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Topic: Mandarin (linguistics)

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	Mandarin (linguistics) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Standard Mandarin functions as the official spoken language of the People's Republic of China, the official spoken language of the Republic of China (Taiwan), and one of the official spoken languages of Singapore.
		The presence of Mandarin in southwest China is largely due to a plague in the 12th century in Sichuan.
		However, both versions of "school" Standard Mandarin are often quite different from the Mandarin dialects that are spoken in accordance with regional habits, and neither is identical to even Beijing dialect.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mandarin_(linguistics) (1616 words)

	Mandarin (linguistics) Info - Encyclopedia WikiWhat.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Mandarin is the official variant of the Chinese language used in the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China on Taiwan (ROC).
		For example, the Mandarin spoken in Taiwan by students who speak Taiwanese (a dialect of Southern Min) or Hakka as their mother tongue is usually spoken with a grammar and accent that renders it different from the Kuoyu standard, creating a version of Mandarin commonly known as Taiwan Mandarin.
		Mandarin, however, is used very commonly for logistical reasons in that it is often the only means of communication between people of different regions, and because in some parts of China, local dialects from regions as close as a few kilometers are mutually unintelligible.
	www.wikiwhat.com /encyclopedia/m/ma/mandarin__linguistics_.html (3166 words)

	Mandarin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mandarin collar, a short shirt or jacket collar that is not folded.
		Mandarin was a wealthy 19th century community on the St.
		The Mandarins are a modern Division I drum and bugle corps from Sacramento, California.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mandarin (269 words)

	Mandarin_language information. LANGUAGE SCHOOL EXPLORER
		Standard Mandarin functions as the official spoken language of the People's Republic of China, the official language of the Republic of China (Taiwan), and one of the four official languages of Singapore.
		In Hong Kong and Macau, because of their colonial and linguistic history, the language of education, the media, formal speech and everyday life remains the local Cantonese, although Standard Mandarin is becoming increasingly influential.
		However, both versions of âschoolâ Standard Mandarin are often quite different from the Mandarin dialects that are spoken in accordance with regional habits, and neither is wholly identical to the Beijing dialect.
	language.school-explorer.com /Mandarin (2154 words)

	Mandarin (linguistics) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Standard Mandarin is the official spoken language of the People's Republic of China, the Republic of China (Taiwan), and one of the official spoken languages of Singapore.
		The broad academic concept of "Mandarin" encompasses a large number of linguistically related dialects, some less mutually intelligible than others, and is very rarely used outside of academic circles as a self-description.
		However, both versions of "school" Mandarin are often quite different from the Mandarin that is spoken in accordance with regional habits, and neither is identical to even Beijing dialect.
	www.montereypark.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Mandarin_Chinese (1512 words)

	Mandarin (linguistics): Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The presence of Mandarin in southwest China is largely due to a plague in the 12th century in Sichuan (Sichuan: A populous province of south central China).
		However, both versions of "school" Mandarin are often quite different from the Mandarin that is spoken in accordance with regional habits, and neither is identical to even Beijing dialect (Beijing dialect: The dialect of Chinese spoken in Beijing and adopted as the official language for all of China).
		See standard Mandarin for a description of Standard Mandarin phonology (phonology: The study of the sound system of a given language and the analysis and classification of its phonemes) and dialects of Mandarin for an overview of the phonologies of Mandarin dialects.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/mandarin_linguistics (1948 words)

	Cantonese (linguistics) - (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Although Standard Mandarin (Putonghua/guoyu) is the standard and official language in mainland China and Taiwan and is spoken by nearly everyone in addition to their native local dialects (which will include Cantonese in Guangdong), Cantonese is one of the main languages in many overseas Chinese communities including Hong Kong, South-east Asia, North America, and Europe.
		However, Mandarin's vowel system is somewhat more conservative than Cantonese's, in that many diphthongs preserved in Mandarin have merged or been lost in Cantonese.
		In addition, Mandarin serves as the lingua franca used between people who do not speak the same dialect, and is spoken and understood by virtually everyone in mainland China and Taiwan.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Cantonese_(linguistics) (2565 words)

	Dialects of Mandarin - Chinese linguistics and dialect - Chinese
		Mandarin varieties of Guilin and Kunming are inherently unintelligible to speakers of Putonghua.
		Standard Mandarin employs many neutral tones for the second syllables of words (syllables whose tone contour is so short and light that it is difficult or impossible to discriminate) -- this is also characteristic of northern dialects.
		For example, the Mandarin spoken in Taiwan by students who speak Taiwanese (linguistics)Taiwanese (a dialect of Min-nanSouthern Min) or Hakka as their mother tongue is usually spoken with a grammar and accent that renders it different from the Kuoyu standard, creating a version of Mandarin commonly known as Taiwan Mandarin.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Dialects_of_Mandarin (1993 words)

	Cantonese (linguistics)
		They are written using very similar characters, but in Mandarin their pronunciation is quite different ("wǒ" vs. "è"), whereas in Cantonese they are pronounced identically except for the respective tones (ngo5 vs ngo6 respectively).
		Since the characters hint at a similar pronunciation, it can be concluded that their ancient pronunciation was indeed similar (as preserved in Cantonese), but in Mandarin the two syllables acquired different pronunciations in the course of time.
		Mandarin lacks the ending sound of "m" such as "taam6" (譚) becomes tán, "yim4" (鹽) becomes yán, "tim1" (添) becomes tiān, "ham4" (含) becomes hán etc. in Mandarin.
	usapedia.com /c/cantonese-linguistics-.html (716 words)

	sinosplice \| language \| Pronunciation of Mandarin Chinese \| Page 3: Phonetics
		The linguistic terms "palatal" and "dorsal" may seem confusing to you, but in Chinese they are extremely simple and quite illuminating.
		Mandarin's zh, ch, and sh, on the other hand, are all "she jian hou yin" in Chinese ("tongue tip back sound"), because the tongue tip is in the back of the mouth (see the diagram above).
		Mandarin's r is also more or less made in the same place, but it can be a bit tricky because English doesn't have any sounds like it.
	www.sinosplice.com /lang/pronunciation/03 (922 words)

	cars - Mandarin (linguistics)
		Standard Mandarin is the official spoken language of the People's Republic of China, the Republic of China (Taiwan), and one of the official spoken languages of Singapore.
		From an official point of view, there are two versions of standardized spoken Mandarin, since the Beijing government refers to that on the Mainland as Putonghua, whereas the Taipei government refers to their official language as Kuo-yü (Guoyu in pinyin).
		However, both versions of "school" Mandarin are often quite different from the Mandarin that is spoken in accordance with regional habits, and neither is identical to even Beijing dialect.
	www.carluvers.com /cars/Mandarin_(linguistics) (1445 words)

	ThatsMandarin
		We welcome you to come to that's Mandarin for a language consultation follow by a free trial lesson.
		Tutors are all university graduates trained in linguistics and education.
		They'll listen patiently and pay attention as you massacre their mother tongue in your early days, but before you know it you'll be putting together decent sentences and even intelligible stories one day.
	www.thatsmandarin.com /homepage.html (313 words)

	Popular Linguistics - Linguistics - tribe.net (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Mandarin does not use unreleased final stops such as -p, -t, or -k.
		Better ways to spot Mandarin speakers would be the relatively static 'o', putting a subtle 'y' before 'i', extra tongue retroflexion on 'sh', 'ch' and 'r', heavy aspiration on 'h' and awkward releases between plosives and immediately succeeding consonants.
		But then I heard it from my linguistics advisor, who was a Wappologist, and tended to see Wappo origins for many placenames outside of Wappo territory, e.g., Sonoma, which street crosses Yulupa at some point.
	linguistica.tribe.net /thread/7fcb38aa-df01-4779-8e74-df05a06e34aa (3210 words)

	Ethnologue report for language code:cmn
		Hezhouhoua is spoken in the Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture and Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of southern Gansu Province, and in neighboring areas in Qinghai Province.
		The grammar is basically Altaic or Tibetan, while the vocabulary and phonology is basically Northwestern Mandarin, or a relexified variety of Tibetan.
		Taibei Mandarin and Beijing Mandarin are fully inherently intelligible to each other's speakers.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_language.asp?code=cmn (580 words)

	Hooi Ling Sohl's homepage (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Mandarin distributive quantifier GE ‘each', the structures of double complement constructions and the verb-preposition distinction.
		In Proceedings of the Perspectives on Aspect Conference, Angeliek van Hout, Henriette de Swart and Henk Verkuyl (eds), The Utrecht Institute of Linguistics, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
		In Proceedings of the 1994 Annual Conference of the Canadian Linguistic Association, Volume 2, Päivi Koskinen (ed.), Department of Linguistics, University of Toronto.
	www.iles.umn.edu /Hooi_Ling_Soh/Curriculum_Vitae.htm (392 words)

	On Mandarin (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Chan, Marjorie K.-M. "Temporal Reference in Mandarin Chinese: An Analytical-Semantic Approach to the Study of the Morphemes le, zai, zhe, and ne." Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association 15.33-79.
		"Linguistic Subjectivity and the Use of the Mandarin LE in Conversation." University of New Mexico dissertation.
		Lawrence, Kansas: Department of Linguistics, University of Kansas, 167-80.
	www.scar.utoronto.ca /~binnick/TENSE/Mandarin.html (1447 words)

	Fluenz
		Fluenz Mandarin 1+2 was designed by a small team with a clear mission: create a language program that would get people speaking Chinese as quickly as possible.
		Having tried other software programs and studied Mandarin in China, we designed and built the software we would have loved to have when we started learning.
		At the center of Fluenz Mandarin is a real life instructor, Sonia Gil, who went to China to learn Mandarin herself and whose more than 125 video clips are embedded throughout the program.
	www.fluenz.com /mandarin/110/mandarin (534 words)

	Amazon.com: Mandarin Chinese : An Introduction : Books: Mobo C. F. Gao (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Mandarin Chinese: An Introduction provides a systematic overview of Mandarin Chinese from the perspective of the English-speaking learner.
		Mandarin Chinese brings a wide range of topics and issues together in one volume, presenting a coherent, easy-to-follow picture of the language, and a practical, efficient way to learn.
		Nonetheless, The discussion on Language and Politics is a reflection of the personal interests of the author, but politics, as is pointed out in the book, has been such a central force in directing language change in the modern era that a general overview of Chinese is essentially incomplete without this kind of discussion.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0195540026?v=glance (1129 words)

	Dr. Hua Lin
		Stress and the distribution of the neutral tone in Mandarin.
		Putonghua qingsheng diaozhi de zonghe fenxi (A unified analysis of the neutral tone values in Mandarin).
		Diaosu lun ji Putonghua liandu biandiao [The theory of tone and Mandarin tone sandhi].
	web.uvic.ca /ling/lin/hlin.htm (377 words)

	Mandarin linguistics: Encyclopedia II - Mandarin linguistics - History
		The presence of Mandarin in southwest China i...
		Mandarin linguistics, Mandarin linguistics - History, Mandarin linguistics - Name and classification, Mandarin linguistics - Phonology, Mandarin linguistics - Standardized Mandarin, Mandarin linguistics - Variations, Mandarin linguistics - Vocabulary, Chinese grammar
		Another term commonly used to refer to all varieties of Mandarin is Běifānghuà (北方話, simplified: 北方话), or the dialect(s) of the North.
	www.experiencefestival.com /a/Mandarin_linguistics_-_History/id/1743513 (623 words)

	sinosplice \| language \| Pronunciation of Mandarin Chinese
		It is my intent to identify a few of the misconceptions and to make the reality of the pronunciation of Mandarin Chinese crystal clear, both in linguistic terms and in everyday language.
		First, I should mention that while I am not a professional linguist, I have had university courses in linguistics, have a solid understanding of all linguistic principles mentioned on these pages, and continue to read up on linguistic issues.
		Furthermore, not only do I have a unique history with regards to my linguistic development, but I have also successfully learned to produce all of these sounds myself as an adult.
	www.sinosplice.com /lang/pronunciation (359 words)

	Huang
		Chu-Ren Huang is a research fellow at the Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica.
		Since receiving his phd in linguistics from Cornell University in January 1987, he has played an active role to promote research on Chinese computational and corpus linguistics.
		Hanyu Dongmaoci Zai yu Zhe de Cihui Yiyi [The Lexical Semantics of Mandarin Aspects 'Zai' and 'Zhe'].
	ist-socrates.berkeley.edu /~jcl2/churen.htm (1286 words)

	Hakka (linguistics): Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Hakka is one language (language: A systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols) in the family of languages known as Chinese (Chinese: Any of the Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in China; regarded as dialects of a single language (even though they are mutually unintelligible) because they share an ideographic writing system).
		The majority of its speakers are known Hakka (Hakka: A dialect of Chinese spoken in southeastern China; this form of Chinese is not well known outside China because few of the Hakka people have migrated) people.
		Hak 客 (Mandarin: kè) means "guest", and ka 家 (Mandarin: jia) means "family".
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/hakka_linguistics (1339 words)

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