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Topic: Mandara Mountains

	North Province, Cameroon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Mandara Mountains, which run roughly north-south at the province's Nigerian border, are irregular in that they are volcanic, composed mostly of crystalline and metamorphic rock and granite.
		North of Garoua and in the Mandara Mountains, where large populations of non-Muslim Kirdi were forced to flee years ago, density peaks at 50 to 100 people per km².
		In the Mandara Mountains, these circular plots follow the slope of the mountains in terraces.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/North_Province,_Cameroon (5553 words)

	"Conflict - Mandara Mountains, Cameroon and Nigeria" -Mtn-Forum On-Line Library Document
		However, in the past and continuing to this day, these mountains continue to be seen by some as a refuge area where remnants of an earlier civilization whose inhabitants sought refuge from Islamic states are found.
		However, the emphasis on the mountains as a refuge area ignores the evidence of a long period of linguistic differentiation in the mountains and of populations that developed and refined sophisticated agricultural techniques that met their needs and an iron technology that gave them some advantage in dealings with their neighbours on the plains.
		In December a native of the mountains (and a politician) commented that 'if the people descend to the plains so will the soil.' At least some recognize the importance of the extensive system of terracing found throughout the Mandara Mountains.
	www.mtnforum.org /resources/library/sterj02a.htm (824 words)

	CAMEROON - LoveToKnow Article on CAMEROON (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		This mountain, 11 whose south-western base is washed by the Atlantic, is the highest point on the western i,mb~0m~~01 side of Africa, and it alone of the great moun_______ tains of the continent lies close to the coast.
		The mountains of the nlateau sween ~randlv round to the cast on reaching the eighth degree of N. lat.
		Farther north, beyond the Mandara mountains, the country, here part of the ancient sultnnate of Bornu, slopes to the shores of Lake Chad, and has a general level of 800 to 1000 ft. The greater part of Cameroon is thus a mountainous country, with, on the coast, a Strip 0110w lan.d.
	89.1911encyclopedia.org /C/CA/CAMEROON.htm (5019 words)

	Cattle stall-feeding in the Mandara Mountains Region
		The mountainous zone, where stall-feeding of cattle is concentrated, comprises approximately one-third of the land area of the region, which totals 7893 sq.
		The Mandara Mountains are bordered by Nigeria to the west and the Diamare Plains of northern Cameroon to the East.
		The mountainous areas of the Mandara region are permanently cultivated; the somewhat incohesive soils on hilly and sloping land are prone to erosion and declining fertility.
	www.fao.org /wairdocs/ilri/x5511e/x5511e02.htm (578 words)

	SRIMAD BHAGAVATAM: CANTO 5 - CHAPTER 16
		But from the Mahâkadamba standing on the side of the Supârs'va mountain flow from its hollows five streams of honey tens of feet wide [five vyamas of about five to six feet each] that from the top of that mountain flow down to saturate the whole of the western side of Ilâvrita with their fragrance.
		The Mountain of Meru with its golden brilliance like fire is surrounded by eight mountains of which the two in the east are called Jathhara and Devakûtha, the two in the west Pavana and Pâriyâtra, the two in the south Kailâsa and Karavîra and the two in the north Tris'ringa and Makara.
		On the southern side of Sumeru are two mountains named Kailâsa and Karavîra, which extend east and west for 18.000 yojanas, and on the northern side of Sumeru, extending for the same distance east and west, are two mountains named Tris'ringa and Makara.
	www.srimadbhagavatam.org /canto5/chapter16.html (3433 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		In addition, diversity and trends in lowland farming (Mafa farmers who migrated to the plains) as well as in mountain farming are discussed.Thereby it is argued that seasonal migration is the most important explanatory factor for diversity and trends in mountain farming.
		A Mafa mountain farmer ought to work maya maya, gently gently, with care and attention as such was vital for the polyvalent nature of the agricultural labour process and the heterogeneous and difficult circumstances involved in working with complex cropping patterns on terraces - as the Mafa use in the mountains.
		However influence on agricultural methods in the mountains proofs to be quite small, nevertheless the fact that developments in the plains have a direct relation now a days with the inhabitants of the mountains.
	www.uni-bayreuth.de /afrikanistik/mega-tchad/Bulletin/bulletin99/compt1/van_santen.html (1206 words)

	Rise and Fall of the Adamawa Emirate
		To the west and south, the Mandara Mountains and the Mayo Kebbi Swamps were effective barriers for the Fulbe cavalry.
		The Gidar Kirdis (fugitives in the Mandara Mountains), which were among the first to be beaten by Adama's forces, learned from their resistance, reorganized, gathered strength, and started to threaten the small lamidates of Guider and Mayo Loué.
		From the Mandara Mountains, which for a long time had been a quiet northern border for the lamidates alongside the Benue, the expelled Kirdis also had gained enough relative strength to start an offensive.
	www.afrol.com /archive/fulbe_adamawa.htm (5500 words)

	Terrestrial Ecoregions -- Mandara Plateau mosaic (AT0710)
		The Mandara range is composed of ancient granites (Morton 1986), unlike the volcanic rocks of the Cameroon mountains further to the southwest.
		The Mandara Mountains are intensively used for cropping and livestock grazing (FAO 2001).
		Heavy grazing is probably detrimental to biodiversity in the area, although the farmers in the mountain region tend to stall feed their cattle during the growing season.
	www.worldwildlife.org /wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/at/at0710_full.html (1347 words)

	Challenges of the 21st Century
		The risks associated with mountain environments are growing rapidly with increases in resident and visiting populations, intensification and diversification of land uses, and the construction of infrastructure.
		Mountain plant and animal communities are resilient because of their diversity of species, with many strategies for survival; but fragile because they may need long periods of time to recover when damaged or stressed beyond a certain point, or when key species or soil are removed.
		Mountain forests may be lost or completely changed through clearing for agriculture and plantations and cutting for timber and fuelwood, and the introduction of new species.
	www.mtnforum.org /resources/library/mtnag97a.htm (4367 words)

	Mandara mountains - The Nigerian Field Society - Lagos Branch
		A group of male youths of Sukur in the Mandara mountains of Nigeria are initiated into manhood.
		He went to the Mandara Mountains to petition the demigods, where he fasted from food, water and sleep, and stood on his toes, raising his arms in the air
		Mandara Mountains This fascinating region of highlands and hills is best appreciated if it’s explored slowly.
	findershome.com /fdhm/mandara-mountains.htm (438 words)

	The Devi Bhagavatam: The Eighth Book: Chapter 5
		To the west of Îlâvrita is situated the mountain called Mâlyavân and to the east are situated the mountains Gandhamâdan, Nîla, and Nisadha, the centres of the highest sublime grandeur and beauty.
		Then the mountains Mandara, Supârs'vak, and Kumuda and others are situated in the Ketumâla and Bhadrâs'va Varsas; but these all are reckoned as the Pâda Parvatas (mountains at the foot) of the Sumeru mountain.
		On these mountains, the mangoe, the jack, plantain, and the fig trees and various others are situated, four hundred (400) Yoyanas wide and eleven hundred (1,100) Yoyanas high; they seem to extend to the Heavens and form, as it were, the flagstaffs on the top.
	www.sacred-texts.com /hin/db/bk08ch05.htm (805 words)

	high resolution photographs; photograph Mountains, Royalty free stock image bank
		Shibam (to not confuse with Shibam in South Yemen): the track leading to the peak of the mountain where the Kawkabam fortress is situated.
		A splendid dawn on the mountains that mark the Chilean border, in the region of Salar de Uyuni....
		Boys with the landscape of the Mandara mountains, with the spectacular rock summits...
	www.photo-easy.com /_photographs_Mountains.html (922 words)

	Mandara Mountains -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		It lies on the west bank of the Yedseram River, a stream that flows north into Lake Chad, and is situated on the western flanks of the Mandara Mountains.
		It is situated in the foothills of the Mandara Mountains, along the Mayo (“river”) Kaliao.
		The Kunlun Mountains form the northern wing of the Plateau of Tibet, which is part of the highest region in the world.
	www.wip.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9050474 (720 words)

	Chad - The Land (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		The larger, northern portion of the basin is bounded within Chad by the Tibesti Mountains in the northwest, the Ennedi Plateau in the northeast, the Ouaddaï Highlands in the east along the border with Sudan, the Guéra Massif in central Chad, and the Mandara Mountains along Chad's southwestern border with Cameroon.
		It is delimited in the north by the Guéra Massif, in the south by highlands 250 kilometers south of the border with Central African Republic, and in the southwest by the Mandara Mountains.
		Lake Chad, located in the southwestern part of the basin at an altitude of 282 meters, surprisingly does not mark the basin's lowest point; instead, this is found in the Bodele and Djourab regions in the north-central and northeastern parts of the country, respectively.
	countrystudies.us /chad/14.htm (483 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Mandara Mountains (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		Devas and Asuras, in Vedic tradition (that is, based on the most ancient Hindu holy literature, the Veda), two classes of gods, that in later...
		Mountain, The (French Le Montagne), name applied during the French Revolution to the party of extreme radicals led by Maximilien de Robespierre and...
		Mountain, name usually applied to region of land that is raised rather steeply above the surrounding terrain.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/search.aspx?q=Mandara+Mountains (136 words)

	NJ.com: World Affairs Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		"Soldiers went into the mountains and engaged the 'Talibans' in a gun battle for almost two hours today and succeeded in killing 24 of them while the rest fled deep into the mountains," Borno State spokesman Usman Chiroma told AFP by telephone.
		Chiroma said the bodies of the militants had been brought to the Borno state capital Maiduguri, where immigration and customs officials were to examine them in order to establish their nationalities.
		The Nigerian authorities have said they are working with their counterparts in Cameroon to catch the militants holed up in the mountainous region.
	www.nj.com /forums/worldaffairs/index.ssf?artid=12073 (324 words)

	Nic David's Home Page
		At one time the MAP extended beyond the Mandara mountains of Cameroon and Nigeria to the Upper East Region of Ghana, a region characterized by societies at a similar level of complexity and that have, as in the Mandara, been subject for centuries to the depredations of surrounding states.
		In 2001 we began a new phase of the project that focuses on "Material signatures of practice, agency and world view: the ethnoarchaeology and archaeology of chiefly residences in the Mandara mountains." An edited but not updated selection from our grant application to the SSHRC is available.
		The Mandara+ bibliography is a research tool designed primarily but not exclusively for the use of the authors of a book, currently in preparation, on metallurgy in the Mandara mountains.
	www.acs.ucalgary.ca /~ndavid/Homepage (1794 words)

	Incognita: Mandara Mountains - Cameroon - Travel Africa Magazine
		Hiking along dusty mountain tracks (where the only other form of transport is by donkey) you will come across stalls of local produce or thatched huts belonging to subsistence farmers.
		Staying overnight in a mountain community is a highlight of any Mandara trek - as is the supreme sense of isolation and the spectacular scenery that emerges the deeper you probe the valleys.
		The Mandara Mountains are also home to three endemic reptiles and an endangered subspecies of mountain reedbuck.
	www.travelafricamag.com /content/view/583/56 (503 words)

	Mandara Mountains -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		French Monts Mandara, volcanic range extending about 120 miles (193 km) along the northern part of the Nigeria-Cameroon border from the Benue River (south) to Mora, Cameroon (north).
		The highest mountain in Australia, Mount Kosciusko, is one of the Snowy Mountains.
		Although it is not related to the common ash, the mountain ash is so named because its leaves resemble those of the common ash.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9050474 (720 words)

	Mark Synnott :: Expeditions : Cameroon
		Now we could see that not only did the Mandara Mountains really exist, but the range included some overhanging towers that appeared to be upwards of 1000 feet tall.
		Ironically, the South African Mountain Club, of which he is currently a committee member, now wants him to be their chairman.
		It was true jungle mountaineering, scaling vines and stemming up wild chimney systems that went straight through the formation, forming tunnels and caves that beckoned for exploration.
	www.marksynnott.com /expeditions/cameroon.shtml (4071 words)

	<AGRIS.WEB>CAT_JA Document 760 of 37502 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		[The evolution of tree parks in the Mandara mountains (North Cameroon)].
		The Mandara mountains extend from 800 to 1500 metres above sea level with rainfall between 600mm in the plains and 1000mm at the summit.
		The history of human occupation of the Mandara mountains as well as the use of tree species enables the partial explanation of the role of man in woody vegetation dynamics of parklands and their distribution based on topography.
	www2.fao.org /BASIS/AGRIS/Web/Cat_ja/DDW?W%3Deni++INC+%27AFRICA%27%26M%3D760%26K%3D97102992%26R%3DY%26U%3D1 (198 words)

	Shorthorn cattle of west and central Africa II. Ecological settings, utility, management and production systems
		As has been stated, the distribution of trypanotolerant livestock is closely linked with that of the tsetse fly and is influenced by the degree of disease challenge presented by varying tsetse population densities and the ability of a species to transmit the disease (Jordan, 1988).
		The habitat of the Kapsiki cattle in the Mandara Mountains is at an altitude of 600 to 1 000 m.
		The Koma people of the Antlantika Mountains in Gongola State keep semi-feral Muturu, which are neither tended nor supplemented, on the slopes outside their villages.
	www.fao.org /docrep/t1300t/t1300T07.htm (5105 words)

	Deva Home Page
		Lying on the mid Mures-river course the county is guarded by the Western Transylvanian Alps (Apuseni Mountains) in the North, Orãstiei and Surianu mountains in the South-East, the Retezat Mountains, the Godeanu, Vâlcan and Parâng Mountains in the South and the Poiana Ruscãi Mountains in the South-West.
		This was the cradle of the Dacian (Thracian tribes) civilisation with a complex of fortresses from the Orãstiei Mountains, Piatra Rosie and Bãnita, the Roman conquest and the Daco-Roman civilisation.
		The interior of the castle has halls with arms and artifacts and sometimes special presentations and "son et lumière" shows are organised here.
	homepage.mac.com /radur/deva.html (2848 words)

	Search Results for Mandara Mountains - Encyclopædia Britannica
		It lies on the west bank of the Yedseram River, a stream that flows north into Lake Chad, and is situated on the western flanks of the Mandara...
		In this incarnation Vishnu is associated with the myth of the churning of the cosmic ocean.
		In its physical structure Chad consists of a large basin bounded on the north, east, and south by mountains.
	www.britannica.com /search?query=Mandara+Mountains (535 words)

	Potential effects of maintaining and relaxing price controls on urban slaughter of stall-fed cattle
		For the purposes of this analysis, urban areas include 10 percent of the population of the Mandara Mountains region, and rural areas include the remaining 90%.
		The rural population is the remaining 90% of the regional population, which absorbed an estimated 3488 metric tons of beef in 1980.
		The urban market for beef in the Mandara Mountains could, therefore, absorb about half to three-quarters of the annual stall-fed cattle output (1,000 head) of a credit program that extended 1,000 stall-feeding loans per year by 1990.
	www.fao.org /wairdocs/ilri/x5511e/x5511e08.htm (1037 words)

	MSN Encarta - Nigeria
		The country’s topography ranges from lowlands along the coast and in the lower Niger Valley to high plateaus in the north and mountains along the eastern border.
		In some areas, such as the Udi Hills northwest of Enugu, escarpments have been formed by dipping rock strata.
		Farther east, along Nigeria’s border with Cameroon, lie the eastern highlands, made of several distinct ranges and plateaus, including the Mandara Mountains, the Shebeshi Mountains, the Alantika Mountains, and the Mambila Mountains.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/refarticle.aspx?refid=761557915 (1552 words)

	The Unreached Peoples Prayer Profiles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		The Mandara are among other tribes of Sudanic herdsmen who migrate seasonally with their animals, searching for fresh grazing lands.
		Among the Mandara, the men hunt, fish, clear the land for cultivation, herd the large animals, and trade with the caravan merchants.
		The Mandara currently have two missions agencies working among them and portions of the Bible written in their language.
	www.ksafe.com /profiles/p_code6/283.html (790 words)

	CAMEROON 1 (Ger. Kamerun) - Online Information article about CAMEROON 1 (Ger. Kamerun)
		In the south this is very narrow; it widens to-wards the north savewhere the Cameroon peak reaches to the sea.
		Fauna.—The southern part of the low coast is chiefly grass land, while the river mouths and arms of the bays are lined with mangroves.
		The starting-point was Babundi, a place on the seashore west of the mountain.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /CAL_CAR/CAMEROON_1_Ger_Kamerun_.html (4674 words)

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