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Topic: Manchukuo

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	Manchukuo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Manchukuo (1932 to 1945) (Simplified Chinese: 满洲国; Traditional Chinese: 滿洲國; Pinyin: Mǎnzhōu Guó Kanji: 満州国) was a former country in Manchuria and eastern Inner Mongolia under the leadership of the Emperor Puyi, the last emperor of Qing Dynasty.
		In early 1934 the total population of Manchukuo was estimated as 30,880,000, with 6.1 persons the average family, and 122 men for each 100 women.
		The last issue of Manchukuo came on May 2, 1945, commemorating the 10th anniversary of an edict.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Manchukuo (1549 words)

	Manchukuo - Psychology Central (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Manchukuo (1932 to 1945) (Simplified Chinese: 满洲国; Traditional Chinese: 滿洲國; Hanyu Pinyin: Mǎnzhōu Guó Kanji: 満洲国) was a former country in Manchuria and eastern Inner Mongolia under the leadership of the Emperor Pu Yi, the last emperor of Qing Dynasty.
		During Soviet offensive the puppet Army of Manchukuo, theoretically a two hundred thousand man force, well armed and trained along Japanese lines, performed poorly and whole units surrendered to the Soviets without firing a single bullet; there were even cases of armed riots and mutinies against Japanese forces.
		Manchukuo and Mengchiang (agriculture, farming, lumber and fishing)
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Manchukuo (1523 words)

	Japan Focus Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Similar to the legacy of the warlord regime in Manchukuo, the colonial state in Seoul (during the colonial period) bequeathed a large part of its bureaucrats and policemen to the new liberated Korean state.
		Manchukuo was an empty space for its state builders or "brave new empire" which brought a utopian vision (Young 1998: 241).
		Manchukuo differed from mainland China where Confucianism was severely attacked by the May 4th intellectuals and their heirs.
	japanfocus.org /article.asp?id=330 (6533 words)

	[Secret]
		Manchukuo shall not recognize either the consuls and _ _ _ _ _ or _ _ _ _ _ as enjoying _ _ _ _ _ privileges and shall forbid them to carry on their duties.
		Manchukuo follows the same methods as Japan in dealing with public and private properties of _ _ _ _ _ and the _ _ _ _ _.
		Manchukuo shall not recognize any request addressed to any third power for the protection of consulate buildings and the interests of the residents.
	ibiblio.org /pha/timeline/411204c.html (313 words)

	Reviews from Gareth Jones: A Manchukuo Incident by Margaret Siriol Colley. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Manchukuo (the Japanese for Manchuria) is where Gareth Jones died with a bullet hole through the back of the head plus two in the back, but this book is only the first part of his full biography.
		Devoted to his memory, Gareth Jones: A Manchukuo Incident (Colley, £12.50) is published by Dr Colley’s son and, unfortunately, has limited availability in bookshops, but can be purchased via the internet on www.colley.co.uk/garethjones.
		The bandits were certainly disbanded Chinese soldiers, abandoned to fend for themselves after the Manchukuo settlement They operated under the name of the Peace Preservation Corps, and no doubt extracted funds and means from the local population in exchange for their preservation of the peace.
	colley.co.uk /garethjones/manchukuo_incident/reviews.htm (6290 words)

	ESTABLISHMENT OF MANCHUKUO FORCES Manchukuo Forces were established in April 1932 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Formations: When Manchukuo Army was established, the rule of formation was not fixed and the units were different each other in the formation.
		Manchukuo Army used the weapons which the military parties had and there were many kinds of weapons.
		In 1940, the flight school of the Manchukuo Army was established in Fangtien.
	orbat.com /site/history/historical/japan/manchukuo.html (1288 words)

	The Soviet-Japanese War Japan Alternate History
		The negotiations between the Soviet and Manchukuo representatives were frequently interrupted and not until March 1935 was the purchase agreement signed.
		The Kwantung Army’s determination to defend the outer frontier of Manchukuo in 1938 was a continuation of two decades of Soviet probing and provocations; and this was one of Japan's reasons to sign the Anti-Comintern Pact with Germany in 1936.
		Manchukuo`s long undefined borders became a source of friction between the Japanese Empire and the Soviet Union, and after the defection of NKVD’s officer Genrikh Lyushkov, one of these clashes, the Changkuofeng Incident, degenerated into the Soviet-Japanese War.
	www.angelfire.com /gundam/japanese_empire/altjap/sjw.htm (5853 words)

	HOI Japan page 4
		Many of the government official of Manchukuo he knew would simply try and fade away to escape the approaching Imperial soldiers, lest they have to face the hara kiri.
		Meanwhile to cut off the retreating Manchukuo soldiers from retreating into the mountains for Tonghau province, elements of the II Korps would occupy the area and finish the southern flank off for good.
		In the south the Japanese held a 25 to 5 advantage against the Manchukuo forces, in the northern front it was 5 Japanese divisions versus 5 of the Manchukuo's.
	www.talkstrategy.com /Games/Hoi/HOI1-4.htm (1480 words)

	Manchukuo - China-related Topics MA-MD - China-Related Topics
		Manchukuo was a nominally independent puppet state set up by the Empire of Japan in Manchuria (Northeastern China) which existed from 1931 to 1945.
		In addition Manchukuo gained recognition from the Japanese collaborationist government of China under Wang Jingwei, El Salvador, Costa Rica and the Vatican City State.
		In spite of the country's name, the Manchus actually consituted a minority in Manchukuo, which had Chinese as its largest ethnic group, along with large numbers of Koreans, Japanese, Mongols and smaller minorities.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Manchukuo (1041 words)

	Manchukuo
		Manchukuo, former country, comprising the three provinces of NE China, traditionally called Manchuria.
		The Japanese military kept strict control of the administration and fought a continuing guerrilla war with native resistance groups.
		To develop Manchukuo as a war base, the Japanese greatly expanded industry and railroads.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/world/A0831481.html (204 words)

	Lenni Brenner: Zionism in the Age of the Dictators (Chap. 19)
		The Japanese had much more success convincing Manchukuo’s remaining Jews that it was in their interest to collaborate, not least by curbing the White Russians and closing down Nash Put, the organ of the Russian Fascist Association.
		[5] Zionism became a part of the Manchukuo establishment, and the Betar was given official colours and uniforms.
		Certainly Manchukuo Zionism was deeply enmeshed in the Japanese structure in Manchukuo.
	www.marxists.de /middleast/brenner/ch19.htm (1220 words)

	Manchukuo -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust!
		After the Russo-Japanese War (1895), Japan gained control of the Russian-built South Manchurian Railway, and its army established a presence in the area; expansion in Manchuria was seen as necessary for Japan's status as an emerging world power.
		The last Qing emperor was brought out of retirement and made Manchukuo's ruler, but the state was actually rigidly controlled by the Japanese, who used it as their base for expansion into Asia.
		It was originally designed as a joint project of the Japanese-controlled Manchukuo government, which administered Manchuria from 1931 to 1945, and the Japanese administration in Korea to supply power for the industrial developments in Manchuria and...
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-9371137 (676 words)

	Founder of Aikido (37): Manchukuo and The Noted Sumo Wrestler Tenryu
		"Manchukuo" was founded in 1932, and though I don't wish to discuss the politics of it here, the Founder had both a direct and an indirect relationship with Manchukuo.
		He was an advisor to the Manchukuo Martial Art Society and to the Shinbuden Budo Training Center, as well as a martial arts advisor at Kenkoku University.
		This was the third demonstration that the Founder gave in Manchukuo.
	www.aikidojournal.com /article.php?articleID=350 (775 words)

	H-Net Review: Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom on Sovereignty and Authenticity: Manchukuo and the East Asian Modern
		Why they sometimes insisted that Manchukuo was "the newest of the new nations of the world." Why they strove to rapidly industrialize the country.
		Their simultaneous concern with tradition, meanwhile, explains their efforts to associate Manchukuo with what Duara aptly calls "symbols of timeless identity," in the hope that doing so would convince both local residents and outside observers that it was an "authentic" as opposed to artificially created unit.
		This did not stop Japan from insisting that Manchukuo's independence had received broad-based universal support, anymore than the failure of the United Nations to endorse Bush and Tony Blair's invasion of Iraq stopped them from claiming that the world was behind them in moving against Saddam Hussein.
	www.h-net.org /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=290111120850744 (1703 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Its ideal was encapsulated in the slogans of "interracial harmony," "harmony of the five races," and "all the world under one roof." It would be post-colonial, multiracial, and multicultural, even a kind of post-nation state state, the first ever, crystallizing the essence of nation state while negating and transcending it.
		In the words of the Kwantung Army's Katakura Chu, Manchukuo combined "national defense state" and "interracial harmony" just like "Mohammad with Koran and sword."[2] Japan was thus the "mother country" for the neocolonial state as it was developed and refined in the later 20th century.
		Where Manchukuo was the axis of Japan's 1930s new order in East Asia, in the 21st century North Korea constitutes the lever, the axis, by which the US strives to impose and maintain its position of primacy in the region.
	japanfocus.org /200.html (3707 words)

	Title page for ETD etd-12162003-131842 ( Browse \| Search ) All Available ETDs
		Using Manchukuo textbooks, education journals, and post-war memoirs, it examines the background of the policy-makers, the nature of the ideology they constructed, and the role language played in dissemination of the ideology.
		In time, however, the weight of Japanese demands for empire-wide ideological orthodoxy led the Manchukuo leaders to abandon the Chinese models, and instead portray the state as client, dependent on the Japanese Emperor and in need of an injection of Japan's superior culture.
		While the Manchukuo education bureaucracy supported the shift towards an emphasis on the Japanese language, as late as 1943 they resisted attempts at filling the curriculum with Japanese militaristic and imperial material, defying the current trend in Japan and Korea.
	etd.library.pitt.edu /ETD/available/etd-12162003-131842 (353 words)

	Session 215 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Specific topics panelists will address include the fluidity of racial classifications in Manchukuo as a reflection of the colonizer’s anxieties, invention of tradition in early-period Manchukuo, transnational Manchukuoan citizenship and rhetorics of borderlessness, memories of Western minorities in Manchukuo, and identity politics among Russian immigrants in the puppet state.
		However, by "losing" their colonial privileges, the Japanese in Manchukuo legally became "equal" to the indigenous inhabitants of Manchuria, and this further obscured the boundaries between indigenous insiders and invading outsiders.
		Meanwhile, Manchukuo’s authorities, pursuing their official politics of harmony between the races, attempted to integrate the Russians as full members of their multiracial state.
	www.aasianst.org /absts/2000abst/Inter/I-215.htm (1604 words)

	Money and Finace in `Manchukuo' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The fourteen years of `Manchukuo' can be devided into four periods from the viewpoint of money and finance.
		The three years of the second period, 1938-40, between the Marco Polo Bridge Incident and the Special Manoeuvres of the Kwantung Army launched several months before Pearl Harbor, is characterised by the huge investment into heavy industries depending on the over-issue of bank notes as well as the inflow of capital from Japan.
		In the third period, 1941-2, `Manchukuo' faced a flood of Japanese yen from the military expenditure of the Kwantung Army as it prepared for the coming war against Soviet Russia.
	krd.roshy.human.nagoya-u.ac.jp /~yasutomi/private2/home/node14.html (441 words)

	HOI Japan page 5
		In the wake of the Manchukuo war in Manchuria a large slice of land was annexed for the Empire of the Sun, significant resources were liberated, mostly from the southern most areas of the country which amount too large stores of coal and steel resources.
		While regular horse mounted and foot powered infantry slogged slowly into Manchukuo the powerful motorized Korps was able to pierce almost 500 kilometers into the center of Manchukuo capturing the vital cities of Changchun and Harbin with minimal casualties.
		However this was before Manchukuo was removed and now Japan had the resources to wage a large land war in Asia.
	www.talkstrategy.com /Games/Hoi/HOI1-5.htm (1443 words)

	ZNet \| Activism \| Imitating the Colonizers:
		Jianguo was the essential word in Manchukuo, from "Jianguo spirit", "Jianguo celebration day" to "Jianguo University" and Â "Jianguo exercise.
		By contrast, there were myriad anti-communist rallies in Manchukuo.
		"Daehanminkukemichin manjukukuy yusan" (The Legacy of Manchukuo to the Republic of Korea).
	www.zmag.org /content/print_article.cfm?itemID=8272&sectionID=1 (6502 words)

	ZNet \| Activism \| Imitating the Colonizers:
		This was similar to the earlier situation in Manchukuo.
		One of the main official catch phrases of Manchukuo was the Confucian philosophy of
		Japanese elements pierced the social life of Manchukuo citizens.
	www.zmag.org /content/print_article.cfm?itemID=8272§ionID=1 (6502 words)

	Gareth Jones: A Manchukuo Incident by Margaret Siriol Colley. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Gareth Jones: A Manchukuo Incident by Margaret Siriol Colley.
		Gareth Jones - A Manchukuo Incident is a thoroughly researched investigation into Gareth's untimely death by the hands of Chinese bandits which has remained a mystery until the present day.
		The author's investigation is widely interspersed with Gareth's thrilling account of his intrepid journey in the Far East and provides the reader with a valuable insight into the opinions of prominent people that he met in the early 1930s.
	www.colley.co.uk /garethjones/Manchukuo_Incident (347 words)

	Axis History Forum :: View topic - Manchukuo empire
		This is difficult to see, but it is said to be an aluminum Fen coin minted for Manchukuo in 1940.
		Hsinking, Manchukuo: New recruits of the Japanese-trained Manchukuo Army, are shown during rifle practice equipped with full field packs.
		The Chinese spell of Manchukuo is "Man Zhou Guo"(State of Manchuria) or "Man Zhou Di Guo"(Empire of Manchuria).
	forum.axishistory.com /viewtopic.php?t=30285&highlight=manchukuo (746 words)

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