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Topic: Manchu

	Manchu alphabet and language
		The Manchu alphabet was commissioned in 1599 by the Manchu leader Nurhaci (1559-1626), the founder of the Manchu state.
		By the mid 19th century many of the Manchus had adopted Chinese as their first language, however they continued to produce Manchu version of Chinese documents until the end of the dynasty and for sometime afterwards.
		Manchu is written in vertical columns running from top to bottom and from left to right.
	omniglot.com /writing/manchu.htm (277 words)

	The Fu Manchu Chronology
		Birth of Fu Manchu, son of Sir William Clayton and Ling Ju Hai.
		Birth of Fah Lo Suee, daughter of Fu Manchu and an unnamed Russian woman (The Daughter of Fu Manchu).
		The Trail of Fu Manchu (By Sax Rohmer.
	www.pjfarmer.com /woldnewton/Fumanchu.htm (2117 words)

	Manchu alphabet and language
		The Manchu alphabet was commissioned in 1599 by the Manchu leader Nurhaci (1559-1626), the founder of the Manchu state.
		By the mid 19th century many of the Manchus had adopted Chinese as their first language, however they continued to produce Manchu version of Chinese documents until the end of the dynasty and for sometime afterwards.
		Manchu is written in vertical columns running from top to bottom and from left to right.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/manchu.htm (330 words)

	Manchu - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Manchu language is almost extinct, being spoken only among a small number of elderly people in remote rural areas of northeastern China and a few scholars; there are around 10,000 or so speakers of Sibe (Xibo), an innovative Manchu dialect spoken in the Ili region of Xinjiang.
		The Manchus were descendants of the Jurchens, who had conquered a vast area in northeastern Asia in the twelfth century and established the Jinn Dynasty (literally Golden Dynasty) under the Wanyan clan that ruled over Manchuria and the northern half of China until being conquered and destroyed by the Mongols under Genghis Khan.
		The Manchu language is a member of the Tungusic language group, itself a member of the disputed Altaic language family (and hypothetically related to the Korean, Mongolic and Turkic languages).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Manchu (1535 words)

	Manchu language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Manchu language is a Tungusic language postulated to be part of the Altaic family; it used to be the language of the Manchu, though now most Manchus speak Mandarin Chinese and there are fewer than 100 native speakers of Manchu out of a total of nearly 10 million ethnic Manchus.
		Manchu began as the primary language of the Qing dynasty Imperial court, but by the 19th century even the imperial court had lost fluency in the language.
		Today written Manchu can still be seen in architectures inside the Forbidden City whose historical signs are written in both Chinese and Manchu, and Manchu records are important in the study of Qing-era China.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Manchu_language (988 words)

	Ethnic Groups - china.org.cn
		Following the Manchus' southward migration, the common people came to wear the same kind of dress as their Han counterparts, while the Manchu gown was adopted by Han women generally.
		These and other military exploits of the Manchu emperors brought into being a unified Chinese state that extended from the outer Hinggan Mountains in the north to the Xisha Islands in the south, and from the Pamirs in the west to the Kurile Islands in the east in the heyday of the Qing Dynasty.
		Luo Changpei, a famous Manchu linguist, was distinguished for his expert knowledge of the dialects and phonology of the Han language and for his studies in phonetic classification of classical Chinese, its pronunciation and its history.
	www.china.org.cn /e-groups/shaoshu/shao-2-manchu.htm (3720 words)

	Manchu Summary
		Few native speakers of Manchu remain in China, although volumes of the written script are preserved as official documents of the Qing dynasty and are housed in the national archive in Beijing and provincial archives in the northeast.
		The Manchus were descendants of the Jurchens, who had conquered a vast area in northeastern Asia in the twelfth century and established the Jinn Dynasty (literally Golden Dynasty) under the Wanyan clan that ruled over Manchuria and the northern half of China until being conquered and destroyed by the Mongols under Genghis Khan.
		The Manchu language is a member of the Tungusic language group, itself a member of the disputed Altaic language family (and hypothetically related to the Korean, Mongolic and Turkic languages).
	www.bookrags.com /Manchu (1757 words)

	Manchu Minority - Chinese Nationalities
		Manchu history can be traced back to the Sushen people who lived 2000 years ago.
		At the end of the 16th century, with the appearance of Nurhachi, the tribes of Nuchen were unified and a new nationality - Manchu - came into being, consisting of Nuchens, Hans, Mongolians and Koreans.
		The Manchu are found in Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Hebei Provinces, Beijing Municipality, and the Nei Mongol Autonomous Region.
	www.paulnoll.com /China/Minorities/min-Manchu.html (167 words)

	China Ethnic Minority: manchu People
		Manchu letters were created in the 16th century on the base of Mongolian letters.
		Kowtow is one of the formal salutes of Manchu.
		Manchu and Han basically share the same festivals and holidays, although there are still some differences in respect to celebrating ceremonies.
	www.travelchinaguide.com /intro/nationality/manchu (529 words)

	Manchu Ethnic Minority - China Style
		Manchu letters were created in the 16th century on the base of Mongolian letters.
		Kowtow is one of the formal salutes of Manchu.
		Manchu and Han basically share the same festivals and holidays, although there are still some differences in respect to celebrating ceremonies.
	library.thinkquest.org /05aug/01780/chinese-ethnic-group/manchu.htm (487 words)

	Manchu Qing Dynasty - Part I -- Political, Social, Cultural, Historical Analysis Of China
		Manchu Qing China, in the ensuing hundreds of years, had been mostly occupied with "pleasure-seeking and literature-decoration", a 1916 comment by Japanese Prime Minister in regards to Yuan Shi-kai's death and its influence on the rise and fall of the Republic Of China.
		After Manchus were invited by Wu Sangui the gatekeeper for Shanhaiguan Pass, the Manchus used the slogan of 'Restoring Ming Dynasty' to call for cooperation among Ming Chinese remnant armies in the wars against the peasant rebels.
		Manchu army under Regent Duo'e'gun and King Duo-duo, numbering 240,000, laid siege of the city and mounted countless attacks, with a loss of three Manchu royal kings, 18 generals and 75,000 soldiers.
	www.uglychinese.org /manchu.htm (13967 words)

	Manchu Invaders
		Manchu women were perhaps less oppressed than their Han counterparts.
		Marriage between Manchus and Hans was forbidden, and the Han were obliged to adopt Manchu dress and wear the pigtail as a sign of their subjugation.
		The famous writer and dramatist Lao She, who was murdered during the Cultural Revolution, was a Manchu, and it is possible that the attack was racially motivated.
	sacu.org /manchu.html (1496 words)

	People's Daily Online The Manchu ethnic minority
		Following the Manchus' southward migration, the common people came to wear the same kind of dress as their Han counterparts, while the Manchu gown was adopted by Han women generally.
		These and other military exploits of the Manchu emperors brought into being a unified Chinese state that extended from the outer Hinggan Mountains in the north to the Xisha Islands in the south, and from the Pamirs in the west to the Kurile Islands in the east in the heyday of the Qing Dynasty.
		Luo Changpei, a famous Manchu linguist, was distinguished for his expert knowledge of the dialects and phonology of the Han language and for his studies in phonetic classification of classical Chinese, its pronunciation and its history.
	english.peopledaily.com.cn /data/minorities/Manchu.html (3858 words)

	SIM People Group Profile: Manchu
		Manchu are found in no less than 2,092 of China's 2,369 counties and municipalities.
		Manchu speakers are located in a few villages in Heilongjiang--Sanjiazi Village in Fuyu County and Dawujia Village in Aihui County.
		Most of the Manchu speakers use Mandarin as their first language and speak Manchu "with a pronounced Chinese accent." Manchu was the only Tungus language to possess an orthography, but this too is now extinct.
	www.sim.org /PG.asp?pgID=79&fun=1 (582 words)

	Manchu
		The Manchu eventually ruled the whole of China by 1680 and the Chin Dynasty retained its power until the beginning of the 19th century.
		The Manchu language belongs to the Tungusic language family, a subdivision of the Altaic language family.
		The Sanjiazi dialect is spoken in Sanjiazi villages in China and Sibe is spoken by the Sibe contemporary.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/cultural/oldworld/asia/manchuculture.html (501 words)

	Manchu
		Manchus have been largely assimilated by the surrounding Han Chinese and the Manchu language is almost extinct, being spoken only among a small number of elderly people in remote areas of northeastern China; however, there are around 10,000 or so speakers of Sibe (Xibo), an innovative Manchu dialect spoken in the Ili region of Xinjiang.
		One theory claims that the name Manchu came from the Bodhisattva MaÃ±juÅrÄ« (the Bodhisattva of Wisdom), of which Nurhaci claimed to be an incarnation.
		Manchus are expected to complete a 25 mile footmarch (changed from four 25 mile marches in four days) called the "Manchu Mile" every quarter.
	www.measuroo.com /eth-M/Manchu.php (961 words)

	Unicode Manchu Font Support from XenoType Technologies
		Although most sources would tell you that Manchu is no longer spoken, there is in fact a small community that speaks a modern variant of Manchu called Sibe within China (Chinese: Sibo).
		At a typographic level, the Manchu and Mongolian scripts are similar to Arabic in structure — they too require different letter forms depending on the character and its position in a word (isolated, initial, medial and final).
		Manchu is officially included in Unicode’s Mongolian block but we have opted to treat it separately since we feel that their individual literary traditions are distinct.
	www.xenotypetech.com /osxManchu.html (297 words)

	BabelStone : The Textual History of Sanguo Yanyi : The Manchu Translation
		The Manchu translation of Sanguo Yanyi, entitled Ilan Guran i Bithe (The Story of the Three Kingdoms) in Manchu, is of great interest to the student of Sanguo Yanyi, as it was translated from a Ming edition, and thus represents a pre-Mao Zonggang version of the novel.
		The Manchus needed to justify the dynastic succession from Ming to Qing, and by identifying themselves with the Shu dynasty (perceived as the legitimate successors of the Han dynasty), it is possible the Manchus sought to legitimize their displacement of the Ming dynasty.
		This memorial, written in Manchu, is the main primary source relating to the background of this translation, and is present at the head of the extant monolingual Manchu translation.
	www.babelstone.co.uk /SanguoYanyi/TextualHistory/Manchu.html (3427 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Manchu (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Manchu MANCHU [Manchu], people who lived in Manchuria for many centuries and who ruled China from 1644 until 1912.
		He consolidated the Manchu tribes under his control and founded the administration that later ruled China as the Ch'ing dynasty (1644-1912).
		Ho-shen HO-SHEN [Ho-shen], 1750-99, Manchu official noted for symbolizing the widespread corruption of the Ch'ing dynasty of China during its decline.
	www.encyclopedia.com /articles/07971.html (634 words)

	Hypnosis in Media: The Fu Manchu series by Sax Rohmer (Fiction) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Fu Manchu novels: the former Chinese mandarin, Fu Manchu, was part of (and possibly master of) a secretive Oriental organization dedicated to conquering the world, supported by a host of nefarious Middle Eastern and Oriental criminal organizations.
		Fu Manchu was particularly known for his hypnotic jade green eyes: Nayland Smith was one of the few people who meet his gaze without falling under their hypnotic power.
		Fu Manchu's powers of hypnotism are so strong that he is able to entrance his victim through a television screen.
	www.hypnosisinmedia.com /Fiction/FuManchu (1087 words)

	The Manchurian Minority
		Known as the Jurchen tribe from the Tang Dynasty, the Manchu's traditional homeland is located between the Changbai Mountains, and the Wusuli and Heilong Rivers.
		The Manchus had their own Altaic-based language, and a writing system that was established toward the end of the 1600s.
		Most Manchus are farmers, while those living in cities work in industrial and cultural enterprises.
	www.c-c-c.org /chineseculture/minority/manchu.html (233 words)

	Manchu — Infoplease.com
		The Manchu settled in the Songhua River valley and developed an agrarian civilization.
		The Manchu claim of relation to the Ch'in dynasty of China was the justification for conquering China in the 17th cent.
		The Manchu tried to keep themselves from being absorbed by the Chinese, but when the dynasty was overthrown in the 20th cent.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/society/A0831480.html (256 words)

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