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Topic: Manchukuo (Japanese investment in industry)

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	Economy of Manchukuo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In Manchukuo the cultivable land was estimated as 300,000 square kilometres, principally in the central plain.
		Before 1932, the economic situation was chaotic, but the establishment of the Yuan of Manchukuo as the local monetary unit, the parity with the Japanese Yen, and establishment of the Bank of Manchukuo as the central bank institution gave certain stability and a relatively stable business climate.
		Prior to Japanese intervention, the sole industry was the Mukden Arsenal, property of Chang Hsueh-liang (son of Chang Tso-Lin), the Manchu Dictator.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Manchukuo_(Japanese_investment_in_industry) (1758 words)

	Manchukuo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Japanese influence replaced Russian in Inner Manchuria as a result of the Russo-Japanese War (1904 - 1905), and Japan laid the South Manchurian Railway in 1906 to Port Arthur (Japanese: Ryojun).
		The Japanese installed Puyi, the last Chinese Emperor of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, as chief executive in 1932, and in 1934 he became emperor of Manchukuo with the era name of "Kang De" or "Tranquility and Virtue".
		Many historians believe that Manchukuo was "puppet state" or colony of Japan [4] because of the Japanese military's strict control of the administration and strong military presence.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Manchukuo (1662 words)

	Japan (06/06)
		Japanese legend maintains that Japan was founded in 600 BC by the Emperor Jimmu, a direct descendant of the sun goddess and ancestor of the present ruling imperial family.
		Japanese leaders of the late 19th century regarded the Korean Peninsula as a "dagger pointed at the heart of Japan." It was over Korea that Japan became involved in war with the Chinese Empire in 1894-95 and with Russia in 1904-05.
		Manchukuo was dissolved, and Manchuria was returned to China; Japan renounced all claims to Formosa; Korea was occupied and divided by the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.; southern Sakhalin and the Kuriles were occupied by the U.S.S.R.; and the U.S. became the sole administering authority of the Ryukyu, Bonin, and Volcano Islands.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/index.cfm?docid=4142 (5713 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia - Japan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		Japanese industry is concentrated mainly in S Honshu and N Kyushu, with centers at Tokyo, Yokohama, Osaka, Kobe, and Nagoya.
		The Japanese surrender at the end of World War II was unconditional, but the terms for Allied treatment of the conquered power had been laid down at the Potsdam Conference.
		The financial industry was rocked by scandals, leading to a number of prosecutions and, in early 1998, the resignation of the finance minister and the governor of the Bank of Japan, the nation's central bank.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/japan_japanesesociety.asp (6124 words)

	Manchurian Legacy: Manchuria
		Manchukuo, ostensibly an independent Manchu state, was a Japanese puppet-state.
		The Japanese military kept strict control of the administration and fought a continuing guerrilla war with native resistance groups.
		Manchuria was a base for Japanese aggression in N China and a buffer region for Japanese-controlled Korea.
	www.manchurianlegacy.com /manchuria.htm (459 words)

	Industrial fund inflation, 1938-40 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		This was, as a matter of fact, the Japanese military invasion into the China mainland and met with the strong resistance of China.
		We should note that the investment by the Japanese government became larger than those by the private share holders, and that the government of `Manchukuo' started to have shares of the S.M.R.C. This was the first step for `Manchukuo' to gain control of the S.M.R.C. The S.M.R.C. advanced 699 MY to the government of `Manchukuo'.
		The special account for cultivation was mainly used to finance the plan of the Japanese and Manchurian governments to settle one million Japanese farming families, or approximately 5 million individuals, over a twenty-year period.
	krd.roshy.human.nagoya-u.ac.jp /~yasutomi/private2/home/node19.html (922 words)

	Wikinfo \| Manchukuo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		Manchukuo (満州国 Pinyin: Manzhouguo, literally: "Nation of Manchuria") was a nominally independent puppet state set up by the Japanese in Manchuria which existed from 1931 to 1945.
		The Japanese instated Puyi, the last emperor of Qing Dynasty, as the puppet emperor of Manzhouguo and declared the country independent from China on February 18, 1932.
		The puppet state was not recognized by most of the nations of the world, and the declaration of the League of Nations that the Manchuria was still rightly part of China led to the Japanese resignation from the League in 1934.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Manchukuo (493 words)

	Manchukuo - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Manchukuo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		Former Japanese puppet state in Manchuria and Jehol 1932–45, ruled by the former Chinese emperor Henry P'u-i.
		Manchukuo and Mengchiang (agriculture, farming, lumber and fishing)
		This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Manchukuo (77 words)

	People's Socialist Democratic Republic of Manzhouguo Japan Alternate History
		The following spring the Japanese transformed the three provinces of Manchuria into the new state of Manchukuo and later made Henry Pu-yi, the last ruler of the Manchu dynasty as Emperor Hsuan T'ung, its chief of state.
		Japanese defeat in 1939, the Soviet Union allowed the Chinese communists, with their headquarters at Harbin, significantly expand their territorial bases, military forces, and party membership.
		Large stockpiles of captured Japanese weapons and ammunition were turned over to the Communists by the Soviet forces that occupied Manchukuo.
	www.angelfire.com /gundam/japanese_empire/altjap/manzhouguo.htm (1318 words)

	All Empires History Forum: Manchukuo - an idealized "Yellow Russia"? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		Manchukuo's "Declaration of Independence" stated that "there should be no differences among all those who live within this new territory." During Manchukuo's short existence, no nationality law was ever formulated.
		In Japanese occupied territory I doubt that your ordinary Han would feel any more safe than in any other part of China across which the Japanese were carrying out their brutality.
		The nostalgic vision of Manchukuo echoes the version depicted by early Japanese scholars who emphasized the Utopian justifications for the puppet state, which of course contradicts the Chinese version that stresses the exploitative and oppressive qualities of Manchukuo.
	www.allempires.com /Forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=11697 (1803 words)

	Japan
		Suspicious of Christianity and of Portuguese support of a local Japanese revolt, the shoguns of the Tokugawa period (1603–1867) prohibited all trade with foreign countries; only a Dutch trading post at Nagasaki was permitted.
		Yet, after 1942, the Japanese were forced to retreat, island by island, to their own country.
		Koizumi was overwhelmingly reelected in Sept. 2003 and promised to push ahead with tough economic reforms.
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0107666.html (1670 words)

	G.I. Pamphlet Series Home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		The Japanese believe that their nation is superior to all others and that it has a special mission to dominate and rule the rest of mankind.
		The Japanese actually believe that they are descendants of the gods, that their emperor is divine, and that they have a heaven-inspired mission to rule the world.
		An unusual feature of the Japanese government which the militarists have used in their rise to power is the make-up of the cabinet.
	www.historians.org /projects/GIRoundtable/Japan/1_Choose_War.htm (2697 words)

	User:Charles Matthews/Imperial Japan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Empire of Japan (growth of industry), Observations of Japanese modernization:(1868-1930)
		Japanese nationalism: ideological development from the 1920s to 1945
		Structure of the Imperial Japanese forces in the South Pacific Mandate
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/User:Charles_Matthews/Imperial_Japan (779 words)

	Manchukuo info here at en.getsearchinformation.info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		Manchukuo (1932 to 1945), literally meaning "Manchuria nation", is a former state in Inner Manchuria created by Japan...
		Definition of Manchukuo See also Manchukuo Related Content In the meantime however they had convened in Manchuria a rump assembly and had it proclaim the independence of the region now to be called Manchukuo on February.
		In Manchukuo became an The Japanese invaded Manchuria in and founded Manchukuo in of China ruled as regent and emperor.
	en.getsearchinformation.info /Manchukuo (1904 words)

	Encyclopedia
		So, for the sake of the military-industrial development scheme, and industrial growth on the whole, mercantilist theories prevailed, and the Japanese felt that resource-rich colonies were needed to compete with European powers.
		Manchukuo is established with Henry Pu Yi as emperor (February 29).
		Japanese naval forces attack Pearl Harbor, Hawaii (December 7), prompting the United States to declare war on Japan (December 8).
	wiki.toreuse.pl /empire_of_japan (1071 words)

	The News Ltd. » Part 2 – The Japanese (A Pathetic Story)
		One of the deceptive claims is that the Japanese people have been dependent upon whale meat for centuries and that it is vital to the national diet.
		Indeed, the Japanese fishing industry and farmers won a ban on whale meat imports from the pelagic whaling fleets, fearing rightfully that such a deluge of meat would destroy the domestic markets for fish, beef, pork and poultry.
		Maybe if the Japanese had learned anything in the last 200 years about admitting when you are wrong and had got a life they would not continue with this rather pathetic and stupid endeavor.
	www.thenewsltd.com /?p=34 (3107 words)

	Random Works of the Web » Blog Archive » Japanese heavy industry (1930-1945) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		Industrial output grew significantly during the period 1929-1942, while the total value of heavy industry in Japan, valued at approximately US$700 million in 1931, had risen to US$3.7 billion (thousand million) by 1940.
		At the same time as the extraordinary growth of heavy industry, and a 26% decline in consumption articles during the period 1937-1940, the textile industry mantained its principal place as the primary occupation for Japanese workers.
		The rapid growth of pre-war and wartime Japanese industry is reminiscent of the Industrial Revolution in 18th century England.
	random.dragonslife.org /japanese-heavy-industry-1930-1945/1066 (894 words)

	German/Japanese economic policy cf Anglo-American Free-Market Capitalism
		A ranking of firms was established, and the guidance of the industry association ensured that firms would by and large leave the ranking unaltered; all the firms continued to compete, but just enough to keep the rankings intact.
		At the same time, the cartels and industry associations served the purpose of implementing the bureaucratic "guidance." The problem was that the Anti-Monopoly Law had rendered cartels and agreements illegal in many sectors, such as construction.
		Despite the cartels and industry associations, however, the competition between firms remained so fierce that "excessive competition" was the biggest weakness of the mobilized economy set-up.
	users.cyberone.com.au /myers/werner-princes-yen.html (20464 words)

	Privatization in China
		The Japanese undertook to industrialize Manchukuo as part of the Japanese Empire.
		A substantial part of the investment in heavy industry and machine tools that the Mao government could muster was put in Shenyang.
		As the equipment from the Japanese era and the Mao era wore out and became obsolete the financial situation of the Shenyang worsened but there was no remedy forthcoming from Beijing.
	www.sjsu.edu /faculty/watkins/privchina.htm (960 words)

	Outline of U.S. History
		In July 1941 the Japanese occupied southern Indochina (South Vietnam), signaling a probable move southward toward the oil, tin, and rubber of British Malaya and the Dutch East Indies.
		In February 1942, nearly 120,000 Japanese Americans residing in California were removed from their homes and interned behind barbed wire in 10 wretched temporary camps, later to be moved to "relocation centers" outside isolated Southwestern towns.
		With the sympathetic governor of Michigan refusing to evict the strikers, a settlement was reached in early 1937.
	usinfo.state.gov /products/pubs/histryotln/newdeal.htm (5656 words)

	AllRefer.com - Japan - Strategic Considerations \| Japanese Information Resource
		The expansion of military capabilities in the Soviet Far East beginning in 1970 was of grave concern to Japan, and Japanese authorities regularly monitored the activities of the Soviet Pacific Fleet and Soviet aircraft in the waters and air space around Japan.
		Japan's small size, its geographically concentrated industry, and the close proximity of potentially hostile powers all render the country vulnerable to a major nuclear strike.
		As for defense against conventional aggression, strategy is determined by the nation's elongated insular geography, its mountainous terrain, and the nearness of the Asian mainland.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/japan/japan276.html (988 words)

	AAS Abstracts: Japan Session 98 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		Especially crucial here was the internationalization of the Japanese market which refers to the rapid investment penetration by foreign multinational corporations during the 1920s.
		Concerning the role of industrial policy (or state intervention in general) in facilitating the interwar economic growth, there exist quite contrasting views: one is positively appreciating the developmental function of the state in the economy; and others emphasize either the private entrepreneurship or the increasing inputs and factor endowments.
		What most of these works have consistently ignored in the debate over the role of the state, however, is the institutional aspect of the complementarity of industrial policy (or the government-business relationship as its institutional framework) with other economic sub-systems such as corporate finance, corporate governance, and labor relations.
	www.aasianst.org /absts/1997abst/japan/j98.htm (832 words)

	The Inter-War Period
		In fact the state benefited from German industrial plants that were relocated to avoid American and British bombing.
		Although the investment of German industry was beneficial, Czechoslovakia suffered significant losses of both territory and resources to Germany, Hungary, and Poland.
		With the Berlin Pact of September 1940, Japan joined the Axis Powers and was later followed by Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Romania, and Slovakia.
	ils.unc.edu /~hallw/RUES/background.htm (478 words)

	Foreign Dispatches: The Korean Economy Under Japanese Rule
		This pattern of Choson elites collaborating with the Japanese in undermining the nation's independence while furthering their own agendas was one that would continue right until annexation, when many transitioned effortlessly into the Japanese hereditary aristocracy.
		The very fact that the Japanese were bothering with playing up the historical connections between the two countries even through the outright falsification of history supports the contention that the aim was to transform the Koreans from "gaichi" Imperial subjects of dubious loyalty into fully Japanese "naichi" citizens.
		The main controversy seems to be about the extent to which the growth in Korea during the colonial period was due to the large Japanese investment in manufacturing or due to the changing of institutions - the replacement of corrupt and feudal Choson government with a modernizing and open colonial one.
	foreigndispatches.typepad.com /dispatches/2005/11/the_korean_econ.html (5563 words)

	LaRouche Warns Nissan's Wage Killer: 'Mississippi Is Not Manchukuo'
		The average hourly wage in Canton is about $12 an hour, while the supplier industries for the plant are paying $9-11 per hour.
		Ghosn—also the chief operating officer of Renault, Nissan's industrial partner—is known throughout the industry as "Le Cost Killer." Under his anti-labor, "shareholder value" regime, Nissan's stock price tripled from 2000 to 2003.
		LaRouche responded by cautioning the Japanese automaker, and its French co-owners, "that Mississippi is not Manchukuo"—the area in Manchuria, China, invaded and occupied by the Japanese in 1931-32, and renamed "Manchukuo"—where terrible atrocities were committed against the civilian population.
	www.larouchepub.com /other/2006/3319canton_nissan.html (2128 words)

	The Interwar United States
		Congress, in a series of laws passed between 1921 and 1929, responded favorably to his proposals that wartime taxes on income, excess profit taxes and corporation taxes be repealed outright or drastically reduced.
		By the time the act had become law, however, the growing season was well underway, and the AAA encouraged farmers to plow under their abundant crops.
		Many other industrialized nations had already enacted such programs, but calls for such an initiative in the United States by the Progressives in the early 1900s had gone unheeded.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/USA1.html (5216 words)

	Unfinished Business: Ayukawa Yoshisuke and U.S.-Japan Relations, 1937-1953
		Iguchi (Nagoya Univ., Japan) examines the role of Ayukawa Yoshisuke, founder of the Nissan conglomerate and the Manchuria Industrial Development Corporation, in American-Japanese relations from the beginning of the Sino-Japanese war in 1937 to the early 1950s.
		Iguchi discusses Ayukawa's negotiations with Ford and GM in his attempt to establish a Japanese automobile industry through joint ventures and his strong influence on the industrialization process in Manchukuo.
		Based on impressive archival research, Iguchi's study elucidates the complex origins of state control over the economy in Japan in the 20th century and points to the negative long-term effects of a protectionist approach to foreign investment in the age of globalization.
	www.booksmatter.com /b0674003748.htm (325 words)

	RePEc
		Abstract: Dr Yasutomi who had earlier contributed an essay on Japan's financial activities in Manchuria down to 1931 to the International Studies series, completed with this essay the topics he studied during his two years as Research Associate.
		It explains how Manchuria became in 1935 part of the Yen bloc, based on yen-yuan parity, and benefited from huge Japanese investment, especially in the heavy industry sector in order to meet Japan's wartime needs.
		But the Central Bank linked its note-issue to the Shanghai silver exchange so that Manchukuo, though it was a puppet state of Japan, was subject to pressures from the Chinese economy leading in 1945 to its total collapse.
	www.inomics.com /cgi/repec?handle=RePEc:cep:stiisp:345 (122 words)

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