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	Manas (epic) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Different opinions abound regarding the origin of the epic: the 7th—10th centuries, the 11th and 12th centuries, and the 15th through 18th centuries, but it seems likely that the earliest of these periods is the correct one.
		The epic is the classic centerpiece of Kyrgyz literature, and parts of it are often recited at Kyrgyz festivities, in a melodic chant accompanied by a three-stringed komuz.
		Manas is said to have been born in the Ala Too mountains in Talas oblast in northwestern Kyrgyzstan (Talas Alatau).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Manas_(epic) (306 words)

	Manas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Manas, Drôme, a commune in Drôme département, in France.
		Manas, a river in the state of Assam in India.
		Manas, a Rahi crab from the Bionicle storyline produced by Lego.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Manas (110 words)

	Encyclopedia: Manas (epic)
		It is a patriotic work recounting the exploits of Manas and his descendants and followers, who fought against the Uyghurs in the ninth century to preserve Kyrgyz independence.
		Although the epic is mentioned as early as the fifteenth century, it was not set down in written form until 1885.
		Manas is said to have been born in the Ala Too mountains in Talas oblast in northwestern Kyrgyzstan.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Manas-(epic) (613 words)

	Tourism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In truth, "Manas" is imposing legend, absorbung a mass of big and small events, taking place in during of centuring suffers, trials, bloody tragedies and joyful days of people they's everyday living-being, the diversitiest customs, family and national traditions, the military heroisms in it innermost main point, in it living flesh and blood.
		He accomplished a colossal amount of work writing down thousands of the epic verse lines narrated by various performers, systematizing the manuscripts in concordance with the chronology of the events depicted in "Manas" and the origin of its various versions.
		In contrast to many other epics created both in the East and West, "Manas" is composed solely in verses, which is another proof of the Kyrgyz' love for poetry, their profound respect for the art of versified speech.
	www.apms.kg /tourism/aboutkyrg_manas_e.html (1948 words)

	Manas
		The legendary warrior Manas, son of Jakyp, led Kyrgyz troops in battles against foreign invaders and is credited with helping to preserve the independence of the Turkic Kyrgyz people in the past.
		Manas was the husband of Sanrabiga, who was renamed Kanikey because her name was hard to pronounce.
		Manas had a son named Semetey and a grandson named Seytek, and their eventful lives are portrayed in parts two and three of the trilogy.
	www.pantheon.org /articles/m/manas.html (128 words)

	Manas.page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The epic "Manas" is the only oral epic in the world.
		Sometimes they said that it seemed that everything stopped, their lives, time, water, while they were listening to Manas, even small children stopped crying, people were listening and imagining what was going on at that time in the epic.
		The epic tells about historic vents, all sides of the Kyrgyz people's life, their struggle for independence and the relationship of the people.
	www.geocities.com /saltuska/Manas.html (399 words)

	FANTASIA -> Kyrgyzstan -> Culture -> Great Epos "Manas"
		The basis of the epos is description of valorous feats of the central hero Manas uniting his nation suffering from ivasions of foreign tribes and federations.
		Heroic Epic Manas is the greatest art-property of the Kyrgyz people, handed down from generation to generation and refined over the centuries, it is a living heritage of the "Aksakal" the wise sages and the "manaschy", the oral narrators.
		Manas is a rediscovery of social, cultural and political events in the modern history of sovereign Kyrgyzstan as well as its universal message for mankind.
	www.fantasticasia.net /?p=144 (588 words)

	FANTASIA -> Kyrgyzstan -> Outstanding people -> Manas
		Manas is a legendary hero of the famoust kyrgyz epic story of the same name.
		In the beginning of the epic Manas was a heathen and worshiped many different gods when suddenly he falls into Namaz.
		According to the story that describes the life of Manas he was born to unite kyrgyz people to stand different disasters and invasions of various nations.
	www.fantasticasia.net /?p=152 (288 words)

	Manas introduction
		All the epic's texts published during the Soviet period were the combination of various versions, which were heavily edited to suit the Soviet and Communist ideology.
		The epic Manas is a trilogy, "a biographical cycle of three generations of heroes, i.e., Manas, his son Semetei and grandson Seitek." [9] The plot of the Manas trilogy consists of the following main episodes:
		The geography covered in Manas is so vast that it was necessary to have a special entry in the Manas Encyclopedia, "Geography of Manas." The epic encompasses the entire Eurasian continent extending throughout Inner Asia and from The Caucasus to The Crimea and all the way to the Japanese islands.
	www.silkroadfoundation.org /folklore/manas/manasintro.html (7154 words)

	Reviews 1995-2000
		An episode from the King Gesar epic on the conquest of Lha gliçn gab tse dgu skor, a legendary character.
		Eurasian mythology in the Tibetan epic of Ge-sar.
		This program presents on an epic journey across the racial divide, into the hidden world of Hollywood and deep into the complicated relationship between a daughter and the mother who gave her away.
	www.auburn.edu /~downejm/reviews/1995-2000.htm (8870 words)

	"Manas mektebi" - Kyrgyzstan Development Gateway (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Epic “Manas” is part of the spiritual heritage of the Kyrgyz people and unique because for thousands of years it was passed from generation to generation, from father to son, from heart to heart.
		“Manas” epic is an outstanding memorial of Kyrgyz culture in which the centuries' old experience of the Kyrgyz people, their world view and esthetic ideals are concentrated.
		The significance of the epic was determined in “Seven precepts of Manas”, formulated by President of the Kyrgyz Repubic Askar Akaev:
	eng.gateway.kg /meerim_mektebi (253 words)

	The Celebration of The 1000th Anniversary of The Epos Manas
		The epos "Manas" is the national pride of the Kyrgyz people, the peak of their spiritual life, which they inherited from their ancestors.
		The epos "Manas" is often reffered to as "the epos-ocean", because it is as vast as an ocean in its volume and depth of content.
		The epos "Manas" is a genuine epic creation, it reflects not only historic events, but also all sides of human life; social, economic, political situation, struggle for independence, relations with other states.
	freenet.bishkek.su /kyrgyzstan/manas.html (763 words)

	Kirgisistan
		The epic is written in a style that changes between descriptions of events as they may in fact have taken place and descriptions of fantastic events and figures with supernatural qualities.
		It was also part of the intention behind the epic that a manastshy would interpret and reproduce the work in his spirit.
		The epic describes important events that occurred in the course of history, while events that were not relevant are left out.
	www.khm.uio.no /utstillinger/kirgisistan/english/811.html (487 words)

	The Birth of Manas
		Manas' swift rise to manhood and early victories, introduced by the epithet ordo caykan 'palace-destroyer (150-64).
		The latter circumstance, however, is not sufficient to disprove that the bard of R may have imagined Manas as a (Sary) Nogay, as he is reckoned to be in some of Radlov's other recordings.
		We thus have three different names for Manas' mother, so that it must be concluded that at a time when the name of Jakip had established itself, there was no fixed name for her.
	www.silk-road.com /artl/hatto-manas.shtml (2045 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : Manas At 1000: The Rebirth of Kyrgyzstan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Furthermore, The Epic of Manas seems to be the only epic to have survived for as long as a millennium in oral form before its first significant fragments were put down on paper, in the 19th century.
		For the majority Muslims of Kyrgyzstan, the epic's link to the heart may be the knowledge that Manas was born into their faith, and that it was through him that Islam was disseminated.
		Although its historicity may be disputed, The Epic of Manas itself is a cultural treasure, and we owe its preservation primarily to generations of tellers of the tale, the manaschis.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/199603/manas.at.1000-the.rebirth.of.kyrgyzstan.htm (2813 words)

	* The Celestial Mountains Tour Company *
		Manas was a Khan (lord or chieftain) of the Kyrgyz, reputedly born in the Talas region.
		UNESCO declared 1995 as the Year of Manas, and the government celebrated the «1000 years of the Manas Epic».
		Here there is also a newly constructed Manas Museum showing exhibits illustrating incidents of his life«s story and in the grounds of the museum is the mausoleum (gumbez) reputed to be that of Manas.
	www.celestial.com.kg /about_kyrgyzstan/manas.shtml (664 words)

	Kyrghyz Related Links
		Manas as an outstanding monument of the cultural heritage and the Kyrgyz language of the runic text has attrakted attention of historians, philosophers, linguists and other scientists of the world culture for more than century and half.
		Valikhanov said that Manas is an encyclopedia of the Kyrgyz myths, fairytales, legends brought to one period and grouped around one person - the epic hero Manas.
		The main theme o f the epos Manas is the Kyrgyz people against foreign invadors for their freedom and independence, uniting around the central character of the separate Kyrgyz tribes.
	members.aol.com /donaldc101/KZLINKS.HTM (660 words)

	ArtFilms-Stars' Caravan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Manas, the Nomadic Cinema and films convey the colourful development and history of Kyrgyzstan as the cinema caravan moves on reviving hopes and dreams.
		Manas, his son Semetei and his grandson Seitek are the subjects of the world’s largest national epic.
		The so-called Manas singers are specialised in singing and performing the verses, and their tradition has survived despite the colourful past of the Kyrgyz people.
	www.artfilmsartohalonen.fi /taivastavasten-english.html (1128 words)

	All Empires History Forum: Kyrgyz - the oldest nation in CA. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Manas is very unusual epic, a real manaschy, a man, who tells Manas, has some kind of vision.
		Manas, his son Seytek, and grandson Semetey have been the leaders of kyrgyz people.
		Manas was modified during many centuries by kyrgyz people, and at some point, Islam was also added I guess.
	www.allempires.com /forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=1617 (1024 words)

	Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan
		The Kyrgyz “Manas” is the world’s longest epic poem.
		“Manas is an encyclopedic collection of all folk myths, fairy-tales, legends brought to one period and gathered around one character – the epic hero Manas.
		The epic originated in the ninth century, but it was recorded for the first time only in the second half of the nineteenth century.
	www.bu.edu /econ/faculty/kyn/newweb/economic_systems/Country_comparisons/Kazakhstan_Kyrgyzstan_lg.htm (2657 words)

	Central Asian Studies - Projects - Country Profile
		Manas (q.v.), he came to the conclusion that the epic is a unique source for historical and ethnographical studies about the Kyrgyz.
		Manas (q.v.) Andijan is often mentioned as the ancient dwelling location of the Kyrgyz.
		In 1938 he was shot as an “enemy of the people.” He is being remembered as an outstanding educator and for his significant contributions to the recordings of epic songs from the singers Tınıbek and Boogachı (qq.v.).
	depts.washington.edu /centasia/kirghizstandict.htm (9761 words)

	History Today: Manas from heaven.(Kyrgyzstan and the epic poem 'Manas')(Cross Current)@ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Manas from heaven.(Kyrgyzstan and the epic poem 'Manas')(Cross Current)
		The millennium of the epic poem 'Manas' is being celebrated in Kyrgyzstan in 1995, and the United Nations has widened the festivities with its own declaration of celebration.
		The United Nations has designated 1995 as 'the year of the celebration of the millennium of the Kyrgyz national epic, Manas'.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:17198973&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (229 words)

	Kirgisistan
		When the Kyrgyz hear or read the epic, they can recognise these names and connect them with their own family names, their own personal names and names of areas in which they have their rights.
		Even though the epic has in the course of history been retold and interpreted to fit into a particular age, the events and characters are described as if they were from a remote past.
		Excerpts of the epic were recited on the occasion of various rituals such as weddings and name ceremonies.
	www.khm.uio.no /utstillinger/kirgisistan/english/821.html (326 words)

	Manas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Kyrgyz epic, Manas, is born out of the heroic efforts of Kyrgyz tribal lords who, in AD 840, successfully fight the Uigurs and destroy their capital of Bei-tin.
		The substance of the epic, i.e., the social, political, and ideological concerns of Iranians since the ascension of their first king, Kayomars, to the throne of Iran, remains a constant as do the circumstances that precipitate action, be it ideological, political, or merely heroic.
		Manas, upon hearing his father's report, prepares the bride-price according to the demands of Sanirabiyga's father and, with a large army, sets out for Bukhara on a match-making trip of his own.
	www.iles.umn.edu /faculty/bashiri/Manas/manas.html (7138 words)

	Kyrgyz National Identity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		During the Soviet era, Aitmatov contributed to the revival of the epic by outlining the reasons for revisiting this icon while Auezov provided the scholarship on which the arguments regarding the distance of Manas from religion and nationalism could be established.
		It is fruitful for the population of the region because it puts an end to the feuds brewing among the settled and nomadic inhabitants of the Ferghana valley and the Altai highlands.
		Manas personally makes sure that everyone contributes generously to the success of the feast and that tribal squabbles, a main disruptive feature in such gatherings, are kept at a minimum.
	www.iles.umn.edu /faculty/bashiri/Kyrgid/kyrgid.html (4205 words)

	Manas on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		MANAS AIR BASE, KYRGYZSTAN-- Defense Secretary, Donald Rumsfeld, greets Manas Air Base commander, Col. Brad Pray, and the American Ambassador to Kyrgyzstan, Stephen Young at Manas Air Base, Kyrgyzstan
		Restoring nationalism with verses of a poem: the epic poem 'Manas' has captured the thought, passion and imagination of Kyrgyzstan.
		MANAS AIR BASE, KYRGYZSTAN-- Secretary of Defense, Donald Rumsfeld, meets with the troops at Manas Air Base, Kyrgyzstan during a Town Hall-style meeting, April 14, 2005.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/M/Manas.asp (625 words)

	Peace Corps \| World Wise Schools \| Lesson Plans \| Teacher Guides \| Kyrgyzstan
		Students will analyze the Manas poem and poems of other countries and be able to describe how the literature and arts of a country affect its sense of identity and values.
		For the Kyrgyz, the Manas and other songs and poems recited by the Manas Chi were their literature, history, and theater.
		An epic poem is a long narrative, or story poem that tells about the formation of a people or a nation.
	www.peacecorps.gov /wws/guides/kyrgyzstan/manas.html (785 words)

	VIA KABOUL 2004 : Music of Central Asia
		Most recently, he collaborated with Rysbek Jumabaev, a reciter of the great Kyrgyz epic tale Manas, and with performers from the Silk Road Project, founded and directed by cellist Yo-Yo Ma, to create a multimedia presentation of the Manas.
		The Manas production was performed at the British Library and at Carnegie Hall through a collaboration between the Aga Khan Music Initiative in Central Asia (AKMICA) and the Silk Road Project.
		Other members of Tengir-Too include Kenjegul Kubatova, whose lush alto voice is the perfect medium for Kyrgyz lyrical song, Gulbara Baigashkaeva, a master performer on the komuz - the three-stringed lute that Kyrgyz regard as their national instrument, and Asylbek Nasirdinov, who plays the qyl-qiyak, a two-stringed upright fiddle with archaic ties to shamanism.
	www.viakaboul.com /artist_page.php?artist_id=6 (645 words)

	Kyrgyzstan Human Development Report - Chapter 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		As an oral encyclopedia, the Manas epic maintained the knowledge and culture of the Kyrgyz people even though the ancient Kyrgyz written language was lost in the course of historical calamities.
		The epic has been the spiritual backbone of the Kyrgyz people and it remains so today; all Kyrgyz people are familiar with the stories and lessons of the epic.
		The year 1995 was declared the Year of the Manas Millennium by the United Nations in recognition of the importance of the epic in human history.
	www.undp.org /rbec/nhdr/kyrgyzstan/chapter2.htm (2786 words)

	Insight on the News: Restoring nationalism with verses of a poem: the epic poem 'Manas' has captured the thought, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Insight on the News: Restoring nationalism with verses of a poem: the epic poem 'Manas' has captured the thought, passion and imagination of Kyrgyzstan.@ HighBeam Research
		It tells of the liberation of ancient Kyrgyz nomads by the folk hero 'Manas.' Its 1,000th anniversary was commommorated in Aug 1995 with an elaborate six-day festival.
		It's not often that a work of poetry dominates the cultural and political life of a nation so thoroughly that even cabdrivers recite lines freely and children act out whole passages with broomstick horses on the street.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:17625025&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (247 words)

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