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| | Abahai -- Encyclopædia Britannica |
 | | reign titles (Wade-Giles romanization) T'ien-ts'ung and Ch'ung-te Manchurian tribal leader who, in 1636, became emperor of the Manchus, Mongols, and Chinese in Manchuria and, for his family, adopted the name of Ch'ing. |
| | Manchurian tribal leader who, in 1636, became emperor of the Manchus, Mongols, and Chinese in Manchuria and, for his family, adopted the name of Ch'ing. |
| | The Manchu, who ruled China from 1644 to 1911, were descendants of the Juchen tribes who had ruled North China as the Chin dynasty in the 12th century. |
| www.britannica.com /eb/article-9003218 (289 words) |
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