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Topic: Manchu conquest

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	Manchu - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Manchus have been largely assimilated by the surrounding Han Chinese and the Manchu language is almost extinct, being spoken only among a small number of elderly people.
		The Manchu language is a member of the Tungusic language family, itself a member of the putative Altaic language group, and is hypothetically related to Korean, Mongolian and Turkic languages.
		Written Manchu, however, was still used for the keeping of records and communication between the emperor and the Banner officials until the collapse of the dynasty.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Manchu (835 words)

	Wikipedia free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Taking advantage of the political instability and popular rebellions convulsing the Ming dynasty, the highly organized military forces of the Manchus swept into the Ming capital of Beijing in 1644, and there remained until the Qing dynasty was overthrown in a revolution in 1911, with the last emperor abdicating early in 1912.
		The Manchu rulers, keenly aware of their own minority status, reinforced a strict policy of racial segregation between the Manchus and Mongols from Han Chinese for fear of their being assimilated by Han culture while living in close proximity with the newly subjugated Han people.
		Secondly, before the conquest the Manchu banner was a 'citizen' army, and its members were Manchu farmers and herders obligated to provide military service to the state.
	dictionary.paellaman.com /encyclopedia.php?title=Qing_dynasty (5233 words)

	Conquest
		Conquest A conquest is the act of conquering a foreign land, usually for its assimilation into a larger empire.
		Conquest, New York Conquest is a town located in 2000 census, the town had a total population of 1,925.
		Conquest of the Planet of the Apes Conquest of the Planet of the Apes is the third sequel to the 1968 science fiction fi...
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/conquest.html (297 words)

	Qing Dynasty - free-definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Qing was the last imperial dynasty of China, its emperors occupying their capital, Beijing, from 1644 until 1912, when, in the aftermath of the 1911 revolution, a new Republic of China was established and the the last emperor abdicated.
		The seeds of the huge population increase were perhaps sown during the stability of the first 200 years of Qing rule, with its economic expansion, the opening up of new land for cultivation, and the spread of certain crops that were able to grow in poor quality soil.
		The Manchu rulers keenly aware of their own minority status reinforced a strict policy of racial segregation btween the Manchus and Mongols from Han Chinese for fear of their being assimilated by Han culture while living in close proximity with the subjugated Han people.
	www.free-definition.com /Qing-Dynasty.html (3916 words)

	Encyclopedia: Manchu
		The Manchu language is a member of the Tungusic languages; it used to be the language of the Manchu, though now most Manchus speak Mandarin Chinese and there are fewer than 100 native speakers of Manchu out of a total of nearly 10 million ethnic Manchus.
		The Qing Dynasty (Manchu: daicing gurun; Chinese: æ¸…æœ; pinyin: qÄ«ng chÃ¡o; Wade-Giles: ching chao), sometimes known as the Manchu Dynasty, was founded by the Manchu clan Aisin Gioro, in what is today northeast China expanded into China proper and the surrounding territories of Inner Asia, establishing...
		The Manchu language is a member of the putative Altaic language group, and is hypothetically related to Korean, Mongolian and Turkic languages.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Manchu (3123 words)

	"Nationality" Problem in Manchu China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Manchu, men in particular, wore their hair in a braided "pigtail" at the back, with the forehead shaven from the front of the skull to the top of the head.
		On the other hand, the Manchu rulers were also very much aware that, with only 2% of the population, they could hardly hope to be able to govern the empire, of whose population the vast majority consisted of the Han people, by themselves.
		For its part, the Manchu government soon learned that this kind of scholarship was safe and harmless for the state, and thus quickly turned to sponsoring this particular type of scholarship, calling it guoxue, or "the State's Scholarship" and making it a means to co-opt and "de-fang" Han scholars.
	jan.ucc.nau.edu /~jkl/manchunationality.html (3383 words)

	Qing Dynasty - China History - China
		Taking advantage of the political instability and popular rebellions convulsing the Ming dynasty, the highly organized military forces of the Manchus swept into the Ming capital of Beijing in 1644, and there remained until the Qing dynasty was overthrown in a Xinhai Revolutionrevolution in 1911, with the last emperor abdicating early in 1912.
		Manchu edited and forged the history of the former dynasty, i.e., "Ming Shi" (i.e., History of Ming Dynasty).
		Manchu forbade the assembly of scholars or intellectuals into societies and moreover advocated "eight-part essay" i.e., stereotyped essay" as the format for imperial civil service exams.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Qing_Dynasty (4919 words)

	Reader's Companion to Military History - - Manchus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Ethnically the Manchus were descended from the same Tungusic tribes, the Jürchens, who in the twelfth century had driven the Sung court south and ruled north China as the Chin dynasty.
		These were the Manchus' basic divisions of military and administrative organization and formed the nucleus of the Later Chin dynasty proclaimed by Nurhaci in 1616 as a declaration of intent to conquer China.
		Victories in battle, the conquests, and the celebrations themselves all were recorded in imperially commissioned commemorative paintings and inscribed monuments that were installed all over the country; the accompanying texts were frequently reproduced.
	college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/mil/html/mh_031800_manchus.htm (697 words)

	Embassy of Mongolia in Seoul, Republic of Korea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Before his conquest to the west Chinggis Khaan summoned the Khuraltai( the Mongolian parliament) in the year 1219 and bequeathed his third son Ogodei Khan to accede to the throne.
		The Manchu occupants instigated the Khalkhi Mongols and the Oiryid Mongols.
		In the wake of it, the target of the Manchu was to subjugate the Oiryid Mongolia or western Mongolia.
	www.mongolembassy.com /eng_aboutmongol/HISTORY.asp (8865 words)

	Qing1
		With the military and strategic strength that the Manchu had gained and with their political unity and administrative organization all prerequisites for a stabile rule had been established.
		Chinese men were ordered to wear Manchu hairstyle: The forehead had to be shaved, the remaining hair was braded in a pigtail which was wound around the head.
		This harsh rule over the Chinese population was eventually given up because the Manchu realized that lean taxation and a better rule would guarantee the cooperation of the non-Manchu majority of the population much easier than brutal force.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~inaasim/Mingqing04/Qing2.htm (1152 words)

	Manchu
		Manchu language The Manchu language is a member of the Sogdian).
		Manchu official headwear The headwear of an official during the finial on top.
		Second Manchu expedition to Korea The 1637 and brought her into submission.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/manchu.html (131 words)

	A Concise History of China, Chapter 6
		The Manchu conquest of China was not a total calamity in the sense that earlier barbarian invasions were.
		Manchus were barred from commerce and common labor, and were forbidden to marry Chinese.
		Chinese and Manchu citizens were required to wear different styles of dress; the traditional pigtail or queue worn by Chinese men first appeared at this time as a symbol of submission.
	xenohistorian.faithweb.com /china/ch06.html (7759 words)

	Manchu Encyclopedia Article, History, Biography @ Local Color Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Manchu conquest, they conquered the Ming Dynasty in the 17th century and founded the
		Manchu language is a member of the putative
		Qing Dynasty, the Manchu government made efforts to preserve Manchu culture and the language.
	www.greatartworks.com /search/encyclopedia/Manchu (968 words)

	Artistic dissent in imperial China--When the Manchus Ruled China: Painting under the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) at the ...
		The Manchu rule was certainly the dying breath of old China, but even the last gasp must have had a first inhalation.
		He renamed his people Manchus, established a written language, and founded his own dynasty, which his descendants called the Qing or “pure.” He died before he could realize his aim of conquering the Chinese Empire to the South, but his descendants made inroads on China’s spheres of influence, conquering Korea in 1637.
		The Individualists were Ming loyalists exiled from the court after the Manchu conquest, and the Courtiers were the court painters of the Qing at its height, during the reigns of the Emperors Kangxi (r.1662-1722) and Qianglong (r.1736-95).
	www.wsws.org /articles/2002/aug2002/qpe-a02.shtml (1976 words)

	[No title]
		Moreover, relationship with the Mongol, Chinese and Manchu rulers, to the extent they had political significance, were personal in nature and did not at any time imply a union or integration of the Tibetan state with or into a Chinese state.
		The Manchus succeeded in establishing their own imperial dynasty, which ruled over a large empire, the most important part of which was China.
		Manchu forces entered Tibet on three more times in the eighteenth century, once to protect Tibet against invading Gorkha forces from Nepal (1792), and twice to restore order after civil wars (1728 and 1751).
	www.cwis.org /fwdp/Eurasia/whitepap.txt (20952 words)

	Qing2
		In 1635 he proclaimed the name Manchu to be used for his people (instead of Jurchen) and the dynastic name Later Jin was changed for Great Qing.
		The Manchus enslaved prisoners of war and landless peasants who had to work the land for them.
		This harsh rule over the Chinese population was eventually given up because the Manchu realized that lean taxation and a better rule would guarantee the cooperation of the non-Manchu majority of the population much easier than force.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~inaasim/qinglong/MingQing/Qing2.htm (1703 words)

	Manchus - Surch
		It was a time when 90% of the Chinese race, the Hons, were ruled by the 10% minority, the Manchus.
		When all weapons were outlawed by the Manchus, the Hans began training a revolutionary...
		The Manchus have a vice-like grip on the Chinese people, but constantly face challenges from rebels...
	www.surch.co.uk /manchus (481 words)

	Evidence from Photographs
		The most notable change in personal appearance was the requirement that men shave the front of their heads and wear the rest of their hair in a braid, in the Manchu fashion.
		Manchu women, for instance, were not allowed to bind their feet the way Chinese women did.
		Although both Manchu men and women were encouraged to wear Manchu dress, rather than adopt Chinese fashions, over time more and more were seen in dress indistinguishable from what Chinese of their class wore.
	depts.washington.edu /chinaciv/clothing/11qingpg.htm (158 words)

	East Asian Studies 210 Notes: The Manchu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The 4.5 million Manchu in China are descendants of the tribe who founded the Qing in 1644, putting an end to the native Chinese Ming Dynasty that had ruled the country since the fall of the Mongols in 1368.
		The Manchu left in the north are today primarily farmers and grow a variety of crops.
		Before the loss of their language, the Manchu had their own vertical script and literature was written in Manchu.
	pandora.cii.wwu.edu /vajda/ea210/manchu.htm (1404 words)

	Qing Dynasty - Enpsychlopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Early Qing military was organized around the Manchu banner system first developed by Nurhachi as a way to organize Manchurian society beyond petty clan affiliations.
		Together they formed the ruling council of the entire Manchu nation as well as high command of the Manchurian army.
		The fall of Jinling in 1853 saw the massacre of its entire Manchu garrison and their attached families in the city.
	www.grohol.com /wiki/Qing_Dynasty (5107 words)

	The Status of Tibet
		Thus, the Manchu emperor played no role in the establishment of the religious or political status of the Dalai Lama, and none with respect to the Panchen Lama's position either.
		The unprecedented invasion of Tibet by Manchu troops in 1908 was a turning point in relations between Tibet and the Manchu Emperor.
		The Dalai Lama fled to neighbouring India, and the occupation of Tibet was short-lived.
	www.tibet.com /WhitePaper/white1.html (7577 words)

	Paradox Interactive Forums - Manchu
		The Manchu also get these events if they control the old Ming capital.
		I'd recommend China over the Manchu - playing as China you get an explorer, the option of Muslim tech and 200 more years of superpowerdom to make your mark on the world.
		Just remember not to annex too much before then (especially not the Manchu!) and you should be all right.
	www.europa-universalis.com /forum/showthread.php?t=134830 (324 words)

	Breaching the Great Wall: How the Manchu Took China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		His people, the Manchu, had come down from the hills to defend the Ming dynasty in 1644--but once they rid China of its attackers, they refused to leave.
		Kangxi’s people, the Manchu, were non-Chinese from the northeast who believed they had an ancient right to rule the nation.
		Half of the grand secretaries were Manchu and half were Chinese, and each board of the government was led by both a Chinese and a Manchu minister.
	www.neh.fed.us /news/humanities/2003-03/greatwall.html (1929 words)

	HIS 112 Week 4
		The Manchu conquest of China had been unexpected by the Chinese, despite the ever-constant preoccupation of the Chinese with the fear of invasion--the reason why the Great Wall was originally built was to keep out invaders from the north).
		Nurhaci (1559, reigned 1616-1626) was able to unite the Manchu tribes into eight armies and then gain the aid and support of the Mongols.
		Under Manchu rule, China reached an unprecedented level of imperial size and prosperity with a population of one hundred million by 1662 (415 million by 1850).
	novaonline.nv.cc.va.us /eli/evans/HIS112/Details/WEEK4.html (357 words)

	Manchu conquest - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		nadan koro ; Chinese qi da hen ä¸å¤§æ¨), effectively declaring war against the Ming dynasty, and starting the Manchu conquest.
		In retaliation, a year later, a Ming punitive force of about 100,000 men, which included Korean and Yehe troops, approached Nurhaci's Manchus along four different routes.
		After scoring successive victories, the most famous one near the town of Sarhu, the Manchus went on to seize
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Manchu_conquest (117 words)

	Table of contents for Library of Congress control number 99052253
		Hung Ch'eng-ch'ou and the Manchu Conquest: Shanhaikuan to Peking, 1644-45 6.
		Hung Ch'eng-ch'ou and the Manchu Conquest: Southeast China, 1645-48 7.
		Hung Ch'eng-ch'ou and the Manchu Conquest: Southwest China, 1653-60 8.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/toc/fy022/99052253.html (143 words)

	Daddy-O's Drive-In Dirt - Episode 323
		Plot: The evil Fu Manchu and his daughter wreck havoc on the world and kidnap a scientist.
		Trivia: Thankfully, this was the last in the Fu Manchu series starring British actor CHRISTOPHER LEE, born in 1922.
		Plus these other Fu Manchu movies: 1965- The Face of Fu Manchu ; 1966- The Brides of Fu Manchu ; and 1967- Vengeance of Fu Manchu.
	www.mst3kinfo.com /daddyo/di_323.html (278 words)

	Fall of the Ming and the Mancu Conquest
		The Fall of the Ming and the Manchu Conquest
		Rebellion of the Three Feudatories (the three Chinese generals, including Wu Sangui, who had aided the Manchus) in the south, 1673-81.
		Manchus conquered all of China and ruled long.
	history.binghamton.edu /hist274/Feb3.htm (288 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Martyrs in China
		Islam had been introduced into Central Asia, and in China, the native dynasty of Ming, replacing the Mongol dynasty of Yuan, had not followed the policy of toleration of their predecessors; the Hungarian, Matthew Escandel, being possibly the first martyr.
		With the revival of the missions in China with Matteo Ricci, who died at Peking in 1610, the blood of martyrs was soon shed to fertilize the evangelical field; the change of the Ming dynasty to the Manchu dynasty, giving occasion for new prosecution.
		Among the martyrs must be reckoned the celebrated Jesuit Johann Adam Schall von Bell (T'ang Jo-wang), who was imprisoned and ill-treated during the Manchu conquest.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/09746b.htm (1987 words)

	Chinese History - Qing Dynasty event history (www.chinaknowledge.org)
		The Manchu conquest of China - - The Way into the crisis of the 19th century - The Opium Wars - The Taiping Rebellion - The Self-Strengthening Movement - The further intrusion of foreign powers - The Reform movement of 1898 - The Boxer Rebellion - The Revolution of 1911
		The Manchu rule over the countless inhabitants of Chinese origin for the first decades in many points resembled the efforts of the Mongols to exert a foreign rulership by use of violence and brutality, like during the conquest of Yangzhou.
		Unlike the Mongolian rulers of the Yuan Dynasty, the second generation of Manchu emperors recognized that there was the urgent need to liberate the Chinese population from the status of slavery.
	www.chinaknowledge.de /History/Qing/qing-event.html (4660 words)

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