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	Mandatory retirement age - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Typically, mandatory retirement ages are justified by the argument that certain occupations are either too dangerous (military personnel) or require high levels of physical and mental skill (airline pilots).
		However, since the age at which retirement is mandated is often somewhat arbitrary and not based upon an actual physical evaluation of an individual person, many view the practice as a form of age discrimination, or ageism.
		In the Roman Catholic Church, Pope Paul VI introduced a mandatory retirement age of 70 for priests and 75 for bishops and archbishops; there is no mandatory retirement age for the pope, though cardinals cease having a vote in the College of Cardinals at age 80.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mandatory_retirement_age (190 words)

	Retirement - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Normal retirement age for those turning 65 this year (2006) is 65 years and 8 months because year 1941 is their year of birth.
		Retirement age for teachers in France is thirty years after employment and age 50 for train engineers [2] on the SNCF, the national railway.
		Retirement might coincide with important life changes; a retired worker might move to a new location, for example a specialised retirement village, thereby having less frequent contact with their previous social context.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Retirement (1326 words)

	System works in Australia
		The push for a mandatory retirement age was partly driven by the experience of Edward McTiernan, who had retired from the High Court of Australia in 1976, after 46 years on the bench.
		Further, it was pointed out that a mandatory retiring age reduced the possibility that judges would influence the choice of their successor, as is more likely to occur in a system where judges can time their retirement so as to coincide with a government of their political persuasion.
		The mandatory judicial retirement age remains the third most popular of the 44 referendum proposals that have been put to the Australian public since the nation was founded in 1901.
	www.law.com /jsp/nlj/PubArticleNLJ.jsp?id=1138961109955 (650 words)

	Mandatory Retirement Age Rules: Is It Time To Re-evaluate?
		Mandatory retirement age rules have been eliminated in most private sector jobs as a result of anti-age-discrimination laws that were introduced beginning in the 1960s.
		Mandatory retirement age restrictions were introduced in these occupations several decades ago, primarily for ensuring their safe and effective conduct.
		The improvement in general health and abilities of those aged between 55 and 65 in general may imply that mandatory retirement at these ages is unfair for a growing number of workers who retain the ability to execute their jobs competently but cannot transfer their skills to other occupations--such as pilots and air-traffic controllers.
	www.cato.org /testimony/ct-jg040909.html (4140 words)

	Mandatory Retirement: Debatabase - Debate Topics and Debate Motions
		The most critical consideration for extending the generally accepted age of retirement to a mandatory age of 65 for all of society is to safeguard against the effects of old age of judges, surgeons and private practitioners.
		Mandatory retirement would protect against the detrimental effects that could be the result of mistakes or misjudgements by elderly professionals.
		A mandatory retirement age should not be considered a punishment or a reprimand of the elderly in society.
	www.idebate.org /debatabase/topic_details.php?topicID=66 (1012 words)

	AGO_1972_No_019 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The board of trustees of a community college may not adopt a rule establishing a mandatory retirement age of 65 years for all of its classified civil service employees who are also members of the Washington public employees' retirement system, without regard to the particular jobs which they hold.
		Page 3]] retirement age for uniformed personnel of cities governed by the state‑wide city employees' retirement system2/ from fifty-five to sixty-give years3/ did not preclude such a city from continuing to require such personnel to retire at age fifty-five.
		age alone cannot constitute cause" for removal within the purview of a civil service situation unless the employee is also covered by a statutory retirement system and the age in question also constitutes the mandatory retirement age apecified in the laws governing that system.
	www.atg.wa.gov /opinions/1972/opinion_1972_019.html (1254 words)

	JF30288
		For the reasons stated herein, the respondent’s mandatory retirement age of 65 for its firefighters is found to be a per se statutory bona fide occupational qualification and the complaint is dismissed.
		The mandatory retirement age in effect on December 10, 1996 was age 65.
		P.A. Significantly, the mandatory retirement age of 65 was retained, and continues to be retained, for police and firefighters.
	www.state.ct.us /chro/metapages/HearingOffice/HODecisions/JF30288.htm (3556 words)

	Age 60 rule, manditory retirement of airline pilots
		Others would choose a different age; however, age 60 is within the age range during which the FAA and the medical community have found that sharp increases in disease and morbidity occur, and it has served well as a regulatory limit since 1959.
		The study “supports the conclusion that an age 60 limit for pilots is not defensible…” and found “no hint of an increase in accident rate for pilots of scheduled air carriers as they neared their 60th birthday.” The report concluded that the age for airline pilots could safely be raised.
		Retiring senior pilots are replaced by other senior pilots, who are also at the top of their capped (usually at 12 years) pay scale.
	www.leftseat.com /age60.htm (3663 words)

	CBC News Indepth: Retirement
		When the age of 70 was selected in the early 20th century as the age of eligibility for a government pension, life expectancy was between 60 and 65.
		Compulsory retirement is especially hard on women, many of whom chose to stay home to be with their children in the early years, then entered the work force in their late 20s or early 30s.
		He retired at 57 to become an "IBM retiree on call," which means he can "goof off" to Maui for weeks at a time with his wife, play golf with his male buddies in South Carolina, but be ready to head back to the office anytime IBM needs an extra hand with mergers and acquisitions.
	www.cbc.ca /news/background/retirement/mandatory_retirement.html (1415 words)

	Age Discrimination: Encyclopedia of Everyday Law (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Age DISCRIMINATION occurs when an older person is pressured in the workplace to leave.
		The argument against mandatory retirement claims that it would be fairer to all employees to rely on periodic fitness testing, since some older workers may be just as able (or perhaps more so) to carry out their duties as younger ones.
		Subtle forms of age discrimination may make older workers uncomfortable or unhappy enough that they will retire, even though they may not be able to pinpoint actual discrimination as their reason for leaving.
	law.enotes.com.cob-web.org:8888 /everyday-law-encyclopedia/age-discrimination (2204 words)

	The New Old Age
		Among the arguments considered by the judges -- themselves with a mandatory retirement age of 75 -- was that older workers blocked the young from the workforce.
		Mandatory retirement is already banned in Australia, New Zealand and, for a generation now, in the United States.
		Optional retirement, freed of the arbitrary restraints of age, is apt to be taken in installments: a bit of play, perhaps a spot of do-goodery -- and just enough work to keep the economy from collapsing upon their frantically toiling children.
	www.readersdigest.ca /mag/2005/02/new_old_age.html (1452 words)

	Iowa Code 2003: Section 602.1610 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The mandatory retirement age is seventy-five years for all justices of the supreme court and district judges holding office on July 1, 1965.
		The mandatory retirement age is seventy-two years for all justices of the supreme court, judges of the court of appeals, and district judges appointed to office after July 1, 1965.
		The mandatory retirement age is seventy-two years for all district associate judges, associate juvenile judges, associate probate judges, and judicial magistrates.
	www.legis.state.ia.us /IACODE/2003/602/1610.html (189 words)

	The mandatory retirement age of judges varies throughout the U (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The debate of whether or not to lift retirement ages focuses on the removal of senile judges versus the retention of those who are experienced and knowledgeable in the field of law.
		Finally, mandatory retirement ages may unintentionally be biased towards white males due to the fact that statistically females live longer than males and whites live longer than non-whites (Makar, 1997).
		On the federal level there are no mandatory retirement ages for judges; however, federal judges often voluntarily invoke the "rule of 80" which allows a 70 year old judge who has served for 10 years to accept "senior" status thereby accepting lesser caseload responsibilities (Makar, 1997).
	www.uvm.edu /~vlrs/doc/mandatory_retirement_age_of_judg.htm (395 words)

	Heyday takes Government to court over mandatory retirement age (03.07.06)
		Unless Mandatory Retirement Ages are scrapped, Heyday says that the directive cannot hope to stop older people who want or need to keep working being forced out of work in the UK.
		If a compulsory retirement age is abolished, UK employers will still have the right to dismiss employees on the grounds of performance and ability.
		Age Concern is the leading charity in the UK concerned with ageing and older people, and works to improve the quality of life for all older people.
	www.ageconcern.org.uk /AgeConcern/7AD13808425C4F8BAF86F43858CD0771.asp (976 words)

	Investing for retirement Retirement, more information about Retirement (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This usually happens upon reaching a determined age, when physical conditions don't allow the person to work any more (by illness or accident), or even for personal choice (usually in the presence of an adequate pension).
		The retirement with a pension is considered a right of the worker in many societies, and hard ideological, social, cultural and political battles have been fought for this right to be granted.
		In most countries, the idea of a fixed retirement age is of recent origin, being introduced during the 19th and 20th centuries - before then, the absence of pension arrangements meant that most workers had to continue to work until death, or rely on the support of family or friends.
	www.investing-for-retirement.com.cob-web.org:8888 /Retirement.html (625 words)

	OSCN Found Document:Carlyle v. Independent School Dist. No. I-71 of McCurtain County
		The parties further stipulated the sole reason for not renewing Carlyle's contract was the mandatory retirement policy, and that she was an otherwise competent teacher.
		Under the statutes of the United States and statutes of the State of Oklahoma, the drawing of that mandatory retirement age at age 70 does not appear to be discriminatory on its face.
		The rationale concerning mandatory age retirement in the opinion is the same as presented by School Board here, inferring authority from the statutory mandate to adopt and maintain a personnel policy.
	www.oscn.net /applications/oscn/DeliverDocument.asp?citeID=15200 (2078 words)

	Law.com - Pitfalls of Mandatory Law Firm Retirement
		The survey also found that the age of mandatory retirement at law firms generally is between the ages of 65 and 70, with the majority of firms requiring retirement at 70.
		The retirement age at the Hartford, Conn.-based firm is 70.
		In addition to providing consistency, another major advantage of mandatory retirement is that it facilitates a routine exodus of older partners, allowing the careers of younger partners to flourish as they take on the work of the old guard.
	www.law.com /jsp/article.jsp?id=1116851713539 (1273 words)

	Airline Age 60 Rule
		The policy objective is to increase the mandatory retirement age for commercial and commuter pilots.
		Both the aging pilots and the commuter airline proponents claim that the single biggest challenge to is policymakers' unwillingness to change the retirement age in the direction of increased risk.
		The response that the rule is not arbitrary is twofold: first, age of 60 was originally adopted as a reasonable age to expect pilot health to be a risk; and second, that any age, including 63 and 65 as proposed in various legislative proposals could be similarly claimed to be arbitrary.
	lobby.la.psu.edu /_107th/091_Airline_Age_60/summary_age_60.html (2078 words)

	OCUFA Issue Note September 2004 MOL Consultation on Ending Mandatory Retirement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The evidence suggests that age of retirement is not significantly different at universities without mandatory retirement than at those with a forced retirement policy.
		For those institutions with mandatory retirement in Canada, the average age of retirement for faculty is between 62 and 63 years, only 2 years above the average for the Canadian population as a whole.
		A study of the impact of the elimination of mandatory retirement for faculty in the United States shows that the vast majority of professors continued to retire prior to the age of 65 even when retirement was no longer forced.
	www.ocufa.on.ca /retirement/issue2.asp (327 words)

	Group is pushing to raise pilots’ retirement age to 65
		From the time it was imposed in 1959, a federal requirement that airline pilots retire at age 60 has been controversial, particularly from the perspective of older members of cockpit crews.
		But backers of a bill to push the mandatory retirement age to 65 have had difficulty getting their measure off the ground, as it were, in part because of opposition from federal regulators and the main airline-pilot trade union due to lingering questions over safety risks older pilots may present.
		The FAA continues “to believe that the ‘Age 60’ rule remains the best determination that can be made of a time when a general decline in health-related functions and overall cognitive capabilities have reached a level where decrements in a pilot’s performance may jeopardize safety,” wrote Sens.
	www.thehill.com /thehill/export/TheHill/Business/071206_pilot.html (996 words)

	Business: Forced retirement becomes an issue for pilots
		The union doesn't dispute that a pilot's skills deteriorate with age or that the FAA should set a retirement age, said spokesman John Mazor.
		But with advances in medical testing and decisions by other countries to raise their mandatory retirement age, the union needs to reconsider whether 60 is still the right benchmark, he said.
		Legislation to raise the retirement age failed in 2001, with ALPA opposed.
	www.sptimes.com /2004/11/25/Business/Forced_retirement_bec.shtml (835 words)

	Ending Mandatory Retirement
		The result is that retirement age has become a basic element of worker rights, such as minimum wage rates, maximum workday hours, child labour laws, occupational health and safety standards, and government pension plans.
		It is often a matter of contract law, with age 65 commonly accepted as the age at which retirement from the workforce occurs.
		The legislative underpinnings leading to mandatory retirement policies have been challenged on several occasions through the provincial and federal human rights tribunals, and have been considered at all levels of court.
	www.benefitsworld.com /aa/lgl/endingmandatoryretirement.asp (1755 words)

	[No title]
		But some Group 2 and Group 4 members must retire on the last day of the month in which they attain age 65, the maximum retirement age for their positions.
		Not less than four months before your sixty-fifth birthday, your retirement board must determine whether your position is excluded from the mandatory retirement law.
		Your retirement allowance will be based upon your age at retirement, and the amount of creditable service you have earned by your retirement date.
	www.mass.gov /perac/guide/mainguide7.htm (248 words)

	U.S. Department of Justice Memo: Delegation of Authority to Waive Mandatory Retirement Age of Law Enforcement Officers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This is to delegate to Department Components having Law Enforcement Officers, the authority to grant exemptions to the mandatory retirement age requirement for law enforcement officers.
		Exemptions from the mandatory retirement age may be granted by the Head of the Department Component in those cases where the Head of the Department Component determines that continuation of the employee's services promote the needs of the component in fulfilling its mission, and retention of the employee clearly servces the public interest.
		A description of the reasons why the exemption to the mandatory retirement age requirement was waived, and the duration of the exception; and,
	www.usdoj.gov /jmd/ps/memleo0317.htm (262 words)

	EEOC Staff Advisory Letter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The 1996 legislation permits public employers to have maximum hiring ages and mandatory retirement ages for law enforcement officers and firefighters.
		The statute sets out limitations of such ages (for example, the mandatory retirement must be required by state or local law).
		If that is the case, the age-70 mandatory retirement age appears to meet the requirements of section 4(j) of the ADEA.
	www.eeoc.gov /foia/letters/2000/adea_mandatory_retirement.html (444 words)

	Ontario to ban mandatory retirement age (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Ontario government will announce plans to ban mandatory retirement at 65, along with upgrades to the education and health-care systems and an attack on impaired driving, in today's Speech from the Throne.
		Plans to add hundreds of police officers in the province to combat child pornography and gun crimes also are set out in the speech to be delivered in the legislature by Lieutenant-Governor James Bartleman.
		The ban on mandatory retirement marks a major change in policy.
	www.globalaging.org /pension/world/ontariopension.htm (736 words)

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