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Topic: Manchu language

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	Manchu language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Manchu language is a member of the Tungusic languages of Altaic family; it used to be the language of the Manchu, though now most Manchus speak Mandarin Chinese and there are fewer than 100 native speakers of Manchu out of a total of nearly 10 million ethnic Manchus.
		It is an agglutinizing language that demonstrates limited vowel harmony, and it has been demonstrated that it is derived in the main from the Jurchen language though there are many loan words from Mongolian and Chinese.
		Manchu began as the primary language of the Qing dynasty Imperial court, but by the 19th century even the imperial court had lost fluency in the language.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Manchu_language (813 words)

	Manchu - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Manchus were descendants of the Jurchen, who had conquered a vast area in northeastern Asia in the twelfth century and established the Jin Dynasty (Golden Dynasty) that ruled over the northern half of China until being conquered and destroyed by the Mongols under Genghis Khan.
		The Manchu language is a member of the Tungusic language group, itself a member of the disputed Altaic language family (and hypothetically related to the Korean, Mongolic and Turkic languages).
		Written Manchu, however, was still used for the keeping of records and communication between the emperor and the Banner officials until the collapse of the dynasty.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Manchu (1045 words)

	Manchu
		Today, Manchus have been largely assimilated by the surrounding Han Chinese and the Manchu language is almost extinct.
		Manchu (manju) was originally a tribal group of the Jurchen that Nurhaci belonged to.
		These efforts were largely unsuccessful in that Manchus gradually adopted the customs and language of the surrounding Han Chinese, and by the 19th century, the Manchu language was rarely used even in the Imperial court.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ma/Manchu.html (369 words)

	Kids.net.au - Encyclopedia Manchu language - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Manchu language is the only extant representative of the Tungusic branch of the Altaic family; it is the language of the Manchu.
		It is an agglutinizing language that demonstrates limited vowel harmony, and it has been demonstrated that it is essentially identical to the Jurchen language.
		Historically, the Manchu language is important in that Europeans were exposed to and familar with Manchu before they encountered the Chinese language.
	www.kidsseek.com /encyclopedia-wiki/ma/Manchu_language (474 words)

	Languages & Writing Systems
		Language is a system of conventional spoken or written symbols by means of which human beings, as members of a social group and participants in its culture, communicate.
		The languages of North Asia are those spoken from the Arctic Ocean on the north to South Asia and China on the south and from the Caspian Sea and Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east.
		In East Asia the languages spoken are largely Chinese languages (or dialects) in China, Japanese in Japan, and Korean in Korea, though the Altaic group is represented in China by Uighur, a Turkic language, and Manchu, a Manchu-Tungus language.
	www.crystalinks.com /languages.html (2993 words)

	Tungusic Research Group: Bibliography
		A sketch of vowel harmony in the Tungus languages.
		Hezheyu Jianzhi [A Grammatical Sketch of the Hezhen Language].
		Xibo yu Jianzhi [A Grammatical Sketch of the Sibo Language].
	www.dartmouth.edu /~trg/biblio.html (2590 words)

	Manchu Minority - Chinese Nationalities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Manchu history can be traced back to the Sushen people who lived 2000 years ago.
		At the end of the 16th century, with the appearance of Nurhachi, the tribes of Nuchen were unified and a new nationality - Manchu - came into being, consisting of Nuchens, Hans, Mongolians and Koreans.
		The Manchu are found in Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Hebei Provinces, Beijing Municipality, and the Nei Mongol Autonomous Region.
	www.paulnoll.com /China/Minorities/min-Manchu.html (167 words)

	Manchu - Voyager, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Manchu (Manchu: Manju; Simplified Chinese: 满族; Traditional Chinese: 滿族; pinyin: Mǎnzú) are an ethnic group who originated in the "dong bei" or "North East" region consisting of Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang provinces, collectively known in English as Manchuria.
		Manchus have been largely assimilated by the surrounding Han Chinese and the Manchu language is almost extinct, being spoken only among a small number of elderly people in remote areas of northeastern China; however, there are around 10,000 or so speakers of Sibe (Xibo), an innovative Manchu dialect spoken in the Ili region of Xinjiang.
		The Manchus were descendants of the Jurchen ethnic group, who had conquered northeastern China in the twelfth century.
	www.voyager.in /Manchu (1098 words)

	Manchu-Tungus languages - Britannica Concise
		Juchen, the tribal language of the founders of the Juchen dynasty, is now extinct, and Manchu is spoken by fewer than 100 people, though some 10 million inhabitants of northeastern China count themselves as ethnically Manchu.
		Manchu language - the most important of the Manchu-Tungus language group (a subfamily of the Altaic languages), formerly spoken by the Manchu people in Manchuria.
		Altaic languages - family of languages consisting of three branches—Turkic, Mongolian, and Manchu-Tungus—that show similarities in vocabulary, morphological and syntactic structure, and certain phonological features and which, on the basis of systematic sound correspondences, are generally considered to be genetically related.
	concise.britannica.com /ebc/article-9371139 (614 words)

	Languages of the World
		The label language isolate is used for a language that is the only representative of a language family, as Basque or the extinct Sumerian language; the presumptive but unknown sister languages of isolates are dead and unrecorded.
		The languages of seven of the nine extant branches of the Indo-European language family are spoken in Europe.
		Dialects of two languages in the Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-European also are or were spoken in Europe: the Jassic dialect of Ossetic, an Iranian language, formerly spoken in Hungary; and the European dialects of Romany, which was spread by Gypsies throughout Europe and into America.
	ling.lll.hawaii.edu /faculty/stampe/Linguistics/lgsworld.html (1332 words)

	China Ethnic Minority: manchu People
		Manchu letters were created in the 16th century on the base of Mongolian letters.
		Kowtow is one of the formal salutes of Manchu.
		Manchu and Han basically share the same festivals and holidays, although there are still some differences in respect to celebrating ceremonies.
	www.travelchinaguide.com /intro/nationality/manchu (532 words)

	Manchu alphabet and language
		The Manchu alphabet was commissioned in 1599 by the Manchu leader Nurhaci (1559-1626), the founder of the Manchu state.
		For the first 200 years or so of the Ch'ing dynasty, Manchu was the main language of government in China and served as a lingua franca.
		By the mid 19th century many of the Manchus had adopted Chinese as their first language, however they continued to produce Manchu version of Chinese documents until the end of the dynasty and for sometime afterwards.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/manchu.htm (307 words)

	Manchu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Manchu eventually ruled the whole of China by 1680 and the Chin Dynasty retained its power until the beginning of the 19th century.
		The Manchu language belongs to the Tungusic language family, a subdivision of the Altaic language family.
		The Sanjiazi dialect is spoken in Sanjiazi villages in China and Sibe is spoken by the Sibe contemporary.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/cultural/oldworld/asia/manchuculture.html (501 words)

	The Unreached Peoples Prayer Profiles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Manchu live mostly in the northeastern region of China that borders Russia.
		Whether residing in cities or in rural areas, the Manchu usually live in one-story dwellings that are grouped closely together and connected by narrow alleys.
		The Manchu deserve the chance to meet Jesus, the only true "Son of heaven." He desires to be their High Priest who will ever make intercession for them before the Father.
	www.ksafe.com /profiles/p_code/383.html (777 words)

	Manchu Studies at Harvard (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		As an intellectual project, Manchu Studies traces its history back to the 17th and 18th centuries, when Jesuit missionaries at the Qing court found that to accomplish their goals it was necessary to become conversant in the language and culture of China's rulers at that time.
		The earliest published works on Manchu history and language, largely in French, were the result of Jesuit endeavors, and their belief that the Manchu translations of Chinese texts provided the best point of entry into the Chinese classical corpus shaped not only Manchu studies, but also the field of Sinology, then in its cradle.
		Concomitant with the revelation that Manchu was an important research language for Qing history came the "ethnic turn" in Chinese studies, a term that refers to the burgeoning interest in the non-Han peoples of China that began in the late 1980s.
	www.fas.harvard.edu /~manchust/Intro.html (492 words)

	ipedia.com: Manchu language Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Manchu language is a member of the Tungusic languages ; it is the language of the Manchu.
		It is an agglutinizing language that demonstrates limited vowel harmony, and it has been demonstrated that...
		The Manchu language is a member of the Tungusic languages; it is the language of the Manchu.
	www.ipedia.com /manchu_language.html (632 words)

	Qing Dynasty - China History - China
		Manchu got into antagonism with Han Chinese only as a result of enforcing the 'queue order', which forced the Han Chinese to adopt Manchu hairstyle (the pigtail) and Manchu-style clothing.
		Manchu edited and forged the history of the former dynasty, i.e., "Ming Shi" (i.e., History of Ming Dynasty).
		The Manchu rulers, keenly aware of their own minority status, reinforced a strict policy of racial segregation between the Manchus and Mongols from Han Chinese for fear of their being assimilated by Han culture while living in close proximity with the newly subjugated Han people.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Qing_Dynasty (4919 words)

	East Asian Studies 210 Notes: The Manchu
		The 4.5 million Manchu in China are descendants of the tribe who founded the Qing in 1644, putting an end to the native Chinese Ming Dynasty that had ruled the country since the fall of the Mongols in 1368.
		The Manchu left in the north are today primarily farmers and grow a variety of crops.
		Before the loss of their language, the Manchu had their own vertical script and literature was written in Manchu.
	pandora.cii.wwu.edu /vajda/ea210/manchu.htm (1403 words)

	Languages of Qing - China History Forum, online chinese history forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Xibo and Manchu belong to the South west branch of Tungus, the South east branch is Hezhe/Nanai, Udeghe (and a bunch of small tribes in present day Russia).
		The Manchurian language was in use in the court until the 19th century when Beijing Mandarian became to replace both Manchurian and Nanjing Mandarian as the main language of the court.
		Manchu study in the 'west' is finally catching on again (it hasn't been big since the early Qing empire when missionaries and whatnot would learn Manchu- and usually not Chinese- in order to communicate with the court.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=1625 (1934 words)

	Manchu - China-related Topics MA-MD - China-Related Topics
		The Manchus were descendants of the Jurchen, who had conquered northeastern China in the twelfth century.
		The Manchu language is a member of the putative Altaic languagesAltaic language group, and is hypothetically related to Korean, Mongolian and Turkic languages.
		Near the end of the Qing Dynasty, Manchus were portrayed as outside colonizers by Chinese nationalismChinese nationalists such as Sun Yat-Sen, even though the Republican revolution he brought about was supported by many reform-minded Manchu officials and military officers.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Manchu (771 words)

	Manchurian Folk Tales, Part One: The Origins of the Manchu People - Pack Carnes
		The Manchu dynasty was the last dynasty in China, and its last ruler was the Last Emperor, or "the last of the Manchu." The Manchurians are traditionally thought of as coming from the Long White Mountains, a locale that figures prominently in their tales.
		The Manchu language, altogether different from and unrelated to Chinese, is an Altaic language; sadly, it is very nearly (if not yet completely) extinct.
		With the loss of the language there is naturally a concomitant loss in the oral transmission of tales, but a significant number have been preserved by effective collecting among the Manchu and the Mongolians.
	www.worldandi.com /specialreport/1992/May/Sa20476.htm (303 words)

	All Empires History Forum: Manchus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		I just check on the website, the man language is still being taught in the schools in the manchu autonomous area in northestern china.
		Man language and Madarin both are the teaching language in those schools.
		manchu was once the official language along with han chinese in china (the most populas country in the world even back then) less than a century ago.
	www.allempires.com /forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=895&PN=1 (1060 words)

	Conversations on Diversity: Endangered Languages, Lost Cultures
		After centuries of domination, the Manchus were overthrown, and within a very short time, their language was all but lost.
		Nepali is the national language and English the language of commerce.
		In China, the government claims to encourage indigenous language and cultures, but Li said, "The language policy of the country is such that any minority language would not have any chance of surviving." In Nepal, a short-lived socialist government supported indigenous languages with policies like bilingual education.
	www.csuchico.edu /pub/inside/archive/98_03_12/divers.html (570 words)

	China History Forum, online chinese history forum > Manchu's conquest of China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Jun 28 2004, 11:07 PM The Manchurian language actually belongs to a tungusic branch of language that is closely related to the Altaic-Turkic language family.
		I had a teacher who was Manchu from Dalian, Liaoning Province, of course she spoke perfect Mandarin and though she looked a little different than your average Han, no one could tell that she was Manchu until she told us.
		He figured that the Manchus would come in and sweep up the rebels and then leave...The Manchus were sucessful in putting down the rebels, but they never left like they were supposed to.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /lofiversion/index.php/t29.html (2629 words)

	The Epoch Times \| Official Language of Qing Dynasty Borders on Extinction
		In a formal study conducted by the Heilongjiang Manchu Research Institute, the fact that Sanjiazi Village is viewed as the “living fossil” of the study of the Manchu language, shows that the decline of Manchu language has obviously accelerated.
		The majority of those with a good command of the Manchu language are between 50 and 70 years old.
		As it was the official language of the Qing Dynasty, the importance of the Manchu language in China’s history cannot be overemphasized.
	english.epochtimes.com /news/5-10-7/33075.html (824 words)

	Manchu -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust!
		From the Chinese records it is evident that the I-lou, the Tungus ancestors of the Manchu, were essentially hunters, fishers, and food gatherers, though in later times they and their descendants, the Juchen and Manchu, developed a primitive form of agriculture and animal husbandry.
		The Manchu were urged to retain their own language and to give their children a Manchu education.
		Like the Mongols in the 13th century, the Manchus (formerly the Juchen) were barbarians who succeeded in ruling the whole of China, but, unlike the 13th-century conquerers, the sinicized Manchus made their rule more acceptable to the Chinese.
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-9050463?tocId=9050463 (1387 words)

	SIM People Group Profile: Manchu
		Manchu are found in no less than 2,092 of China's 2,369 counties and municipalities.
		Manchu speakers are located in a few villages in Heilongjiang--Sanjiazi Village in Fuyu County and Dawujia Village in Aihui County.
		Most of the Manchu speakers use Mandarin as their first language and speak Manchu "with a pronounced Chinese accent." Manchu was the only Tungus language to possess an orthography, but this too is now extinct.
	www.sim.org /PG.asp?pgID=79&fun=1 (583 words)

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