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Topic: Mammary gland

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	Mammary gland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mammary glands are the organs that, in the female mammal, produce milk for the sustenance of the young.
		The mammary glands exist in both sexes, but they are rudimentary until puberty when in response to ovarian hormones, they begin to develop in the female.
		Mammary glands are true protein factories, and several companies have constructed transgenic animals, mainly goats and cows, in order to produce proteins for pharmaceutical use.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mammary_gland (650 words)

	AllRefer.com - mammary gland (Anatomy And Physiology) - Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		mammary gland, organ of the female mammal that produces and secretes milk for the nourishment of the young.
		The mammary gland of the cow and of some other mammals is known as the udder.
		Disorders of the mammary gland include mastitis and breast cancer.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/M/mammaryg.html (385 words)

	Illini DairyNet: Paper Display: Role of Cell Loss in Mammary Gland...
		Mammary involution in the mouse is characterized by a rapid loss of tissue function and degeneration of the alveolar structure and massive loss of epithelial cells.
		While the role of cell loss in the mouse mammary gland during involution is clear, the impact of mammary apoptosis in the bovine is not fully understood.
		Mammary gland involution in the cow is of particular interest because of its relationship to the loss of tissue function during the declining phase of lactation and because of the impact of involution on the subsequent lactation.
	www.traill.uiuc.edu /dairynet/paperDisplay.cfm?ContentID=151 (1093 words)

	Transgenic Approaches for Modifying the Mammary Gland to Produce Therapeutic Proteins (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Bioengineering of the mammary gland to produce proteins of therapeutic and industrial value is the result of extensive investigation of the physiology of the mammary gland and the ability to generate transgenic animals.
		Targeting the expression of heterologous proteins to mammary tissue requires a thorough understanding of the biochemical events that coordinate growth and differentiation of the mammary gland and of the hormonal and developmental regulation of expression of milk protein genes.
		Bioengineering of the mammary gland to produce pharmaceutical proteins may be regarded as an effective strategy to manipulate the physiology of the mammary gland of farm animals to enhance human welfare.
	www.ehponline.org /members/1994/102-10/romagnolo-full.html (5222 words)

	Illini PorkNet: Paper Display: How Does Suckling Status of a Sow's...
		Mammary glands that are routinely suckled during active milk letdown maintain lactation and continue to grow.
		While mammary development in late gestation in sows is a determinant of lactational performance, the fact that there is a doubling of the number of cells in the tissue after farrowing indicates that postpartum growth of the gland is a major contributor to performance.
		In contrast to the suckled glands, glands that are not suckled during lactation do not seem to undergo further loss of tissue mass during the post-weaning period (Ford et al., 2003), as illustrated by Line D in Figure 1.
	www.traill.uiuc.edu /porknet/paperDisplay.cfm?ContentID=410 (1639 words)

	VRCC - Veterinary Specialty & Emergency Hospital (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Mammary gland sarcomas comprise only 3% of mammary gland tumors, but tend to have a high metastatic (spread) rate, primarily to lungs.
		Fibroepithelial hyperplasia is a benign condition of mammary glands of young, intact, cycling or pregnant cats.
		Bilateral, radical mastectomy is preferred in all cats because feline mammary gland tumors have a high likelihood of recurrence and development of satellite lesions (spread) via regional lymphatic vessels.
	www.vrcc.com /disease_mg_tumors.shtml (896 words)

	Canine Cancer Mammary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Mammary gland tumors can be either malignant (cancerous) or benign (non-cancerous) and arise from the different types of tissues (epithelial or glandular tissues, and mesenchymal or connective tissues) in the mammary gland.
		The outcome for patients with malignant mammary gland tumors depends on several factors including tumor type, histologic grade (appearance of the tumor cells under the microscope and how similar or dissimilar they are to normal tissues), tumor size, and tumor stage (presence of regional and distant metastasis).
		The risk of developing mammary gland tumors in dogs is significantly decreased by ovariohysterectomy at an early age.
	www.caninecancerawareness.org /CanineCancerMammary.html (2042 words)

	Mammary Gland Swelling in Cats - PetPlace.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Mammary gland swelling is a thickening, proliferation of tissue or a lump in the mammary glands (breasts) and in the surrounding tissue.
		The mammary glands are comprised of two rows of subcutaneous (under the skin) glandular tissue around each nipple and are located on either side of the animal's ventral (underside) surface.
		Mammary fibroepithelial hypertrophy is a benign growth of the mammary tissue causing a firm swelling.
	www.petplace.com /cats/mammary-gland-swelling-in-cats/page1.aspx (335 words)

	mammary gland - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about mammary gland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		In female mammals, a milk-producing gland derived from epithelial cells underlying the skin, active only after the production of young.
		In all but monotremes (egg-laying mammals), the mammary glands terminate in teats which aid infant suckling.
		This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /mammary+gland (140 words)

	The Mammary Gland: Protein Factory of the Future (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Bioengineering of the mammary gland may be useful for investigating potential effects of altered human lactation due to maternal exposure to environmental xenobiotics.
		Mammary epithelial cells differentiate to form fully developed lobulo-alveolar structures, and after birth of the offspring, an increase in circulating lactogenic hormones, specifically glucocorticoid and prolactin, induces the expression of milk protein genes.
		The advantages of bioengineering the mammary gland of farm animals are obvious where the availability of large quantitites of natural proteins is a limiting factor.
	www.ehponline.org /docs/1994/102-8/innovations.html (1477 words)

	Mammary Gland Surgery: Breast Cancer Surgery (Mastectomy) In The Dog at ThePetCenter.com
		Mammary gland tumors are common in the dog, and surgery to remove cancerous mammary glands, called a mastectomy, is a routinely done procedure in veterinary medicine.
		Care is employed to remove all the mammary gland tissue but also to leave enough normal tissue that closing the incision will not create excessive tension along the surgical closure.
		After removal of the mammary glands (along with the tumor tissue) the incision is closed in layers from deep to superficial.
	www.thepetcenter.com /sur/mam.html (940 words)

	Strain Background Alters Mammary Gland Lesion Phenotype in Transforming Growth Factor-{alpha} Transgenic Mice -- ...
		mammary lesion incidence and macrocyst latency in a semidominant
		Mammary glands from three to six diestrual mice between 4 and 5.5 months of age were evaluated per group.
		of mammary lesions in transgenic mice overexpressing TGF-
	ajp.amjpathol.org /cgi/content/full/161/4/1439 (4058 words)

	Mammary gland Info - Encyclopedia WikiWhat.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Mammary glands are milk secreting adaptations of sweat glands.
		The basic components of the mammary gland are the alveoli lined with milk secreting epithelial cells and surrounded by myoepithelial cells and a rich capillary network.
		Development of mammary glands depends on testosterone (inhibits mammary gland formation), estrogen (promotes mammary gland formation) and prolactin (which is also stimulated by estrogen).
	wikiwhat.com /encyclopedia/m/ma/mammary_gland.html (265 words)

	Mammary gland definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Mammary gland: One of the two half-moon-shaped glands on either side of the adult female chest, which with fatty tissue and the nipple make up the breast.
		Within each mammary gland is a network of sacs that produce milk during lactation and send it to the nipple via a system of ducts.
		Undeveloped mammary glands are present in female children and in males.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4267 (188 words)

	Characterization of Adult Stem Cell Involvement in Mammary Gland Development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The mammary gland is an attractive potential candidate for testing ASC plasticity because it could also provide an test bed for expanding ASC in vivo.
		However a morphological, spatial and functional characterization of ASCs in the mammary gland remains to be done.
		Fully reconstruct the mammary gland outgrowths of the mammary glands, and look at the distribution of green epithelial cells, which are the original adult cells of the GFP-mice and their progeny.
	carlos.lbl.gov /LDRD1.htm (2060 words)

	Impaired mammary gland and lymphoid development caused by inducible expression of Axin in transgenic mice -- Hsu et al. ...
		Dox-induced expression of Axin inhibits maturation of the mammary gland.
		Inducible expression of Axin in the mammary gland epithelia of DDTg mice.
		Expression of the int-1 gene in transgenic mice is associated with mammary gland hyperplasia and adenocarcinomas in male and female mice.
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/full/155/6/1055 (7557 words)

	ANS 434: Mammary Gland Growth and Development
		Birth to puberty A. Mammary growth is isometric (same as body) approximately the 1st third of this prepubertal period a.
		Estrogen and progesterone receptors appear in the mammary gland at puberty 2.
		The major portion of mammary growth and development A. Accelerates during pregnancy B. Fastest during the later stages of pregnancy a.
	www.siu.edu /departments/coagr/animal/tw3a/public_html/434grow.htm (656 words)

	Mammary Gland Development in Transgenic Male Mice Expressing Human P450 Aromatase -- Li et al. 143 (10): 4074 -- ...
		A, The mammary fat pad of a WT male mouse is devoid of ductal structures.
		B and C, The mammary gland of a virgin WT female mouse at the age of 40 d (B) and at the age of 4 months (C).
		D and E, The mammary gland of a WT female mouse on d 12.5 of gestation (D) and on d 16.5 of gestation (E).
	endo.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/143/10/4074 (5265 words)

	Mammary Gland Aging
		Note the smaller mass (squamous nodule) observed in the mammary gland The larger nodule is the mammary lymph node.
		Note that the rest of the mammary gland has many side branches that end in relatively sharp terminal ends.
		The higher power HandE stained image of a squamous nodule observed in the mammary gland of the retired breeder multiparous FVB female mouse.
	ccm.ucdavis.edu /bcancercd/22/aging.html (367 words)

	Effect of Insulin on Iodide Uptake in Mouse Mammary Gland Explants -- Rillema et al. 227 (1): 32 -- Experimental ...
		Effect of prolactin on sodium-iodide transporter expression in mouse mammary gland explants.
		Analysis of human sodium iodide symporter gene expression in extrathyroidal tissues and cloning of its complementary deoxyribonucleic acids from salivary gland, mammary gland, and gastric mucosa.
		Elias J. Cultivation of adult mammary gland in hormone-enriched synthetic medium.
	www.ebmonline.org /cgi/content/full/227/1/32 (2066 words)

	Reconstitution of Mammary Gland Development In Vitro: Requirement of c-met and c-erbB2 Signaling for Branching and ...
		Targeted expression of stromelysin-1 in mammary gland provides evidence for a role of proteinases in branching morphogenesis and the requirement for an intact basement membrane for tissue-specific gene expression.
		Mammary gland factor (MGF) is a novel member of the cytokine regulated transcription factor gene family and confers the prolactin response.
		Comparison of collagen gels and mammary extracellular matrix as substrata for study of terminal differentiation in rabbit mammary epithelial cells.
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/full/143/2/533 (6053 words)

	Induction of Mammary Gland Differentiation in Transgenic Mice by the Fatty Acid-binding Protein MRG -- Wang et al. 278 ...
		Induction of Mammary Gland Differentiation in Transgenic Mice by the Fatty Acid-binding Protein MRG -- Wang et al.
		mammary epithelial cells in vitro and its expression is associated
		was established and the effect of MRG on mammary gland differentiation
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/abstract/278/47/47319 (370 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Mammary gland
		In human females (and males) there are usually two mammary glands, one in each breast, although polythelia (accessory nipples) and polymastia (accessory glands) can occur anywhere along the two milk lines from the knee to the neck.
		The milk lines are two roughly-parallel lines along the front of the body along which mammary glands and nipples may develop.
		They are easier to visualize on dogs or cats, where there are from 3 to 5 pairs of nipples following the milk lines.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Mammary_gland (324 words)

	mammary gland
		Fed: Australian scientists grow mammary glands from stem cells
		Milking mice for mammary gland genes.(Hox genes crucial to changes in mouse mammary glands)(Brief Article)
		Cancer From Overcooked Meat?(heterocyclic amines, formed during high temperature cooking, have been shown to cause mammary gland tumors in laboratory rats)
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/sci/A0831441.html (372 words)

	Biology of the Mammary Gland
		1.5 The Mammary Gland as an Organ to Study Development and Tumorigenesis by Daniel Medina
		1.7 Progenitor Cells in the Mammary Gland by Gilbert H. Smith
		1.17 The Transport of Phosphate in the lactating Mammary Gland by Jonathan Shillingford
	mammary.nih.gov /reviews (508 words)

	Cellular Proliferative and Telomerase Activity in Canine Mammary Gland Tumors -- Funakoshi et al. 37 (2): 177 -- ...
		mammary gland (0.9%), hyperplasia (2.1%), and benign tumors
		Samples from normal mammary gland (lanes 1, 2), hyperplasia (lanes 3, 4), adenoma (lanes 5–8), benign mixed tumor (lanes 11–14), adenocarcinoma (lanes 15–18), and malignant mixed tumor (lanes 19, 20) were electrophoresed.
		Expression of Connexins 26 and 43 in Canine Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Mammary Glands
	www.vetpathology.org /cgi/content/full/37/2/177 (2834 words)

	Soy and Whey Proteins Downregulate DMBA-Induced Liver and Mammary Gland CYP1 Expression in Female Rats -- Rowlands et ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		and WPH on the hepatic and mammary expression of CYP1A1 and
		Mammary gland CYP1 activities were not measured because of the
		In the mammary gland, WPH caused a nearly 100% increase in constitutive
	www.nutrition.org /cgi/content/full/131/12/3281 (4815 words)

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