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Topic: Mandan language

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	Mandan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Study by linguists have given evidence that the Mandan language may be closely related to the language of the Ho-Chunk or Winnebago people of present day Wisconsin.
		After their arrival on the banks of the Heart River, the Mandan constructed nine villages, two on the east side of the river and seven on the west side.
		Mandan tradition states that the Hidatsa were a wild and nomadic tribe until their encounter with the Mandan who taught them to build stationary villages and agriculture.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mandan (1059 words)

	Mandan and Hidatsa
		The Hidatsas were of the Siouian language family and lived in three farming villages of earth lodges near the mouth of the Knife River, in Mercer County, North Dakota.
		The Mandans did not believe his tales of the wonders he had seen, and he lost much of his prestige and influence; perhaps his long absence had in any case allowed rivals to supplant him.
		The Mandans are at war with all who make war on them, at present with the Sioux only, and wish to be at peace with all nations, seldom the aggressors.
	www.nps.gov /jeff/LewisClark2/TheJourney/NativeAmericans/MandanandHidatsa.htm (16114 words)

	cars - Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation
		Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation, also known as the Three Affiliated Tribes, are a Native American group comprised of a union of the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara peoples, whose native lands ranged across the Missouri River basin in the Dakotas.
		At the height of their culture, the Mandan were prosperous and peaceful farmers and traders, noted for their excellent corn and Knife River flint.
		The Arikara were forced into Mandan territory by the Lakota (Sioux), between the Arikara War and the white settlement in the 1870s.
	www.carluvers.com /cars/Mandan_language (571 words)

	mandan.html
		The Mandans were distinctly different from all other native American tribes Catlin had encountered, not least for the fact that one-fifth or one-sixth of them were "nearly white" with light blue eyes.
		Catlin's affirmation that he knew of no contact between the Mandans and Europeans prior to their encounter with Lewis and Clark in 1804, means that he was unaware of a French Canadian nobleman's visit to the Mandans in 1738.
		The Mandans' bitter enemies, the Sioux and Arikara ("Riccarees"), took advantage of the wretched situation, laying siege to the fortified villages until the disease ran its course.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Aegean/9318/mandan.html (3907 words)

	That Mandan is not Welsh
		Welsh is an Indo-European language, Mandan belongs to the Siouan family.
		Mandan grammar is charactaristically North American, with long sequences of prefixes and suffixes on the verb, while Welsh is very European, marking tense and subject agreement only using portmanteaux suffixes.
		It is my hope that the history of the Mandan people can be respected for what it is, I don’t imagine they appreciate their oral history being relegated to second class by a European myth.
	www.languagegeek.com /siouan/mandan_is_not_welsh.html (1140 words)

	AllRefer.com - Native American languages (Language And Linguistics) - Encyclopedia
		Native American languages, languages of the native peoples of the Western Hemisphere and their descendants.
		A number of the Native American languages that were spoken at the time of the European arrival in the New World in the late 15th cent.
		The classification "Native American languages" is geographical rather than linguistic, since those languages do not belong to a single linguistic family, or stock, as the Indo-European or Afroasiatic languages do.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/N/NatvAmlang.html (564 words)

	Catlin's Letters and Notes - Letter 13
		The Mandans are certainly a very interesting and pleasing people in their personal appearance and manners; differing in many respects, both in looks and customs, from all other tribes which I have seen.
		A stranger in the Mandan village is first struck with the different shades of complexion, and various colours of hair which he sees in a crowd about him; and is at once almost disposed to exclaim that "these are not indians".
		The mode of swimming amongst the Mandans, as well as amongst most of the other tribes, is quite different from that practiced in those parts of the civilized world, which I have had the pleasure yet to visit.
	www.xmission.com /~drudy/mtman/html/catlin/letter13.html (1648 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Mandan Indians
		The Mandan and Hidatsa are of Siouan linguistic stock, the latter speaking the same language as the Crows.
		When the Mandan die they expect to return to the original seats of their forefathers, the good reaching the ancient village by means of the lake, which the burden of the sins of the wicked will not enable them to cross.
		The Mandan and associated tribes were equestrian in habit and depended about equally on hunting and agriculture, cultivating large fields of corn, beans, pumpkins, and sunflowers (for the edible seeds), which they traded to the Plains tribes for horses and buffalo robes.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/09587a.htm (771 words)

	Encyclopedia of North American Indians - - Mandan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		While the Mandans had already established marriage and trade relations with the Hidatsas by the late 1700s, their reduced numbers as a result of the 1782 and 1837 smallpox epidemics forced a cultural merger with their Hidatsa neighbors that remains to this day.
		The two extant clan divisions are the same for Mandans and Hidatsas and are generally agreed on as the Three Clan and the Four Clan.
		The success of Mandan people in surviving the demographic decimation of their tribe and the impact of white settlement attests to their cultural tenacity and innovation.
	www.college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/naind/html/na_020800_mandan.htm (855 words)

	Language
		There is no really satisfactory name for Ioway-Otoe-Missouria, and the present relict of this language is a group of family lects (varieties) reflecting the merger of the former tribal dialects, and, to some extent, of the tribal populations themselves.
		The language of the three combined groups is sometimes termed Chiwere, a spelling variant of Jiwere, which is actually a self-designation of the Otoe.
		The easiest way to learn to speak a Siouan language well is to have parents or grandparents who speak it well, and spend the first 7 or 8 years of your life around them listening to them speak it constantly.
	spot.colorado.edu /~koontz/faq/language.htm (4213 words)

	Mandan on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Mandan were a sedentary tribe of the Plains area and were culturally connected with their neighbors on the Missouri River, the Arikara and the Hidatsa.
		The Mandan had certain distinctive cultural traits, which included a myth of origin in which their ancestors climbed from beneath the earth on the roots of a grapevine.
		According to tradition, at one time the Mandan lived to the east, but their movements in historic times were westward up the Missouri River.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/M/Mandan-peo.asp (867 words)

	About the Shoshone, Hidatsa, and Mandan Indians
		The Mandan were a passive tribe of the Plains area and were culturally connected with their neighbors on the Missouri River, the Arikara and the Hidatsa.
		The Mandan had interesting cultural traits, including a myth of origin describing that their ancestors climbed from beneath the earth on the roots of a grapevine.
		In 1870, a large reservation was designated for the Mandan, the Hidatsa, and the Arikara in North Dakota at the Fort Berthold Reservation.
	www.defenselink.mil /specials/nativeamerican01/tribes.html (623 words)

	Knife River Indian Villages NHS Northern Plains Tribes page
		The Mandan were an earthlodge dwelling people, living in semi-permanent villages and towns along the Missouri River and primarily using hide tipis only when hunting buffalo or otherwise traveling.
		The Mandan were well known to fur traders by the time Lewis and Clark arrived at their villages in 1804.
		The Mandan provided Lewis and Clark with important information about the Missouri River further upstream and allowed them to build a small fort for a winter camp near the villages, which the Captains named Fort Mandan in honor of their new friends.
	www.nps.gov /knri/plains_tribes.htm (1579 words)

	Siouan languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Siouan languages are a Native American language family of North America.
		This Indigenous languages of the Americas-related article is a stub.
		Categories: Indigenous languages of the Americas stubs
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Siouan_languages (65 words)

	American Indian Languages
		All languages possess the elements necessary for communication-nouns, verbs, modifiers, etc. In other words, the language of a hunter-gatherer society in an isolated pocket of the world is no less intricate and meaningful than the languages of people in modern industrial nations.
		They feel that the language spoken by a people is an integral part of their culture.
		Though their motives may differ, both parties are currently engaged in saving native languages on the verge of extinction and revitalizing others that are still viable.
	www.nps.gov /jeff/LewisClark2/Education/CrucialRoleLanguage/AmericanIndianLanguage.htm (1464 words)

	The Mandan Language
		The Rų́ʔeta:re language is currently spoken in the Fort Berthold in North Dakota – a territory shared with the Hidatsa and Arikara people.
		It is similar to Robert Hollow’s analysis of the language, except that Mixco differentiates short from long vowels phonemically, comparing ‘oxa’ – ‘wound’ with ‘o:xa’ – ‘red fox’.
		This vowel does not have a pronunciation, as it does not appear in the spoken language, instead, it is either [a] or [e] depending on the grammatical environment.
	www.languagegeek.com /siouan/ruetare.html (220 words)

	Michigamea : a Siouan Language?
		The forms, however, are all well attested, and the rules required would be both regular and paralleled elsewhere within Mississippi Valley Siouan, especially in the histories of the various Dhegiha dialects and in Ioway-Otoe, though the particular combination represented here is unique.
		The match between the second, circumfixal interpretation and the second variant of the Mandan negative is particularly close.
		Some reorganization of the suffixes has occurred in the various language, and prefixes are sometimes innovated to produce circumfixal patterns.
	spot.colorado.edu /~koontz/michigamea.htm (603 words)

	Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition Related Images
		The Mandans' villages in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were important trade centers for Native and European peoples on the Plains and beyond.
		The Mandans, Hidatsas, and Arikaras came together as the Three Affiliated Tribes, who governed jointly and represented their collective interest to the federal government, as represented by this photograph of one of their delegations to Washington D.C. the Three Affiliated Tribes do maintain distinct languages, cultures, and places of residence.
		Today, despite over a century of struggle, challenges, and intrusion by outsiders, the Mandans have grown in size and are working to preserve and promote their traditional culture and language.
	lewisandclarkjournals.unl.edu /images_Mandan.html (235 words)

	Mandan Language
		Mandan is a Siouan language of the Great Plains.
		Only a few elders speak Mandan today, but some young people are trying to learn their ancestral language again.
		A concise article by a Welsh speaker debunking the myth that Mandan and Welsh are similar languages.
	www.native-languages.org /mandan.htm (151 words)

	9-Mandan
		The Mandan were probably the first farming Indians on the northern plains, moving to North Dakota about1450 AD after some 300 years in South Dakota.
		The traditional friendliness of the Mandan, who had traded with the French for seven decades prior to the Louisiana Purchase, convinced the Corps of Discovery to spend the winter of 1804-05 with them.
		The Mandan helped save the Corps of Discovery during the Expedition's first winter, but, sadly, the Americans could not prevent warfare and disease from killing their Indian friends.
	www.umsl.edu /~econed/louisiana/Am_Indians/9-Mandan/9-mandan.html (795 words)

	INDIAN HISTORY
		They respected the uniqueness and value of the individual, the democratic process, the elevated status of women, respect of land and nature, a one true God and that the People are the caretakers of the environment for future generations.
		Some historians claim the Ojibwa are responsible for driving the Assiniboine, Hidatsa, Mandan, Crow, Cheyenne, Arapaho and later the Dakota from the source of the Mississippi.
		Some members of the Algonquian culture are believed to be in conflict with the Blackfoot, Mandan and other Missouri River tribes even with the Kutenai (Kootenay) and Salish people who are now on the far side of the Rocky Mountains but originally lived on the Great Prairies.
	www.agt.net /public/dgarneau/indian11.htm (5977 words)

	Lingx
		The topic of the languages of Spain was also covered in some detail.
		We discussed the language of the day, Aramaic, given the recent release of "The Passion of Christ".
		Our language of the day was Monroe County, PA English, which we also discussed in PowerPoint 14.
	faculty.fmcc.suny.edu /rjones/lingx/lesson.htm (1166 words)

	Native People Nations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Mandan were agricultural people with distinctive cultural traits, including a myth of origin in which their ancestors climbed from beneath the earth on the roots of a grapevine.
		Their numbers were severely depleted in the 19th century by war and epidemics; in 1990 there were 1,207 Mandans in the U.S. Today, Mandans, Arikaras, and Hidatsas (a band of 'Gros Ventre') live together on reservations in North Dakota.
		In the 17th century they occupied the shores of Lake Superior, and drove the Sioux across the Mississippi River in a contest for the wild rice lands of their region.
	www.btigerlily.net /BTNations.html (978 words)

	Native Americans - Mandan
		The indigenous people of North America whose language belongs to the Siouan branch of the Hokan-Siouan linguistic stock.
		History of the missionizing of the Mandan Indians, from the New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia.
		Simple retelling of a 17th century ethnographer's account of the Mandan Indians.
	www.nativeamericans.com /Mandan.htm (320 words)

	Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition Online
		Hidatsa language: A. Wesley Jones, Mary College, Bismarck, North Dakota.
		Mandan language: Robert C. Hollow, State Historical Society of North Dakota.
		Arikara, Hidatsa, and Mandan words are written in the orthographies given in Douglas R. Parks, A. Wesley Jones, and Robert C. Hollow, eds.,
	lewisandclarkjournals.unl.edu /preface.v03.html (256 words)

	The Siouan Languages Bibliography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Phonology and semantics of the (h)ki- prefixes in Hidatsa (Mandan, Dakota).
		proceedings of the 1992 Mid-America Linguistics Confernce on Siouan and Caddoan languages, university of Missouri, Columbia.
		Taylor, A. “On verbs of motion in Siouan languages.” IJAL 42: 287-96.
	puffin.creighton.edu /lakota/siouan_language.html (6970 words)

	Mandan, Hidatsa, Arikara Culture and Relationship with the US
		Mandan, Hidatsa, Arikara Culture and Relationship with the US Mandan, Hidatsa and Arikara
		He was a full-blooded Mandan born in 1888.
		In these pages you will be introduced to the world of the Mandan, Hidatsa and Arikara people.
	mceweb.cec.umt.edu /tribes/kniferiver/home.htm (385 words)

	Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		We do know that the Mandan came east to councils in Pennsylvania in the 1700's and had no problem conversing with us in "whatever it was called".
		He spoke several Indian languages, plus "whatever it was called", and used this skill to translate for other tribes when visiting the Mandan.
		When my Shawnee great-great-garandmother told my Shawnee mother that we spoke a "white man" language that we mixed with Algonkin, she never mentioned the word "Welsh", although by the 1800's, immigrant whites were using the word "Welsh" to describe it.
	www.madoc1170.com /cgi-bin/forum/view.php?topic=20040207180128.txt (1180 words)

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