche/Comp3.htm (194 words)

	Styk31 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		I like so much this small but most colourful (except of Mameluks) unit of French Napoleonic army, that I plan to create this unit also in uniform with fl fur busbies, and in 1814 French style uniform.
		The base for this conversion were also HaT Mameluks, and Guard Cossacks from Zvezda.
		The upper bodies are HaT Mameluks withou changes (except of shako), lower bodies are from Zvezda set.
	www.hat.com /Othr5/Styk31.html (210 words)

	War with Ak Koyunlu and Mameluks.
		Unfortunately the Mameluks dealt me a rather serious loss of 14k cavalry early on.
		Luckily, I was able to deal severe blows to the Mameluks and only the infantry shown here plus 3k infantry in Cyrenaica remain.
		The galleys will annihilate Mameluks' galleys which attempt to move troops from Aleppo to Trabzon.
	pictures.care2.com /view/2/380128281 (212 words)

	[QPAWN: God King & Country] - [Forum] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Hassam Pasha (Kingdom of the Mameluks) - May 24 22:04
		Hanover is preparing a campaign in africa and we will most certainly move our attantioons to the Mameluks if we are tempted.
		Hannover, if you where to indeed start a campaing in Africa, you will not have support from Austria and will most likely you wont have support from any Hapsburg kingdom in Europe as you will be threatening the security of my cousin King of Spain and his Kingdom itself.
	fgck.avidgamers.com /forum.o1684224.html (287 words)

	Paradox Interactive Forums - View Single Post - - ARCHIVE - Royal Court of Aragon
		”I. Mameluks shall sell damascus steel, kohl, muslin, cotton and perfume to Aragon at a 25% toll rate.
		In exchange, Aragon shall sell finest Aragonese iron, silver, amber, fish and wool to Mameluks at a 25% toll rate.
		Aragonese merchants shall have the first option to buy the exotic goods from Africa and India as long as they are not silk, ivory, gems, and spices.
	www.europa-universalis.com /forum/showpost.php?s=a2b7211d9d53430ee261798ff684a389&p=2374794&postcount=160 (267 words)

	AllEmpires - The Mongol Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Hulegu withdrew almost his entire army but left a minor force of 15,000 men to his general Kedburka to keep an eye on the horizon.
		Meanwhile, the Mameluks were expecting the full fury of the Mongols, and gathered a large force of 120,000 men.
		But Hulegu had already withdrawn and instead, the Mameluks met Kedburka’s 25,000 (15,000 Mongols and 10,000 allies) men at Ain Jalut.
	www.allempires.com /empires/mongol/mongol6.htm (1090 words)

	Mamluk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
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		Mamluks (or Mameluks) (the Arabic word usually translates as "owned") comprised slave soldiers used by the Muslim Caliphss and the Ottoman Empire, and who on more than one occasion seized power for themselves.
		Napoleon's famous bodyguard Roustan was also mameluk from Egypt.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/mamluk (872 words)

	1516 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Marcha - con la muerte de Ferdinand II de Aragon, su nieto Charles de Gante siente bien al rey de España como Carlos I. Julio - Selim I del imperio del otomano declara guerra en el Mameluks e invade Siria.
		Los otomanos derrotan el Mameluks, que abandonan Siria.
		Las fuerzas turcas debajo del Vizier magnífico Sinan Pasha derrotan el Mameluks cerca de Gaza.
	www.yotor.net /wiki/es/15/1516.htm (212 words)

	Monuments du Kaire de Pascal Coste - JARDIN DE FLORE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In a masterly manner, Coste's book helps to show the true greatness of the Islamic era in the long history of Egyptian civilisation, often completely overshadowed by the achievements of the Pharaohs.
		The Egyptian towns of the VIIth to XIXth centuries nevertheless, were embellished by works of rare diversity and inventiveness, showing the resolve of Omeyad, Abassid, Fatimid and Mameluke princes to make their own dinstinctive contributions while ultimately serving the same mystique.
		The engravings were printed and illuminated by Daniel Jacomet at Montrouge.
	www.jardindeflore.com /en/kaire.htm (300 words)

	[No title]
		C in C Reg Cv(S) 4 Halqa Mameluks Reg Cv(S) 5 Syrian Askaris Reg Cv(O) 8 Turkomans Irr LH(S) 2 Al Ashair Irr Ps(O) Pasha of Egypts Command 12 EE Break 4
		C in C Reg Cv(S) 7 Halqa Mameluks Reg Cv(S) 8 Syrian Askaris Reg Cv(O) 6 Turkomans Irr LH(S) Pasha of Egypts Command 10 EE Break 4
		Pasha of Egypt Reg Cv(S) 3 Halqa Mameluks Reg Cv(S) 3 Syrian Askaris Reg Cv(O) 2 Bedouin Arabs Irr LH(O) 1 Turkoman Irr LH(S) Pasha of Palestines Command 10 EE Break 4
	creasey.ca /scenarios/dbm/DBM400.htm (232 words)

	Pictures Catalogue - Hurley, Frank, 1885-1962. Tombs of Mameluks, Cairo [picture] : [Egypt, World War II] / - ...
		Tombs of Mameluks, Cairo [picture] : [Egypt, World War II] / [Frank Hurley].
		Part of the Hurley negative collection.; Caption on photocopy of Hurley cover.; Hurley series: Egypt, World War II.
		If you wish to use it for any other purposes, you must complete the Request for permission form.
	nla.gov.au /nla.pic-an23549810 (99 words)

	Europa Universalis II - Large Byzantine Empire - annexed Mameluks and Georgia
		Europa Universalis II - Large Byzantine Empire - annexed Mameluks and Georgia
		Errors and omissions on this page may be reported to the MobyGames approvers.
		Do not duplicate or redistribute in any form.
	www.mobygames.com /game/shots/gameShotId,21911/gameId,5567 (81 words)

	Re: mameluks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		En Réponse à: mameluks écrit par alain Damarrée le Janvier 13, 2004 at 23:46:17:
		: quelle était la composition de la musique d'un régiment à cheval de mameluks ?
		: : Chers amis, : : quelle était la composition de la musique d'un régiment à cheval de mameluks ?
	www.lebivouac.com /discussion/messages/917.html (321 words)

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