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Topic: Mandated territories

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	mandates - Encyclopedia.com
		mandates system of trusteeships established by Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations for the administration of former Turkish territories and of former German colonies.
		The mandated territories were divided into three classes, according to their economic and political development and their location, and were then assigned to individual powers.
		While fortification of these mandates was forbidden and native rights were guaranteed, these areas were to be administered by the mandatories as integral parts of their empires.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-mandates.html (762 words)

	League of Nations mandate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The mandates were fundamentally different from protectorates in that the Mandatory power undertook obligations to the inhabitants of the territory and to the League of Nations.
		Germany's divestiture of territories was accomplished in the Treaty of Versailles of 1919 and allotted to the Allied Powers on May 7, 1919.
		Ottoman territorial claims were first dispensed with in the Treaty of Sèvres of 1920 and later finalized in the Treaty of Lausanne of 1923.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/League_of_Nations_Mandate (665 words)

	HISTORY OF THE PALESTINE PROBLEM
		Palestine was among the several former Ottoman Arab territories which were placed under the administration of Great Britain under the Mandates System adopted by the League of Nations pursuant to the League's Covenant (Article 22).
		During the years of the Palestine Mandate, from 1922 to 1947, large-scale Jewish immigration from abroad, mainly from Eastern Europe took place, the numbers swelling in the 1930s with the notorious Nazi persecution of Jewish populations.
		A massive loss of life, the reoccupation of territories under Palestinian self-rule, military incursions, extrajudicial killings of suspected Palestinian militants, suicide attacks, rocket and mortar fire, and the destruction of property characterized the situation on the ground.
	www.un.org /Depts/dpa/ngo/history.html (908 words)

	Chapter 8: Encyclopedia of the Palestine Problem
		Others stated that sovereignty resides in the people of the mandated territory, but that it is exercised on their behalf by the mandatory power until the mandate is terminated.
		Article 28 of the Mandate contemplated that at the termination of the Mandate, the territory of Palestine would pass to the control of "the Govemment of Palestine.'' The terminationof the Mandate on the 15th day of May, 1948, fully vested sovereignty over Palestine in the inhabitants of the country.
		The implementation of this project and the fulfillment of the objectives of the Mandate was interrupted by the outbreak of World War II and by the terrorism committed by the three terrorist Zionist organizations, the Irgun, Haganah and Stern Gang between 1939 and 1948.
	www.palestine-encyclopedia.com /EPP/Chapter37_2of2.htm (6110 words)

	1938: Syria - Archive Article - MSN Encarta
		The French mandated territory of Syria witnessed a continuation of the uncertain situation in which this Arabic territory has found itself for several years.
		At the end of 1938 there were, however, repeated declarations by French authorities that in view of the grave international situation in the Mediterranean a revision of the treaty was necessary which would definitely postpone the termination of the mandate and the independence of the mandated territories.
		The Syrians regard the Lebanese territory as an integral part of Syria, and many elements within the Lebanon agree with this position, especially the Mohammedans and a large part of the Christian youth in the Lebanon who have a distinct tendency toward Arab nationalism.
	encarta.msn.com /sidebar_461500842/1938_Syria.html (649 words)

	LEGAL ISSUES ON BURMA JOURNAL
		In this context the term ‘nation-state’ is used to denote a territorial political unit under the official control of a national or ethnic group which in such case is usually the majority of the population.
		Those mandated territories which had not achieved independence were to be brought under the International Trusteeship System by separate agreements under Article 77 of the Covenant.2 Although this Article envisaged that certain additional territories might be brought under the Trusteeship System by agreement, in fact this only happened in the case of Somalia (Italian Somaliland).
		The right to territorial integrity is also recognized by the international community in a number of international instruments, such as the Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation Among States, and the Charter of the United Nations.
	www.ibiblio.org /obl/docs/LIOB10-BKSen.htm (5009 words)

	Foundation for Middle East Peace :: Separate Opinion of Judge Elaraby
		The territory cannot be subject to annexation by force and the future of the Palestinian people, as “a sacred trust of civilization”, is the direct responsibility and concern of the United Nations.
		The notion of a transitional period carrying the responsibilities emanating from the Mandate to the present is a political reality, not a legal fiction, and finds support in the dicta of the Court, in particular, that former mandated territories are the “sacred trust of civilization” and “cannot be annexed”.
		Yet, notwithstanding the general prohibition against annexing occupied territories, the dicta of the Court on the legal nature of former mandatory territories, and in clear contravention of binding bilateral undertakings, on 14 April 2004, the Prime Minister of Israel addressed a letter to the President of the United States.
	www.fmep.org /resources/official_documents/opinion_judge_elaraby.html (4962 words)

	Self Determination & Secession - James Crawford, 1997
		Mandated territories were territories taken from Germany and the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) at the end of the First World War and whose administration was conferred on one or other of the victorious states on terms agreed by the Council of the League of Nations.
		Those mandated territories which had not achieved independence were to be brought under the International Trusteeship System by separate agreements pursuant to Article 77 of the Charter.
		It may be noted that in each of these cases the territory concerned had been either an independent state or a separate colonial territory to which the principle of self-determination had expressly applied.
	www.tamilnation.org /selfdetermination/97crawford.htm (13046 words)

	SUMMARY: International Status of South-West Africa, Advisory Opinion - 11 July 1950 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The Territory of South-West Africa was one of the German overseas possessions in respect of which Germany, by Article 119 of the Treaty of Versailles renounced all her rights and titles in favour of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers.
		After the war of 1914-1918 this Territory was placed under a Mandate conferred upon the Union of South Africa which was to have full power of administration and legislation over the Territory as an integral portion of the Union.
		One kind was directly related to the administration of the Territory and corresponded to the sacred trust of civilization referred to in article 22 of the Covenant; the other related to the machinery for implementation and was closely linked to the supervision and control of the League.
	www.icj-cij.org /icjwww/idecisions/isummaries/isswasummary500711.htm (2091 words)

	Taiwan Status (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The territory was enemy territory in 1945, and thus a Japanese dependency.
		It was the civil administration of the separate customs territories by USMG and after the Spanish cession in the 1898 Treaty of Paris; the Congress gained their plenary powers to determine the political status of these separate customs territories.
		The Cuban experience was then repeated with the Wilsonian notions of Mandate Territories and inspirational inputs of Jan Smuts of the Union of South Africa in 1919 and the aftermath of the League of Nations.
	www.geocities.com /taiwanstatus/taiwanstatus (6602 words)

	SEMP: Evidence-based disaster management: preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation.
		Mandated territories, of which Palestine was one, fell into three categories--A, B, and C,--according to their stage of development.
		The “A” mandates were “territories [that] have reached a stage of development where their existence as independent nations can be provisionally recognized, subject to the rendering of administrative advice and assistance by the mandatory, until such time as they are able to stand alone.
		“C” mandates were territories that were to be administered under the laws of the mandatory as integral portions of its territory, under similar guarantees for the welfare of the natives.
	www.semp.us /publications/biot_reader.php?BiotID=399 (3163 words)

	Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Japan was awarded the lease (to 1923, later extended to 1997) of the Liaodong Peninsula, including the Guangdong territory, and the southern half of Sakhalin, thereafter known as Karafuto.
		The leased territory of Jiaozhou was also awarded to Japan, but the empire restored it to China in 1922 as a result of an agreement, the Shandong Treaty, made during the Washington Conference in 1922.
		All the former Japanese mandated islands in the South Pacific were occupied by the U.S. under a UN trusteeship.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?articleId=213109 (14695 words)

	Palestine Center - UN Special Committee on Palestine
		This involved a positive element of international responsibility for the mandated territories and an international accountability to the Council of the League of Nations on the part of each mandatory for the well-being and development of the peoples of those territories.
		But the League of Nations and the Mandates Commission have been dissolved, and there is now no means of discharging fully the international obligation with regard to a mandated territory other than by placing the territory under the International Trusteeship System of the United Nations.
		The former necessitates a territorial partition; the latter, the maintenance of unrestricted commercial relations between the States, together with a common administration of functions in which the interests of both are in fact inextricably bound together.
	www.palestinecenter.org /cpap/documents/unspecial.html (12441 words)

	[No title]
		Over the course of the 20th century, the Palestinian people have experienced several periods of major displacement, beginning in 1947-48 war, followed by a second major displacement in the 1967 war, and again as recently as 1991 when some 350,000 Palestinians were displaced from Kuwait during the Gulf War.
		As for the majority of the inhabitants of the country (i.e., Palestinian Arabs), who were referred to as the 'non-Jewish communities', the 1922 Mandate only recognized their civil and religious rights rather than political rights, including the right to self-determination.
		Repeated requests by key Arab states, including former mandated territories, to obtain an advisory opinion from the International Court of Justice (ICJ) concerning the legal obligation of the UN to recognize the independence of Palestine under the terms of the League of Nations Mandate system were rejected by the UN General Assembly.
	www.aqsa.org.uk /leafletsdetails.aspx?id=27 (1311 words)

	SI - readmsg.aspx msgid=23299005
		In their own mandated territories, which they called the Levant, the French took the same attitude as the British: they were willing to attend to reasoned and concrete demands by parties who knew what they wanted, but had no patience for the claims and clamours of those who did not.
		Following the establishment of the State of Greater Lebanon, the French turned to deal with the rest of their mandated territory in the Levant, where they were at a loss what to do.
		To the British and others, Abdullah's emirate may have appeared as a recreation of the Biblical territory of Edom and Moab, or of the Roman province of Arabia; but such concepts, certainlv at the time, were meaningless to the Transjordanians and did not readily contribute to a sense of separate historical nationality among them.
	www.siliconinvestor.com /readmsg.aspx?msgid=23299005 (5722 words)

	ASQ Book Review: Issaka K. Souaré -- A Sacred Trust: The League of Nations and Africa, 1929-1946
		These territories were thus to be administered by Britain and France as a “sacred trust” under the mandates system of the League of Nations.
		While acknowledging some breaches of some provisions of the mandates system, especially in French mandatory territories, the author argues that the system was by and large respected by the mandatory powers.
		The author was therefore expected to take account of the views and activities of all these forces and assess their impact on the mandates system in Africa.
	web.africa.ufl.edu /asq/v8/v8i4a20.htm (821 words)

	ASQ Book Review: Issaka K. Souaré -- A Sacred Trust: The League of Nations and Africa, 1929-1946
		These territories were thus to be administered by Britain and France as a “sacred trust” under the mandates system of the League of Nations.
		While acknowledging some breaches of some provisions of the mandates system, especially in French mandatory territories, the author argues that the system was by and large respected by the mandatory powers.
		In the book’s seven chapters, the author succeeds in providing a truly comprehensive study of the labyrinthine subject that was the mandates system, as it related to Africa.
	www.africa.ufl.edu /asq/v8/v8i4a20.htm (821 words)

	United Nations Human Rights Website - Treaty Bodies Database - Document - State Party Report - France
		Article 74 of the Constitution states that the status of the overseas territories shall be determined by constitutional enactments defining, in particular, the powers of their own institutions; changes to their status can be made in the same way, after consultation of the territorial assembly concerned.
		These territories and territorial units are represented in Parliament by deputies (two in the case of New Caledonia and French Polynesia and one in the case of Mayotte, Wallis and Futuna and St. Pierre and Miquelon) and by senators (one per overseas territory or territorial unit).
		Movements of aliens within French territory are governed by special regulations laid down by the Decree of 30 June 1946, as amended by the Decree of 2 September 1994, concerning conditions for the entry and residence of aliens in France.
	www.unhchr.ch /tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/CCPR.C.76.Add.7.En?Opendocument (19107 words)

	INTRODUCTION
		Japan, without authority of international law and in violation of the treaties and mandates above referred to, for nearly twenty years successfully and completely excluded other nationals from the mandated territories, and during this time built up army, navy and air installations of tremendous strategical value.
		Among the Japanese laws the operation of which was extended to include the Mandated Islands was that which stipulated that all ports and harbors shall be closed to foreign vessels except those that were specifically open to foreign trade.
		Subsequent to 1936 permission was withheld for all visits by Japanese public vessels to the territorial waters of the western Aleutian Islands." The Japanese consulate and its consular agents in Hawaii enjoyed diplomatic immunity.
	www.ibiblio.org /pha/pha/army/chap_2.html (8068 words)

	Jewish Legal Rights and Title to the Land of Israel and Palestine
		The actual terms of those mandates and the powers exercised by the Mandatory were in each case explicitly defined and confirmed by the Council of the League unless previously agreed upon by the Members of the League.
		This new demand unduly held up the pending confirmation of the Mandate for Palestine that had already been submitted by Balfour on behalf of the British Government to the Council of the League of Nations on December 7, 1920, and was on the verge of being acted upon.
		This additional provision to the Mandate for Palestine provided for a different administration of Transjordan from the rest of Palestine west of the Jordan River that led over the course of time, by various illegal steps additionally taken by the British to the complete loss of Transjordan from the Jewish National Home.
	www.malchut-israel.org /lishka/jewish_rights.htm (3667 words)

	Clergy as Mandatory Reporters of Child Abuse and Neglect
		Every State, the District of Columbia, and the U.S. Territories have statutes that identify mandatory reporters of child maltreatment and specify the circumstances under which they are to report.
		For example, among the States that enumerate clergy as mandated reporters, New Hampshire and West Virginia deny the clergy-penitent privilege in cases of child abuse or neglect.
		Clergy are not mandated reporters in Washington, but if they elect to report, their report and any testimony are provided statutory immunity from liability.
	www.childwelfare.gov /systemwide/laws_policies/statutes/clergymandated.cfm (880 words)

	The Origins and Evolution of the Palestine Problem: 1917-1988 - CEIRPP, DPR study, part II: 1947-1977 - DPR publication ...
		The exception was Palestine where, instead of being limited to "the rendering of administrative assistance and advice" the Mandate had as a primary aim the implementation of the "Balfour Declaration" issued by the British Government in 1917, conveying that Government's support for "the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people".
		British attempts to resolve the issue by the partition of Palestine into two independent States or by relinquishing the mandate with the consequent emergence of an independent unified Palestine had failed in the face of the opposition of the Palestinian Arabs to the former plan and of the Zionist movement to the latter.
		The Mandate had envisaged a far more extensive territory for the Jewish State, eight times larger than that which was not proposed, and, as he had stated before the Special Committee, it was not easy for the Jews to accept such a compromise...
	domino.un.org /UNISPAL.NSF/0/d442111e70e417e3802564740045a309?OpenDocument (16270 words)

	League of Nations - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		Unfortunately, the league rarely implemented its available resources, limited though they were, to achieve this goal.
		One important activity of the league was the disposition of certain territories that had been colonies of Germany and the Ottoman Empire before World War I. Supervision of these territories was awarded to league members in the form of mandates.
		Mandated territories were given different degrees of independence, in accordance with their stage of development, their geographic situation, and their economic status.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761560118___4/League_of_Nations.html (369 words)

	TREATY-12.htm
		Including the territories of Papua and Norfolk Island and the mandated territories of New Guinea and Nauru.
		It is agreed that, insofar as concerns the Commonwealth of Australia, the only instruments to which the provisions of this Convention shall apply are bills of exchange presented for acceptance or accepted or payable elsewhere than in the Commonwealth of Australia.
		A similar limitation shall apply in the case of Territories of Papua and Norfolk Island and the Mandated Territories of New Guinea and Nauru.
	untreaty.un.org /sample/EnglishInternetBible/partII/treaty-12.htm (759 words)

	Self Determination and Separation - C.Lloyd Brown-John
		At issue are some very fundamental international legal principles relating to territorial integrity, sovereignty, non-intervention in domestic affairs, a rule against pre-mature recognition (somewhat re-interpreted by Germany in the case of the Jugoslavian breakup), and application of the principle of uti possidetis juris (that boundaries are what they were at independence).
		This issue is important because it raises fundamental questions not only about territorial integrity of existing states but also what constitutes intervention into domestic affairs in contravention of the UN Charter.
		Pursuit of self-determination, involving territorial secession, conflicts with a legal principle which holds that boundaries are fundamental to territorial integrity.
	www.tamilnation.org /selfdetermination/97brown.htm (2882 words)

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