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	Tthornton :
		The Bahri Mamluks, Kipchak Turks based at Roda, ruled from 1250 1382, and were then succeeded by the Burgi ("tower") Mamluks, Circassians based at the Citadel, led by Barquq (1382-89).
		Led from the Ottoman headquarters in Bulak by 400 soldiers, the last Mamluk sultan of Egypt was brought to the Bab Zuweila, the southern gate of the city of Cairo, to be hanged.
		Mamluk blood was kept fresh by the importation of slaves mainly from the Caucasus.
	www.nmhschool.org /tthornton/mehistorydatabase/mamluks.htm (1612 words)

	Mamluk - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		MAMLUK [Mamluk] or Mameluke [Arab.,=slaves], a warrior caste dominant in Egypt and influential in the Middle East for over 700 years.
		The Mamluks were defeated by Napoleon I during his invasion of Egypt in 1798, but their power as a class was ended only in 1811 by Muhammad Ali.
		The mamluks: James Waterson introduces the slave warriors of medieval Islam who overthrew their masters, defeated the Mongols and the Crusaders and established a dynasty that lasted three hundred years.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-mamluk.html (857 words)

	Mamluk - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A mamluk (Arabic: مملوك (singular), مماليك (plural), "owned"; also transliterated mameluk, mameluke, or mamluke) was a slave soldier who converted to Islam and served the Muslim caliphs and the Ayyubid during the Middle Ages.
		Mamluks were to follow the dictates of furusiyya, a code of conduct that included values like courage and generosity but also doctrine of cavalry tactics, horsemanship, archery and treatment of wounds.
		Mamluks fought well at Battle of Austerlitz on December 2, 1805 and the regiment was granted a standard and a roster increased to accommodate a standard bearer and a trumpet.
	www.higiena-system.com /wiki/link-Mamluk (2243 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : Art of the Mamluks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Mamluks portrayed the human figure in a two-dimensional and decorative manner, with no scuptural form or shading, decorated their books with muted colors and textures and excelled in painting animals; they were particularly interested, for example, in horsemanship, furussiyya, and originated new themes in manuals on horsemanship.
		Mamluk glass is beautiful: brilliant whites, reds, blues, greens, yellows and fls cast against enameled and gilded glass; medallions bearing lotus blossoms, arabesques, symbols and birds; inscriptions, floral scrolls, flying birds and running animals.
		The Mamluk exhibit, as one scholar put it, "is the cream of what survives." It is, moreover, a tribute not only to the Mamluks, but to Dr. Esin Aril, the woman who painstakingly assembled and brought to the United States the widely dispersed examples of Mamluk art exhibited in Washington.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/198106/art.of.the.mamluks.htm (2628 words)

	Mamluk Textiles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The mamluk classes were boys taken from their non-Egyptian parents, at first from among Turkish tribes of Central Asia, later from among peoples of Western Asia, and trained to be expert soldiers and horsemen, to become bodyguards, and perhaps eventually to serve the sultans.
		The bulk of the military came from among the ruling elite, being mamluks of the sultan, amirs, and mamluks of the amirs.
		The mamluks stationed in Cairo under the last strong Ayyubid caliph were known as al-Bahriyya al-Salihiyya: "bahri" means "sea", near which the Cairene mamluks were stationed, and from across which they had come; "salih" was the name of their owner, Sultan al-Salih Najn al-Din Ayyub (ruled 1240-1249).
	home.earthlink.net /~lilinah/Textiles/mamluk.html (1838 words)

	Mamluk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		"Mamluk" is Arabic for white slave, and the word is related to the word for king, "malik", indicating that a Mamluk was a slave owned by the ruler of a state.
		Mamluks were slaves that were meant to form a solid foundation for the ruler of a country.
		By principle the children of a Mamluk could not become a Mamluk, positions could not be transferred to relatives, and the rights to transfer inheritance was strictly regulated.
	lexicorient.com /e.o/mamluk.htm (267 words)

	StrategyPage.com - Military Book Reviews (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		As the Mamluk wing threatened to dissolve and it appeared the entire army might be routed, Qutuz rode to the site of the fiercest fighting and threw his helmet to the ground so the entire army could recognize his face.
		Mamluk means "owned." The term was originally applied to boys from the tribes of Central Asia who were bought by the Abbasid caliphs for training as soldiers.
		Mamluks looked on their Egyptian born sons as socially inferior and would not recruit them into regular Mamluk units which only admitted boys born on the steppes.
	www.strategypage.com /articles/default.asp?target=mongol.htm (6525 words)

	Bahri Mamluk Period
		The word Mamluk is derived from a verb "to own" which was used for white male slaves captured in war or purchased.
		In both of the Mamluk dynasties, the throne was primarily passed through means of murder and usurpation, not inheritance.
		Another important monument of the Bahri Mamluk dynasty is the Mosque Complex of Sultan Hasan built between 1356 and 1363.
	www.class.uidaho.edu /arch499/nonwest/cairo/bahri_mamluk_period.htm (914 words)

	Egypt The Mamluks, 1250-1517 - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, ...
		Indeed, a mamluk's service as a soldier and member of an elite unit or as an imperial guard was an enviable first step in a career that opened to him the possibility of occupying the highest offices in the state.
		Mamluk training was not restricted to military matters and often included languages and literary and administrative skills to enable the mamluks to occupy administrative posts.
		The Mamluks had already established themselves in Egypt and were able to establish their own empire because the Mongols destroyed the Abbasid caliphate.
	workmall.com /wfb2001/egypt/egypt_history_the_mamluks_1250_1517.html (592 words)

	mamluk
		Da'ud's removal, however, was facilitated by opposition within Iraq to the Mamluk regime and, more immediately, by the floods that devastated Baghdad in 1831 and the plague that decimated its population in the same year.
		The Mamluks had always been obliged to share power, to one extent or another, with groups of local notables--tribal sheikhs in the countryside and urban-based groups associated with the garrison troops, the bureaucracy, the merchants, or the religious elite.
		The arrival of a new Ottoman governor in Baghdad in 1831 signaled the end of the Mamluk period and the beginning of a new era in Iraq.
	www.angelfire.com /nt/Gilgamesh/mamluk.html (483 words)

	Osprey - Know your weapons, know your enemy: a mamluk training manual
		Mamluk tactics, organisation and weaponry were for the most part derived from those of the Mongols.
		It was compiled between 1250 and 1500 during the period of the Mamluk Sultanate, which was born out of the political concentration of mamluk military and administrative power.
		He was expected to be able to hit a one metre (3.25 ft) target at a range of 75 metres (246 ft) and to loose three aimed shots in one and a half seconds, a much faster rate than achieved by the longbowmen of England.
	www.ospreypublishing.com /content2.php/cid=274 (3642 words)

	Textile of the Month \| Mamluk Rug (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Mamluk sultans ruled from their capital in Cairo, Egypt, from the time they wrested power from the Ayyubids in 1250 until their defeat by the Ottomans in 1517.
		The Mamluks' extensive use of this pattern, used in pairs to divide the circle into eighths, suggests that it held special meaning for them.
		Why the Mamluks incorporated the Eye of Horus into their rugs is not known, nor do we know if they knew of its more ancient significance.
	www.textilemuseum.org /totm/mamlukindex.htm (229 words)

	Mamluks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		But with the establishment of the Mamluk dynasty of Egypt, this and other rules were bended, and many Mamluk sultans were children of former sultans.
		It took the Mamluks only a decade to formalize power, of which the reestablishment of the caliphate in Cairo was part of the legitimization process.
		Among the main achievements of the Mamluk period was the development of historical writing, but the time did not allow serious deviations from the standard religious science, which affected Ibn Taimiya and his attempts to cleanse Islam of superstition and foreign accretions.
	lexicorient.com /e.o/mamluks.htm (876 words)

	Art Of The Mamluks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Trade and agriculture flourshied under Mamluk rule, and Cairo, their capital, became one of the wealthiest cities in the Near East and the center of artistic and intellectual activity.
		The art of the Mamluks is possibly best known for the cration of spectacular metalwork, examples of which are among the most cherished possessions of many public and private collections around the world.
		Mecca and Medina were under the jurisdiction of the Mamluks, and the sultans were responsible for the maintenance of mosques in these cities and the protection of the pilgrimage routes.
	www.islamicity.com /Culture/atm/atm.htm (646 words)

	Mamluk (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.umd.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		An Ottoman Mamluk, from 1810 Mamluks (or Mameluks) (the Arabic word usually translates as "owned", singular: &1605;&1605;&1604;&1608;&1603; plural: &1605;&1605;&1575;&1604;&1610;&1603;) comprised slave soldiers used by the Muslim Caliphs and the Ottoman Empire, and who on more than one occasion seized power for themselves.
		The Mamluk dynasties of Egypt were instrumental in defeating the invading Mongol army, the Mamluk forces being under Qutuz at the time.
		The Mamluk dynasties were also central in eliminating the last remnants of the Crusaders from Egypt and Syria under Baibars, Qalawun, and Khalil.
	mamluk.iqnaut.net.cob-web.org:8888 (901 words)

	Mamluk Architecture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Burgi Mamluk Sultan Faraj ibn Barquq laid his father to rest here in Cairo's Northern Cemetery, near the tombs of the Sufis and Barquq's father, Anas, as the old Sultan had wished.
		The "Mamluk star" pattern was first used on flat surfaces, so applying it to the curved surface of a dome and the decreased surface area of the apex required solving some interesting mathematical problems.
		Panorama of Mamluk Monuments in the Northern Cemetery
	homepages.bw.edu /~wwwhis/mamluk.html (624 words)

	Mamluk — FactMonster.com
		Mamluk: Mamluk Rule - Mamluk Rule The Mamluks were first used in Muslim armies in Baghdad by the Abbasid caliphs in the...
		Mamluk: Decline - Decline Toward the end of the 15th cent.
		Baybars I - Baybars I, 1223–77, Mamluk sultan (1260–77) of Egypt and Syria.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/history/A0831439.html (136 words)

	Mamluks - History for Kids!
		Mamluks for Kids - Islamic rulers of West Asia from the 1200's to the 1500's AD, who defeated the Mongols in the East and the Crusaders in the West.
		The Mamluks were originally slave boys of the Abbasid caliphs of the Islamic Empire (the word “mamluk” just means “slave”;).
		The Mamluks were very powerful, and his court was very rich with gold and all kinds of luxuries.
	www.historyforkids.org /learn/islam/history/mamluks.htm (611 words)

	Napoleon
		The term 'Mamluk', which means «slave», shows the origin of these men, who were torn from their families and homes to become elite horsemen, sumptuously equipped and highly skilled at close armed fighting.
		First appearing at the beginning of the 13th century as defenders of Islam against the Mongols and the Crusades, the Mamluks took advantage of the progressive decline in Ottoman control over Egypt to impose themselves as a feudal class of lords.
		The Mamluk equipment and arms left on the battlefield was gathered up the day after the battle and offered by Bonaparte's staff to Bonaparte.
	www.napoleon.org /en/collectors_corner/object/files/mamluk_harness.asp (362 words)

	Question about Mamluks
		Of particular interest are the biographical dictionaries where a mamluk's life and career are expounded.In many of the entries, we are told where the mamluk was purchased, who sold him, the itenerary of his trip to Cairo, Damascus, etc., the merchant who bought him and took him to the sultan or amir.
		Mamluks (generically speaking) were imported into the Abbasid empire at least from the early 9th century.
		The mamluks served primarily as caliphal troops, and specifically as the caliphal bodyguard (though this doesn't mean they didn't participate in campaigns further afield).
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/51/196.html (4371 words)

	Mamluk - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Mamluks, also spelled Mamelukes, purchased slaves converted to Islam who advanced themselves to high military posts in Egypt.
		After 1269 most of Al Ḩijāz was ruled by the Egyptian Mamluks.
		The Ottoman Empire gained control of Al Ḩijāz when it conquered Egypt in 1517.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /Mamluk.html (104 words)

	Selected Exhibits from the Mamluk Period
		The Mamluks were educated in special schools that focused on military and Muslm religious studies.
		According to Mamluk law, the rulers were not permitted to pass on their titles and property to their offspring.
		A diorama of a street in Mamluk Jerusalem, with figures of different ethnic communities.
	www.towerofdavid.org.il /eng/upload/.mameluke/mamluk_.html (104 words)

	About The Chicago Online Bibliography of Mamluk Studies
		Entries in the bibliographies may fall outside the chronological and geographical limits traditionally used to demarcate the sultanate if their content has some relevance to the period.
		Two major examples of this are Ibn al-`Arabi and Ibn al-Farid, both of whom died before the Mamluk period but influenced it greatly.
		MEDOC has also created the Mamluk Listserv as a discussion forum for scholars interested in the history and culture of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt and Syria.
	www.lib.uchicago.edu /e/su/mideast/mamluk/about.html (876 words)

	Mamluk Architecture Annex to Dr. Gesink's Image Gallery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Unlike the Burgi Mamluk mosques, which seem almost as if their creators were conforming to an accepted model of "Mamluk style," this mosque seems instead to be setting precedent.
		This structure, which is in Cairo's Northern Cemetery, was intended to house 10 Sufis, 4 of whom were students in the madrasah.
		The stone dome is carved with a classic Mamluk pattern of interlocking stars (sometimes called the "Mamluk star" or "Mamluk rose" pattern).
	homepages.bw.edu /~wwwhis/mamluk_annex.html (290 words)

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