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Topic: Manchu alphabet

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Qing Dynasty

	Manchu alphabet and language
		The Manchu alphabet was commissioned in 1599 by the Manchu leader Nurhaci (1559-1626), the founder of the Manchu state.
		The letters are based on the Classical Mongolian alphabet while the phonetics are based on Jurchen, an earlier Manchu script.
		By the mid 19th century many of the Manchus had adopted Chinese as their first language, however they continued to produce Manchu version of Chinese documents until the end of the dynasty and for sometime afterwards.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/manchu.htm (277 words)

	Armenian alphabet, pronunciation and language
		Mashtots travelled to Alexandria, where he studied the principles of writing and came to the conclusion that the Greek alphabet was the best alphabet in use at that time because there was an almost one-to-one correspondence between sounds and letters.
		He used this model to come up with a new alphabet, which he presented to the king when he returned to Armenia in 405 AD.
		The new alphabet was well-received and a new Armenian translation of the bible was published in 405 AD.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/armenian.htm (297 words)

	Greatest Inventions-- The Alphabet
		Sanskrit is written in an alphabet of 53 letters, including the visarga mark for final aspiration and special letters for kš and jñ, though one of the long els is theoretical and not actually used.
		phonological alphabet, the phonemes and letters would correspond perfectly in two directions: a writer could predict the spelling of a word given its pronunciation, and a speaker could predict the pronunciation of a word given its spelling.
		For example, the Manchu alphabet, descended from the abjads of West Asia, was also influenced by Korean hangul, which was either independent (the traditional view) or derived from the abugidas of South Asia.
	www.edinformatics.com /inventions_inventors/alphabet.htm (2709 words)

	alphabet - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about alphabet
		Alphabetic writing now takes many forms – for example, the Hebrew aleph-beth and the Arabic script, both written from right to left; the Devanagari script of the Hindus, in which the symbols ‘hang’ from a line common to all the symbols; and the Greek alphabet, with the first clearly delineated vowel symbols.
		All the alphabetic scripts west of Syria seem to have derived from the Canaanite branch, whereas nearly all the hundreds of alphabets of the east apparently sprang from the Aramaic branch.
		The South Semitic group of alphabets remained mainly confined within Arabia, although a secondary branch spread westwards and became the progenitor of the Ethiopic alphabet which through its offshoot, the Amharic script, is the only South Semitic script still in use, and the only one in which a literature has been produced.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /alphabet (735 words)

	Qing Dynasty - Search View - MSN Encarta
		Circling that was the Tartar City, occupied by Manchu bannermen; and to the south was the Native City, where the Chinese resided.
		However, the alliance between these Three Feudatories, as they were called, and the Manchus was uneasy, and in 1673 one of the generals rebelled against the Manchus.
		The Manchus then took control of the Ili River region in Turkistan, which came to be known as Sinkiang (literally, “the new territories”).
	encarta.msn.com /text_761557160__1/Qing_Dynasty.html (6158 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Manchus
		Manchus A nomadic people who conquered China and established the QING dynasty in the 17th century.
		The system was developed by the Manchu leader Nurhachi, who in 1601 organized his warriors into four companies, each known for its banner of a distinguishing...
		In 1644 a MING general, Wu Sangui, invited Manchu Bannermen massed at Shanhaiguan, the undefended eastern end of the Great Wall of China, to expel the bandit chieftain Li Zicheng from Beijing.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Manchus (773 words)

	AllRefer.com - Manchu (Peoples (except New World)) - Encyclopedia
		The Manchu settled in the Songhua River valley and developed an agrarian civilization.
		The Manchu claim of relation to the Ch'in dynasty of China was the justification for conquering China in the 17th cent.
		The Manchu tried to keep themselves from being absorbed by the Chinese, but when the dynasty was overthrown in the 20th cent.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/M/Manchu.html (277 words)

	满族的门户网站 - 吉祥满族 >> Manchu alphabet (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Manchu alphabet was commissioned in 1599 by the Manchu leader Nurhaci (1559-1626), the founder of the Manchu state.
		By the mid 19th century many of the Manchus had adopted Chinese as their first language, however they continued to produce Manchu version of Chinese documents until the end of the dynasty and for sometime afterwards.
		Manchu is written in vertical columns running from top to bottom and from left to right.
	www.qiren.cn /Article/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=1222 (242 words)

	Manchu alphabet - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Manchu Alphabet was used for recording the Manchu language.
		According to the Veritable Records (manju-i yargiyan kooli, Chinese: 滿洲實錄), in 1599 the Manchu leader Nurhaci decided to convert the Mongolian alphabet to make it suitable for the Manchu people.
		He decried the fact that while illiterate Chinese and Mongolians could understand their respective languages when read aloud, that was not the case for the Manchus, whose documents were recorded by Mongolian scribes.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Manchu_alphabet (269 words)

	Qing Dynasty - MSN Encarta
		To develop their own writing system, they borrowed the alphabet of the Mongols.
		They then tightened their grip on the southern coast by annexing the island of Taiwan (Formosa) in 1683, which had been the stronghold of rebels still loyal to the Ming dynasty.
		In 1689 the Treaty of Nerchinsk was signed by an envoy from the Manchu court and a Russian representing Peter the Great.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761557160/Qing_Dynasty.html (2085 words)

	alphabet@Everything2.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In the alphabetic system, a single sign represents a sound and so, unlike early pictograms, which were used to represent objects, the number of characters needed for written communication is considerably reduced.
		At the town of Ugarit, in modern Syria, a cuneiform alphabet with 32 symbols was in use by about 1400 BC, and there were attempts at this time to simplify the Egyptian hieroglyphic system.
		The development of the alphabet was significant because it allowed ideas to be transferred by paintings on pottery, carvings in stone, or impressions in clay, rather than simply face to face by either voice or hand signals.
	everything2.com /index.pl?node=alphabet (440 words)

	Mongol Scripts
		This phonemic alphabet was adapted in 1204 from the alphabet used by the Uighur tribe at the time.
		The Cyrillic alphabet used for Mongolian is directly based on the Russian alphabet with the addition of two vowels derived from Old Cyrillic.
		It is said that Stalin got upset with the plethora of alphabets used by the various Russian territories acquired in their Tsarist colonial days, including Buryatia, Georgia and Armenia, as well as the satellite nations added in the early days of the Soviet Union.
	www.viahistoria.com /SilverHorde/research/MongolScripts.html (2659 words)

	Tritz was brought to you by the letter m
		The Manchu (manju in Manchu; 滿族 (pinyin: mǎnzú) in Chinese, often shortened to 滿 (pinyin: mǎn) are an ethnic group who originated in northeastern Manchuria.
		Manchus have been largely assimilated by the surrounding Han Chinese and the Manchu language is almost extinct, being spoken only among a small number of elderly people.
		These efforts were largely unsuccessful in that Manchus gradually adopted the customs and language of the surrounding Han Chinese and, by the 19th century, the Manchu language was rarely used even in the Imperial court.
	www.chocobo.org /~tritoch/tritz.cgi?do=alphabet&letter=m (1152 words)

	Background Essay no. 18 \| Ethnic Minorities in China \| AskAsia.org
		From the beginning there were signs that the relatively small group of Manchus who were now rulers of China would be greatly changed by the experience of governing such a vast land.
		At the beginning of the Qing dynasty, Manchu was used for all written documents at court.
		Many of the earliest scribes for the Manchu rulers were, in fact, Mongolians hired for their ability to write.
	www.askasia.org /teachers/essays/essay.php?no=18 (1893 words)

	Alphabet: Letters
		It was developed from the Canaanite/Phoenician alphabet and the order and names of the letters are derived from Phoenician.
		The Greek alphabet was used by Johannes Bayer around the year 1600 to name the brighter stars.
		Alphabet Soup is a project which attempts to determine a number of things about the shapes of letters in several different writing systems.
	www.lycos.com /info/alphabet--letters.html (336 words)

	Alphabet - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site
		An alphabet is a complete standardized set of letters—basic written symbols—each of which roughly represents a phoneme of a spoken language, either as it exists now or as it may have been in the past.
		In a perfectly phonological alphabet, the phonemes and letters would correspond perfectly in two directions: a writer could predict the spelling of a word given its pronunciation, and a speaker could predict the pronunciation of a word given its spelling.
		The Aramaic alphabet, which evolved from Phoenician in the 7th century BC and was used by the Persian Empire, is the ancestor of nearly all of the modern alphabets of Asia.
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=670 (2336 words)

	Nationalities in China (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Manchus have their own script and language, which belongs to the Manchu-Tungusic group of the Altaic language family.
		Beginning from the 1640s, large numbers of Manchus moved to south of the Shanhaiguan Pass (east end of the Great Wall), and gradually adopted Mandarin Chinese as their spoken language.
		Their alphabet is a simple, ingenious one, and the Koreans are very proud of it.
	www.chinahighlights.com /travelguide/nationalities.htm (6872 words)

	CalendarHome.com - - Calendar Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Nurhaci is also credited with ordering the creation of a written script for the Manchu language.
		Nurhaci's organization of the Manchu people, his attacks on China's Ming Dynasty and Korea's Joseon Dynasty, and his conquest of China's northeastern Liaodong province, laid the groundwork for the conquest of China by the Qing Dynasty.
		Nurhaci was the organizer of the Eight Banners, which would eventually form the backbone of the military that would dominate the Qing empire.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /cgi-bin/encyclopedia.pl?p=Nurhaci (953 words)

	Helicon Publishing: Data sets and samples: Language and usage: Sample articles
		Practically all existing alphabets are believed to be commonly descended from a Semitic alphabet used by the Syro-Palestinian Semitic peoples in the last centuries of the second millennium BC and during the first millennium.
		At the end of the second millennium BC or at the beginning of the first millennium, with the decay of the great nations of the Bronze Age (the Egyptians, the Babylonians, the Assyrians, the Hittites, and the Cretans), The Israelites, the Phoenicians, the Aram, the Greeks, and the South Arabians became increasingly important.
		The earliest existing Greek records in alphabetic writing go back to the 8th century BC but the alphabet was probably introduced into Greece in the 10th or 11th century BC.
	www.helicon.co.uk /online/datasets/samples/language/articles.htm (2096 words)

	Chinese History -Yuan Dynasty å literature, thought and philosophy (www.chinaknowledge.de)
		It was, like later for the Manchus, important to make use of a script for their own language to process documents among the Mongolian members of the officialdom.
		It is called the Galik alphabet and was created by the Tibetian lama Äâos-kyi-âod-zer (in Mongolian "Tsordji Osir") at the end of the 13th century.
		For daily use, the Galik script was simplified to have an alphabet at hand that could serve the requirements of the Mongolian language that had become the lingua franca in Mongolian Central Asia and had replaced Uighurian.
	www.chinaknowledge.de /History/Yuan/yuan-literature.html (762 words)

	VMs: Zbigniew Banasik's "Manchu Theory" (Site not responding. Last check: )
		My feeling is that it is still too early to evaluate Zbigniew Banasik's "Manchu Theory".
		- While Manchu is not a "monosyllabic" language, it appears to have short stems with short inflectional suffixes; so its word structure may still be a good match to that of Voynichese.
		Assuming for the time being that the Manchu theory is true, my view is that the VMS alphabet was invented on the spot by an European, for the purpose of taking dictation in Manchu; and precisely because there was no suitable native alphabet.
	www.voynich.net /Arch/2004/05/msg00195.html (565 words)

	Chinese History - Qing Dynasty æ¸ event history (www.chinaknowledge.de)
		The Manchu rule over the countless inhabitants of Chinese origin for the first decades in many points resembled the efforts of the Mongols to exert a foreign rulership by use of violence and brutality, like during the conquest of Yangzhou.
		The alphabet is modeled after the Mongolian alphabet and is enlarge by sounds that are different from the Mongol language, some special letters were created for Chinese sounds.
		The final shape of the Manchurian alphabet was adopted under the reign of the Qianlong Emperor.
	www.chinaknowledge.de /History/Qing/qing-event.html (4545 words)

	Chinese History - Qing Dynasty æ¸ event history (www.chinaknowledge.de)
		The Manchu rule over the countless inhabitants of Chinese origin for the first decades in many points resembled the efforts of the Mongols to exert a foreign rulership by use of violence and brutality, like during the conquest of Yangzhou.
		The alphabet is modeled after the Mongolian alphabet and is enlarge by sounds that are different from the Mongol language, some special letters were created for Chinese sounds.
		The final shape of the Manchurian alphabet was adopted under the reign of the Qianlong Emperor.
	www.chinaknowledge.org /History/Qing/qing-event.html (4545 words)

	Dungan Script and Chinese Language Reform
		The SD alphabet was devised at a conference convened for that purpose on May 27, 1953 in Frunze, Kirghizia (Kalimov, p.
		What is absolutely crucial, however, is the rich experience gained by the users of the SD alphabet with regard to the problems of word boundaries, hyphenation, tones, stress, homonyms, proper names, and all the other bugaboos that confront those who wish to provide MSM with an alternative alphabetical script.
		One of the plainest divergences between alphabetic SD and tetragraphic: MSM is the operation of etymology.
	www.pinyin.info /readings/texts/dungan.html (8356 words)

	Central Eurasian Studies U564 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Introduction to the official written language of the Manchu Empire (early 17
		The scope of the Manchu written sources, their value for historical, literary and linguistic research.
		The Manchu alphabet, its origin, and its older and newer variants: the scripts with and without dots and circles; ornamental forms.
	www.indiana.edu /~ceus/u520-manchu-structure-kara.html (77 words)

	Manchu Language Dying - Topic Powered by eve community
		The latest one to come to my attention is Manchu, the language of the founders of the Chinese Qing dynasty.
		Romanization is to devise a system for writing the language using the Latin (or Roman) alphabet.
		The cover of the Mongolian version of Tintin in Tibet has some Classical Mongolian, which is the script that Manchu is based on.
	wordcraft.infopop.cc /eve/forums/a/tpc/f/1576025271/m/3841038444?r=1981040544 (213 words)

	Article by JD
		Under Manchu rule, the Tibetans went on speaking Tibetan, practicing their religion, and running a theocratic administration in which government bureaucrats bore titles like “Grand Metaphysician.” The Uighurs and Mongolians tended their flocks, conducted their vendettas, and said their own prayers unmolested, except when the occasional uprising needed to be suppressed.
		The Manchus, a Siberian tribe with a language and script of their own, were too busy Sinifying themselves.
		The Manchus did, though, in 1683, and ruled it in a desultory way, as a prefecture of Fujian Province, until 1887, when it was upgraded to a province in its own right.
	olimu.com /Journalism/Texts/Commentary/ChineseNationalism.htm (2014 words)

	Korea, 1600–1800 A.D. \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Manchu invasions of the Korean peninsula and the subsequent establishment of the
		The Chosôn court is forced to recognize Manchu suzerainty, and Injo's two eldest sons are taken as hostages.
		War with the Manchus reinforces Korean hostility toward the northern "barbarians" and solidifies the conviction in the cultural and moral superiority of Chosôn as the true Confucian state.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/ht/09/eak/ht09eak.htm (1426 words)

	Omniglot - the blog » Manchu in Beijing
		Most of the students at Wang Shuo’s classes are ethnic Manchus who want to rediscover their historical identity through the language.
		The image on the right is the Manchu phrase ‘eldenjire be urgunjeme okdombi’, which means ‘welcome’, in the Manchu alphabet.
		The Manchu alphabet was modelled on the Mongolian alphabet, which was adapted from the Old Uyghur alphabet, which was derived from the Sogdian alphabet, which developed from the Aramaic alphabet.
	www.omniglot.com /blog/2007/04/25/manchu-in-beijing (551 words)

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