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	Manchus - Mw
		The Manchu language is almost extinct, being spoken only among a small number of elderly people in remote rural areas of northeastern China and a few scholars; there are around 10,000 or so speakers of Sibe (Xibo), an innovative Manchu dialect spoken in the Ili region of Xinjiang.
		The Manchus were descendants of the Jurchens, who had conquered a vast area in northeastern Asia in the twelfth century and established the Jinn Dynasty (literally Golden Dynasty) under the Wanyan clan that ruled over Manchuria and the northern half of China until being conquered and destroyed by the Mongols under Genghis Khan.
		The Manchu language is a member of the Tungusic language group, itself a member of the disputed Altaic language family (and hypothetically related to the Korean, Mongolic and Turkic languages).
	muslimwikipedia.com /mw/index.php/Manchus (1352 words)

	CalendarHome.com - - Calendar Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In the midst of much upheaval, the Manchus seized control of Beijing in June 1644, and in October of the same year the Shunzhi emperor's uncle, the chief regent Prince, proclaimed the Qing dynasty to be the legitimate successor to the Ming Dynasty.
		The name, which means clear and transparent, with its water symbol was hoped to put out the feud among the brothers of the Manchu Royal household.
		She was not a pure blooded Manchu or Mongol and was older than the emperor by seven years, but she was the one that the emperor loved the most.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /cgi-bin/encyclopedia.pl?p=Shunzhi_Emperor_of_China (948 words)

	Name
		Family name A family name, or surname, is that part of a person's name that indicates to what given names hence one's...
		Given names often turned into family names when people were ide...
		In the Name of the Father In the Name of the Father is a Emma Thompson.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/name.html (12481 words)

	Chapter 1: China and the Manchus
		The name of this wandering people, whose territory covers such a huge space on the map, has been variously derived from (1) moengel, celestial, (2) mong, brave, and (3) munku, silver, the last mentioned being favoured by some because of its relation to the iron and golden dynasties of the Kitans and Nu-chens respectively.
		The Ouigours, known by that name since the year 629, were once the ruling race in the regions which now form the khanates of Khiva and Bokhara, and had been the first of the tribes of Central Asia to have a script of their own.
		The Manchu written language, therefore, is lineally descended from Syraic; indeed, the family likeness of both Manchu and Mongol to the parent stem is quite obvious, except that these two scripts, evidently influenced by Chinese, are written vertically, though, unlike Chinese, they are read from left to right.
	www.romanization.com /books/giles/manchus/chap01.html (1873 words)

	China and the Manchus - Chapter VIII
		The T`ai-p`ings now got rid of the chief outward sign of allegiance to the Manchus, by ceasing to shave the forepart of the head, and allowing all their hair to grow long, from which they were often spoken of at the time--and the name still survives--as the long-haired rebels.
		Meanwhile, the comparative ease with which the T`ai-p`ings had set the Manchus at defiance, and continued to hold their own, encouraged various outbreaks in other parts of the empire; until at length more systematic efforts were made to put a stop to the present impossible condition of affairs.
		High Manchu officials were now hurriedly dispatched from Peking to Tientsin to stop by fair promises the further advance of the allies; but the British and French plenipotentiaries decided to move up to T`ung-chow, a dozen miles or so from the capital.
	www.worldwideschool.org /library/books/hst/asian/ChinaandtheManchus/chap8.html (2887 words)

	Manchu family name - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Like the Mongols, the Manchus were simply called by given name but they had their own clan names ( hala in Manchu).
		Among more than a thousand names, about 600 names are the Manchus'.
		Gioro, one of major names, is the only name that has various suffix such as Ayan, Ilgen and Sirin, possibly to distinguish from the imperial family name Aisin-Gioro.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Manchu_family_name (139 words)

	Pulpmovies Reviews » The Castle of Fu Manchu
		Fu Manchu (Christopher Lee) is back, and this time he has found a way to control water, allowing him to form icebergs in the Caribbean.
		Given how trivial the role of Omar’s gang in the raid actually is, I was left briefly wondering why Fu Manchu had bothered to contact him at all.
		One Response to “The Castle of Fu Manchu”
	www.pulpmovies.com /reviews/the-castle-of-fu-manchu (800 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Manchus
		The name Qing was first applied to the dynasty established by the Manchu in 1636 in Manchuria and then applied by extension to their rule in China.
		Chinese Revolution of 1911 The overthrow of the Manchu QING dynasty and the establishment of a Chinese republic.
		Identity construction and reconstruction: naming and Manchu ethnicity in Northeast China, 1749-1909.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Manchus&StartAt=31 (788 words)

	Jiaqing Emperor biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Son of the famous the Qianlong Emperor, he is remembered for his prosecution of Heshen (和珅), the infamously corrupt favorite of Emperor Qianlong, as well as for trying to restore the state and curb the smuggling of opium inside China.
		This novelty was introduced by his father Emperor Qianlong who thought it not proper to have a whole generation of people changing their names on his son's accession to the throne.
		She was the daughter of Wei Qingtai (魏清泰), an official in the Qing administration whose Han Chinese family had long been integrated in the Manchu elites.
	jiaqing-emperor.biography.ms (543 words)

	Xuantong Emperor - free-definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In 2004 the descendants of the Qing imperial family have conferred a posthumous name and temple name upon Puyi.
		However, the name Henry was merely used for intercourse with Westerners between around 1920 and 1932, and is never used in China.
		¹ Aisin-Gioro is the clan's name in Manchu, pronounced Ãixīn JÃºelÃºo in Mandarin ; PǔyÃ is the Chinese given name as pronounced in Mandarin.
	www.free-definition.com /Xuantong-Emperor.html (1232 words)

	manchu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Manchu language The Manchu language is a member of the Tungusic branch of the Altaic family; it is the language of the Manchu.
		Manchu family name Like the Mongols, the Manchus were simply called by given name but they had their own clan names (hala in Manchu).
		The formal name is: in Manchu : Daicing gurun i Enduringge Han i gung erdemui...
	www.wikisearch.net /manchu (732 words)

	Qing Dynasty - China History - China
		Manchu edited and forged the history of the former dynasty, i.e., "Ming Shi" (i.e., History of Ming Dynasty).
		Bannermen were given economic and legal privileges in Chinese cities, meaning that they could often avoid working because they had an `iron rice bowl of privilege' under a form of `apartheid'.
		The Manchu rulers, keenly aware of their own minority status, reinforced a strict policy of racial segregation between the Manchus and Mongols from Han Chinese for fear of their being assimilated by Han culture while living in close proximity with the newly subjugated Han people.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Qing_Dynasty (4919 words)

	Empress Dowager Cixi - free-definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		At her death in 1908, she was given a posthumous name which combines the honorific names that she gained during her lifetime with new names added just after her death.
		Received biographies of Cixi usually state that she was the daughter of a low-ranking Manchu official, Huizheng (惠征), of the Yehe-Nara clan, serving in Shanxi province and then in Anhui province.
		Cixi was born in a family of Han Chinese farmers, the Wang family, and was given the name Xiaoqian.
	www.free-definition.com /Empress-Dowager-Cixi.html (2697 words)

	TZU-HSI: THE DOWAGER EMPRESS OF CHINA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		She was born to parents of the middle ranks of Manchu society.
		She was one of the eight regents named by the emperor to rule during Tung Chih's youth, since he was only 5 years old when he took the throne.
		The Boxer Rebellion was named after the secret society of the "Righteous and Harmonious Fists" who were poor Chinese who blamed Westerners and their imperialism for their poor standing of living.
	www.kings.edu /womens_history/tzuhsi.html (2142 words)

	[No title]
		FTP name the genus of bacteria responsible for nitrogen fixation that is found in the roots of many leguminous plants.
		FTP name the actor best known for portraying a "mild-mannered reporter." ANSWER: George _Reeves_ This actress was born on December 8, the same day that John Lennon died, was once a San Francisco 49ers cheerleader, starred in "The Big Picture" and Soapdish, will star in "Heaven's Prisoners," and appeared on Seinfeld in a now-famous episode.
		Given an actor and the name of the character for which he/she was nominated, name the movie FTSNOP.
	www.stanford.edu /group/CollegeBowl/archive/terrapin96/BYU.TXT (3649 words)

	Exploring Chinese History :: Database Catalog :: Biographical Database :: Qing Era- (1644- 1912)
		The name in the box was to be revealed to other members of the imperial family in the presence of all senior ministers only upon the death of the Emperor.
		She was the daughter of the Manchu general Ronglu (榮祿) (1836-1903) from the Guwalgiya clan, one of the leaders of the conservative faction at the court, and a staunch supporter of Cixi whom she rewarded by marrying his daughter into the imperial family.
		Aisin-Gioro is the clan's name in Manchu, pronounced Àixīn Juéluó in Mandarin; Pǔyí is the Chinese given name as pronounced in Mandarin.
	www.ibiblio.org /chinesehistory/contents/06dat/bio.2qin.html (12643 words)

	Summing up Naquin/Rawski
		The Mongols were fully politically integrated into the Manchu state when the seal of the Great Khan came into the possession of the Manchu rulers in 1635 after a victory of the Manchu over the Mongol army.
		To preserve Manchu history and tradition he ordered the Manchu history to be written, the history of the eight banners, the publication of Manchu genealogies and the recording of the shamanistic tradition of the Manchu.
		Since the Manchu emperor was regarded as an incarnation of Manjusri and as Cakravartin, the “turner of the wheel” he fulfilled the double function of a secular ruler and a spiritual leader.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~inaasim/qinglong/MingQing/Qing3.htm (1663 words)

	Ethnic Groups - china.org.cn
		Following the Manchus' southward migration, the common people came to wear the same kind of dress as their Han counterparts, while the Manchu gown was adopted by Han women generally.
		Guests and friends were habitually given the west "kang", elders the north, and the younger generation the south.
		These and other military exploits of the Manchu emperors brought into being a unified Chinese state that extended from the outer Hinggan Mountains in the north to the Xisha Islands in the south, and from the Pamirs in the west to the Kurile Islands in the east in the heyday of the Qing Dynasty.
	www.china.org.cn /e-groups/shaoshu/shao-2-manchu.htm (3720 words)

	Mustique content of Wikipedia free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Manchu given names were used solely or with titles but not with clan names.
		For example, FiyanggÅ«, who was from the Donggo clan, belonged to the Manchu Plain White Banner and distinguished himself in the campaigns against the JÃ¼Ã¼n Ghar, was usually called "FiyanggÅ« be" (Lord FiyanggÅ«) since FiyanggÅ« (youngest) was a relatively major given name.
		A Dictionary of Manchu Names: A Name Index to the Manchu Version of the "Complete Genealogies of the Manchu Clans and Families of the Eight Banners" JakÅ«n gÅ«sai Manjusai mukÅ«n hala be uheri ejehe bithe Baqi Manzhou shizu tongpu, Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz ed., 2000.
	mustique.paellaman.com /mustiquebrowse.php?title=Manchu_given_name (529 words)

	How to Become a Hindu, Chapter 8: Choosing a Hindu Name
		Names have historically been changed in North America to give a more English-sounding name to one that may sound foreign or be difficult to pronounce.
		Last names, then, are a fairly recent innovation, arising from the need to identify each John or Henry -- the one by the bridge, the one in the woods, the short one or the one who owns the mill.
		In Sweden prior to the 17th century the last name was often the profession of the family as in "Lars Skomakare" which meant "Lars Shoemaker." In the seventeenth century the surname or last name of the current generation was the given name of the father, with "son" or "dotter" added to indicate boy or girl.
	www.himalayanacademy.com /resources/books/hbh/hbh_ch-8.html (2838 words)

	People's Daily Online The Manchu ethnic minority
		Houses of the Manchus were built in three divisions, with the middle used as a kitchen and the two wings each serving as bedroom and living room.
		Typical of these were the poems of classical styles written in the seventeenth century by the Manchu poet Nalanxingde who became known for his vivid description of the landscapes of Inner Mongolia and northeast China.
		Luo Changpei, a famous Manchu linguist, was distinguished for his expert knowledge of the dialects and phonology of the Han language and for his studies in phonetic classification of classical Chinese, its pronunciation and its history.
	english.peopledaily.com.cn /data/minorities/Manchu.html (3858 words)

	Teleport City
		Rohmer was sort of the quintessential pulp writer: he really wasn't especially good, but he dreamed up some outlandish ideas and knew how to keep you excited and reading regardless, sort of like the precursor of all those people who write airport bookstore spy and thriller novels.
		The early Fu Manchu films were serials, featuring bad acting, cheap sets, and clumsy writing, but also packed with all that dark, shadowy Chinatown exoticism that made the original stories such hits.
		The Face of Fu Manchu is briskly paced, full of action, and packed with all the secret passages, trap doors, and horrible tortures one expects from such a film.
	www.teleport-city.com /movies/dvdjournal/2006/12/face-of-fu-manchu.html (2913 words)

	Kangxi_Emperor encyclopedia and info, forum and guides (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		General note: Names given in Chinese, then in Manchu (full posthumous name is in Chinese only).
		In 1690, the Dsungar and the Manchu Empire clashed in Ulaan Butun, Inner Mongolia, where the Qing army was severely damaged by Galdan.
		She is known posthumously as Empress Xiaokang Zhang ( Chinese : ååº·ç« çå; Manchu : HiyooÅ¡ungga Nesuken Eldembuhe HÅ«wanghu).
	curacao.caribbean-forum.com /encyclopedia.php?title=Kangxi_Emperor (1739 words)

	Chinese family name (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Chinese family name s are passed from the father, and there is generally a taboo against marriage between persons of the same sur name.
		The sur name of the Han emperors was Liu, and that of the Ming emperors were Chu.
		There are family name s with three or more characters, but those are extremely rare and most likely have non-Han origin, for example, Aixinjueluo (愛新覺羅, also romanized as Aisin-gioro, which means "Golden Family {金氏}" in the Manchu language), the family name of the Manchu royal family of the Qing dynasty.
	www.portaljuice.com /chinese_family_name.html (1027 words)

	Manchurian Folk Tales, Part One: The Origins of the Manchu People - Pack Carnes
		The name Manchu was given them by the founder of the Ch'ing or Manchu dynasty.
		The Manchu dynasty was the last dynasty in China, and its last ruler was the Last Emperor, or "the last of the Manchu." The Manchurians are traditionally thought of as coming from the Long White Mountains, a locale that figures prominently in their tales.
		The founder of the Manchu, he had a divine origin, being the son of one of the Heavenly Maidens.
	www.worldandi.com /specialreport/1992/May/Sa20476.htm (303 words)

	Modern Mongolia: Reclaiming Genghis Khan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Manchu's established three major administrative units and gained the support and loyalty of some nobility and the numerous monasteries.
		The Hovd Ministry in the west ruled Dorvod and Tsetsen Khan Provinces; the Ih Huree Ministry ruled the capital and the Central and Eastern Provinces of Tusheet Khaan and Zasagt Khan; the Uliastai Ministry ruled the Midwestern provinces of Sain Noyon Khan and Khovsgol and Uriankhai districts in the North.
		The government structure was hierarchical, and Manchu's held the highest executive posts while the Mongolian princes were given lower administrative posts.
	www.museum.upenn.edu /Mongolia/section3a.shtml (202 words)

	Articles - Empress Dowager Cixi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Cixi had different names at different stages of her life, which could be quite confusing.
		Thus she was called by the name of her clan, the Yehe-Nara, as was customary for Manchu girls.
		At her death in 1908, Cixi was given a posthumous name which combined her honorific names with new names added just after her death.
	www.enginework.net /articles/Empress_Dowager_Cixi (2603 words)

	Chapter 4: China and the Manchus
		The discovery of the Nestorian tablet in 1625 had given a considerable impulse, in spite of its heretical associations, to Christian propagandism; and it was estimated that in 1627 there were no fewer than thirteen thousand converts, many of whom were highly placed officials, and even members of the Imperial family.
		The vagaries of the Yellow River, named "China's Sorrow" by a later Emperor, were always a source of great anxiety to K`ang Hsi; so much so that he paid a personal visit to the scene, and went carefully into the various plans for keeping the waters to a given course.
		Manchu was the court language, spoken as well as written, for many years after 1644, and down to quite recent times all official documents were in duplicate, one copy in Chinese and one in Manchu; but a Manchu literature can hardly be said to exist, beyond translations of all the most important Chinese works.
	www.romanization.com /books/giles/manchus/chap04.html (1982 words)

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