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Topic: Mamluk Sultanate

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	Mamluk. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The Mamluk sultans are usually divided into two dynasties, the Bahris (1250–1382), chiefly Turks and Mongols, and the Burjis (1382–1517), chiefly Circassians who were chosen from the garrison of Cairo.
		He did not, however, destroy the Mamluks as a class; they kept their lands, and Mamluk governors remained in control of the provinces and were even allowed to keep private armies.
		The Mamluks were defeated by Napoleon I during his invasion of Egypt in 1798, but their power as a class was ended only in 1811 by Muhammad Ali.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ma/Mamluk.html (666 words)

	Delhi Sultanate
		Qutb ud-Din, one of his generals proclaimed himself sultan of Delhi and established the first dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate, the Mamluk Dynasty (mamluk means "slave") in 1211 (however, the Delhi Sultanate is traditionally held to have been founded in 1206).
		Perhaps the greatest contribution of the sultanate was its temporary success in insulating the subcontinent from the potential devastation of the Mongol invasion from Central Asia in the thirteenth century.
		The sultanate suffered from the sacking of Delhi in 1398 by Timur (Tamerlane) but revived briefly under the Lodhis before it was conquered by the Mughals.
	pedia.newsfilter.co.uk /wikipedia/d/de/delhi_sultanate.html (399 words)

	Mamluk Textiles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The mamluk classes were boys taken from their non-Egyptian parents, at first from among Turkish tribes of Central Asia, later from among peoples of Western Asia, and trained to be expert soldiers and horsemen, to become bodyguards, and perhaps eventually to serve the sultans.
		The bulk of the military came from among the ruling elite, being mamluks of the sultan, amirs, and mamluks of the amirs.
		The mamluks stationed in Cairo under the last strong Ayyubid caliph were known as al-Bahriyya al-Salihiyya: "bahri" means "sea", near which the Cairene mamluks were stationed, and from across which they had come; "salih" was the name of their owner, Sultan al-Salih Najn al-Din Ayyub (ruled 1240-1249).
	home.earthlink.net /~lilinah/Textiles/mamluk.html (1838 words)

	1280s - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Across the continent in the Middle East, the Mamluk sultanate of Egypt continued to extinguish crusader states under the leadership of Qalawun, capturing Margat, Latakia, and the County of Tripoli.
		1281 - October 29 - Mamluk sultan Qalawun defeats an invasion of Syria by Mongol Ilkhan Abaqa Khan at the Battle of Homs.
		1285 - April 25 - Mamluk sultan Qalawun begins a siege of the Crusader fortress of Margat (in present-day Syria), a major stronghold of the Knights Hospitaller thought to be impregnable; he captures the fortress a month later.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/1280s (2851 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : Tripoli: Lebanon’s Mamluk Monument (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		To become a Mamluk, you had to be born a peasant in the Turkic-speaking lands of Central Asia; and you had to be purchased by a patron, a Muslim ruler to whom you would swear fealty for life.
		Supporting the Mamluk sultanate were such social institutions as the fortress, the palace, mosques and religious academies, which were patronized by sultans, princes, governors and other powerful individuals who increasingly, as time went on, were themselves Mamluks.
		Like their counterparts in Cairo, the Mamluks of Tripoli were not military men in a narrowly soldiering sense: They saw themselves as custodians of the Islamic empire, and their humble origins likely made them sharply aware of the value of the education they had themselves received.
	saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/200003/tripoli-lebanon.s.mamluk.monument.htm (4061 words)

	Egypt, 1400-1600 A.D. \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		When Mamluk rule is replaced with Ottoman rule and Egypt becomes a major province of a world empire, the arts in Cairo begin to reflect the imperial style set in Istanbul.
		Although the Mamluk realm is frequently at war with the Ottomans of Anatolia, architectural patronage continues.
		The critical financial situation of the sultanate is reflected in the construction methods of the period.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/ht/08/nfe/ht08nfe.htm (639 words)

	Showcases :: Sultan Baybars' Qur'an
		As the equivalent of chief-of-staff to Sultan an-Nasir, he wielded considerable power, and when the sultan was deposed in 1309, he used it to seize the throne as Baybars II.
		Sultan Baybars was a staunch defender of Islam.
		In Arabic, Mamluk means ‘owned’, and was used to describe non-Muslim slaves brought to Egypt to serve as soldiers in struggles between Islamic rulers, in part to avoid the religious prohibition of Muslim fighting Muslim.
	www.bl.uk /onlinegallery/themes/asianafricanman/sultanbaybars.html (798 words)

	1270s - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Mamluk sultanate of Egypt continued to expand its territory and dodge two crusades -- the Eighth Crusade never reached its intended target, and the Ninth rapidly became a failure.
		The sultan Baibars was successful in expanding his territory as far north as the Sultanate of Rüm in Anatolia, east into Syria, and south into Makurian Nubia.
		1279 - Mamluk sultan Baraka Khan and emir Qalawun of Egypt invade Armenia; a revolt in Egypt while they are away forces Baraka to abdicate and allows Qalawun to become sultan.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/1270s (2779 words)

	The Art of the Mamluk Period (1250-1517 A.D.) \| Special Topics Page \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Mamluk sultanate (1250–1517) emerged from the weakening of the Ayyubid realm in Egypt and Syria (1250–60).
		Within a short period of time, the Mamluks created the greatest Islamic empire of the later Middle Ages, which included control of the holy cities Mecca and Medina.The Mamluk capital, Cairo, became the economic, cultural, and artistic center of the Arab Islamic world.
		The Burji Mamluk sultans followed the artistic traditions established by their Bahri predecessors.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/hd/maml/hd_maml.htm (850 words)

	Nahost - Artikel (Hintergrund) Tripoli - Lebanon's Mamluk Monument (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Mamluks were very much afraid the Europeans would return- remember, they had only retreated as far as Cyprus-which gave the Mamluks good reason to build inland rather than right on the coast.
		To become a Mamluk, you had to be born a peasant in the Turkicspeaking lands of Central Asia; and you had to be purchased by a patron, a Muslim ruler to whom you would swear fealty for life.
		The orange groves and sugarcane fields that la between al-mina and the Mamluk city are increasingly filled with ranks of apartment building whose drabness is offset by the vistas they offer their occupants: on one side, the sea, and on the other, the snow-capped mountains.
	www.libanon-tourismus.com /content/aufsaetze/aufsatz_003.shtml (2909 words)

	Saudi Aramco World Magazine (May/June 2000): Tripoli - Lebanon's Mamluk Monuments (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Almost two centuries later, Tripoli fell to Sultan Qala’un, who in 1289 began the Mamluk rule under which Tripoli was capital of one of the six provinces of Syria.
		Its central, domed ablution fountain is plain though neatly proportioned and is surrounded by a courtyard rimmed by porticoes and the hall of the prayer.
		It was the center of the city through successive eras until Mamluk times, and lay on a flat promontory that jutted into the sea from the fertile coastal plain, forming a harbor on its northern side.
	www.tripoli-city.org /aramco/aramco02.html (4126 words)

	The Mamluks in Medieval Egypt
		The Mamluks had already established themselves in medieval Egypt and were able to establish their own empire because the Mongols destroyed the Abbasid caliphate.
		Meanwhile, in medieval Egypt the last Ayyubid sultan had died in 1250, and political control of the state had passed to the Mamluk Sultanate guards whose generals seized the sultanate.
		Between 1260 and 1517, Mamluk sultans of TurcoCircassian origin ruled an empire that stretched from Egypt to Syria and included the holy cities of Mecca and Medina.
	www.travel-to-egypt.net /mamluks.html (423 words)

	1280s - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Thai kingdoms of Lanna and Sukhothai also excersized power in the region, avoiding conflict with the Mongol Empire to the north.
		1.3 The Mamluk Sultanate sphere of influence: the Middle East
		1281 - October 29 - Mamluk sultan Qalawun defeats an invasion of Syria by Mongol Ilkhan Abaqa Khan at the.
	www.hartselle.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/1280s (2842 words)

	Islamic History and Culture - The History of Islam After the Mongols (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Mamluk sultanate, though governed by Turks and Circassians, with the native Arabic speaking population in a subordinate role, nevertheless remained the stronghold of the older Arab culture.
		In a sense, the Mamluk sultanate was a kind of Arab Byzantium – a bastion of the older culture holding out against the new wave represented by the Turks, Mongols and their successors in the north.
		For a while the Ottoman sultans of Turkey and the Safavid shahs of Iran confronted one another for the supremacy of the Middle East.
	www.islamic-paths.org /Home/English/History/Overview/After_Mongols.htm (1234 words)

	Open Directory - Society: Religion and Spirituality: Islam: History: Dynasties and Empires: Mamluk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Mamluk - Definition and explanation of the term Mamluk; from the Encyclopedia of the Orient.
		Mamluk Bibliography Online - A project of the Middle East Documentation Center at the University of Chicago, compiling bibliographies of published primary sources relating to the Mamluk sultanate of Egypt and Syria, and of secondary research and discussion.
		Mamluk Textiles - Includes a history of the Mamluk periods, and illustrations of examples of textile work of the period.
	dmoz.org /Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Islam/History/Dynasties_and_Empires/Mamluk (385 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| Books Supplement (April 2001) \| History through the keyhole (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		For while histories of Mamluk Egypt (1250-1517) commonly tell us a lot about the great sultans and their affairs, as well as about their policies, wars and monuments, we seldom get to hear much about the rest of Mamluk society, or about the ordinary people that lived then.
		Mediaeval chroniclers, biographers, historians and encyclopaedists were scrupulous in recording the doings of the elite, who were often their patrons, and as a result the sources that have come down to us are also almost exclusively urban in nature, and they exclude the poor and the rural populations.
		In fact it was chiefly at times of such calamities that the Mamluk sultan would make any kind of allowance for the poor, for alms-giving was considered a means of winning God's favour as well as a way of staving off the anger of the mob.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /2001/529/bo5.htm (1482 words)

	Question about Mamluks
		The Ayyubid sultan al-Kamil saw in the Turkic mamluks a substitute for the Khwarizmians who by then had proven to be unreliable and corrupt.These newcomers were ensconced in his citadel on the Rawda Island on the Nile (Qalat al-Bahr), hence the name Bahri.
		Sultan Aybak (1250-57) was of a Turkish descent and was therefore known as al-Turkumani (Maqrizi, Suluk, 1:368).
		Sultan Baybars I (1260-77) was born in the Qipchaq and brought to Cairo via the slave (mamluk) market in Sivas(Nujum, 7:96, 145).
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/51/196.html (4371 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Mamluk
		Mamluks, also spelled Mamelukes, purchased slaves converted to Islam who advanced themselves to high military posts in Egypt.
		After 1269 most of Al Ḩijāz was ruled by the Egyptian Mamluks.
		The Ottoman Empire gained control of Al Ḩijāz when it conquered Egypt in 1517.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /Mamluk.html (91 words)

	FreisslerSoft Books Mamluk
		Shiloh: The Danish Excavations at Tall Sailun, Palestine in 1926, 1929, 1932 and 1963 the Remains from the Hellenistic to the Mamluk Periods)
		Egypt and Syria in the Fatimid, Ayyubid and Mamluk Eras.
		An introduction to Mamluk historiography; an analysis of Arabic annalistic and biographical sources for the reign of al-Malik an-Nåaòsir Muòhammad ibn Qalåa§åun
	www.freisslersoft.com /ma/Book_Mamluk.html (830 words)

	The Islamic World to 1600: The Rise of the Great Islamic Empires (Ottomans: Relations with the Islamic World)
		In 1485, the Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt was the oldest major dynasty in the Islamic world, and its leader was the most respected sovereign in that world.
		Although the Mamluks were Sunni Muslims, like the Ottomans, and although the Mamluks were not threatening expansion into Ottoman lands the way the Safavids were, Selim opted to invade anyway.
		The Mamluk Sultanate thus came to an end after 250 years, and in absorbing its lands, the Ottoman Empire became the most powerful of the Islamic empires.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/islam/empires/ottoman/ottoman4.html (838 words)

	Mameluks : Mamluk Sultanate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Mameluks (or Mamluks) were slave soldiers used by Muslim rulers who seized power in Egypt in 1250 and founded two dynasties.
		Sultans kept them as an outsider force under their command against potential local tribal frictions.
		1250, when Ayyubid[?] sultan as-Salih[?] died, Mameluks killed his heir and mameluk general Aybak[?] (who ruled 1250-1257) married his widow (or mother, sources disagree) Shajar ad-Durr.
	www.eurofreehost.com /ma/Mamluk_Sultanate.html (313 words)

	Mamluk - Cheap Mamluk in a flash
		Mamluk or Mameluke [Arab.,andequals;slaves], a warrior caste dominant in Egypt and influential in the...
		The Mamluks have frequently been cited as a dynasty, which developed the techniques of war to a high degree.
		For sixty years, from 1260 to 1323, the Mamluk state in Egypt and Syria was at war with...
	www.cheapseek.co.uk /shops/Mamluk.html (401 words)

	The Mamluks under the Ottomans (1517-1798). (from Mamluk) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Although the Mamluk sultanate was destroyed, the Mamluks remained intact as a class in Egypt and continued to exercise considerable influence in the state.
		As had been the case during the Mamluk dynasty, the Mamluk elite continued to be replenished by purchases…
		Under the Ayyubid sultanate, Mamluk generals used their power to establish a dynasty that ruled Egypt and Syria from 1250 to 1517.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-4534 (970 words)

	Area Maps
		TIME PERIOD: 1260 - 1517 A.D. "In the middle of the thirteenth century the power of the Turkish Mamluks in Cairo was supreme and a new regime emerged, the Mamluk Sultanate, which ruled Egypt and Syria until 1517.
		Mameluk officers, appointed as governors, were independent of each other and directly responsible to the sultan, in Cairo...
		Moshe Sharon, "Palestine under the Mameluks and the Ottoman Empire (1291-1918)," The History of Israel and the Holy Land p.
	www.israelipalestinianprocon.org /Maps2/1260.html (281 words)

	The Mamluk Bibliography Project
		The chronological and geographical limits traditionally used to demarcate the sultanate are not necessarily adhered to if the discussion at hand has some bearing on conditions during the period.
		Accordingly, the categories consist of general topics within Mamluk studies and general categories of sources (users should note that a compilation of edited sources is currently underway).
		MEDOC has also created the Mamluk Listserv as a discussion forum for scholars interested in the history and culture of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt and Syria.
	www.lib.uchicago.edu /e/su/mideast/MBIntro.html (471 words)

	Mamluk
		Mamluk: Mamluk Rule - Mamluk Rule The Mamluks were first used in Muslim armies in Baghdad by the Abbasid caliphs in the...
		Mamluk: Decline - Decline Toward the end of the 15th cent.
		Baybars I - Baybars I, 1223–77, Mamluk sultan (1260–77) of Egypt and Syria.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/history/A0831439.html (290 words)

	Mameluks : Mamluk Sultanate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		1260 Baibars I[?] became the new sultan, apparently by assassination.
		Reign of sultan al-Nasir Muhammad is especially complex - he rose to the throne at the age of 9 and ruled in years 1293-1294, 1298—1308 and eventually 1309-1340.
		1517 Ottoman Turks and their sultan Selim I defeated mameluks — their cavalry charges[?] were no match for Ottoman artillery and janissaries, Ottoman version of slave soldiers.
	www.eurofreehost.com /ma/Mamluk_Sultanate_2.html (315 words)

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