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Topic: Mande languages

	African Languages - MSN Encarta
		Languages in the Mande subgroup are spoken in Senegal, Mali, Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone.
		Bambara, spoken in Mali, is the principal language in this subgroup.
		Languages of the Adamawa East subgroup are spoken in Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire), and the Central African Republic.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761565449/African_Languages.html (1757 words)

	Language Log: Suppose generative syntax was born in Nigeria?
		Scandinavian languages like Danish and Swedish are almost as poor in conjugational suffixes as English, and yet in some dialects the verb moves.
		Let's imagine that our Edoid-speaking linguists hypothesized that the difference in word order was because the verb in Edoid languages had to move to the left of the object to be marked by tone, as verbs in French are assumed to move leftward to be marked by a suffix.
		Theories of language change show that tones arise by accident, such as when consonants at the beginning or end of a word wear away and leave a difference in pitch as a remnant like the Cheshire Cat disappears and leaves his smile, to quote the masterful analogy of Jim Matisoff.
	itre.cis.upenn.edu /~myl/languagelog/archives/000555.html (928 words)

	African languages. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		These languages are spoken in all parts of the continent, from the extreme south up to the territory of the Afroasiatic languages of N Africa.
		The Mande group consists of languages prevalent in the Niger valley, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, such as Mende in Liberia and Malinke in Mali.
		Swahili, a Bantu tongue of the Niger-Kordofanian stock, was written before the European conquest of Africa (see Swahili language), and Vai, a language belonging to the Mande subdivision of Niger-Congo, employs an indigenous script developed in the 19th cent.
	www.bartleby.com /65/af/Africanlng.html (1428 words)

	Mande languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Mande languages are spoken in several countries in West Africa by the Mandé people and include Mandinka, Soninke, Bambara, Dioula, Kagoro, Bozo, Mende, Yacouba, Vai, and Ligbi.
		This distinction was basically done only because the languages in the north use the expression tan for ten whereas the southern group use fu.
		N'Ko is a script for Mande languages developed by Souleymane Kante, which is mostly used in Guinea.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mande_languages (348 words)

	The Spread of Cattle Domestication among the Mande speaking people (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Manding languages are genetically related to the Dravidian and Sumerian languages (Winters 1983a,1985,1989,1994).
		The cognition between Chadic and Mande terms for cattle/cow indicate that the speakers of these languages were in close proximity to one another during the Neolithic.
		Behrens,P. "Language and migration of the early Sahara cattle herders, the formation of the Berber branch".
	www.geocities.com /Tokyo/Bay/7051/man1.htm (3102 words)

	Mande project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In connection with a recent teaching focus on Mande, some interest was generated in Mande languages, as evidenced by current preparations for field research on Mande from an Arabist perspective by one associated scholar (Dr. Marianne Chenou) and on an Eastern Mande language by a prospective graduate student (A. Baciu, currently preparing her Lizenziat).
		Within Manding, the center of interest has been and still is Bambara, the most prominent national language of the Republic of Mali and, at the same time, the dominant regional lingua franca alongside with Jula and Maninka, with which it is mutually intercomprehensible.
		This is not only a challenge to the sciences of language in view of their aspiration at full documentation (or at least a representative sampling) of the languages and types of human languages spoken around the globe, irrespectively of their status and the size of the populations speaking them.
	www.unizh.ch /spw/afrling/prjbsch/mande.htm (4688 words)

	bantu
		Many linguists believe the Mande languages, spoken in many parts of West Africa, are the oldest offshoots of the parent Niger-Congo language spoken more than 5000 years ago.
		The Kwa languages are found in a strip along the west coast of Africa from southeastern Nigeria to Liberia.
		The Ijoid languages, spoken in the Niger delta, have proved difficult to classify, as have the Dogon languages, spoken in northeast Mali.
	members.tripod.com /CoteA/bantu.html (535 words)

	[No title]
		French language education is shown to have been predicated on the transmission of a French colonial ontology, which marginalized Maninka culture and proscribed literacy in indigenous languages.
		Describing the connection between language policy and colonial conquest, Kenyan author Ngugi wa Thiong’o recounts the violence of colonialism as carried out in the classroom: “The night of the sword and the bullet was followed by the morning of chalk and the flboardThe bullet was the means of physical subjugation.
		Language was the means of spiritual subjugation.” Oppressive effects of language policy in colonial education took on a less alliterative form for West African students.
	home.gwu.edu /~cwme/Nko/Wyrod_Nko.doc (13817 words)

	Web resources for Mande languages
		In: Africa as a linguistic area/Areal typology and African languages.
		A preliminary report of existing information on the Manding languages of West Africa (PDF).
		Mandé language family of West Africa: location and genetic classification.
	goto.glocalnet.net /maho/webresources/mande.html (532 words)

	Mande languages spoken in Nigeria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Mande languages extend over the greater part of the western half of West Africa.
		Mande speakers form a large proportion of the population of Mali, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia; they are also found in substantial numbers in Burkina Faso, Senegal, Gambia, and Guinea Bissau, with outlying groups in Mauretania, Benin, Ghana, Togo, and Nigeria.
		In Nigeria, there are two Mande languages – Sorko and Busa – spoken on the Western border of the country in Niger and Kebbi States.
	www.uiowa.edu /intlinet/unijos/nigonnet/nlp/mande.htm (83 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The deployment of (preliminary) classifications as conceptions for a relative chronology of a language group or language family, with regard to the application of the comparative-historical method is the subject of chapter 3.
		Chapter 4 discusses the applicability of the comparative- historical method to african language groups and families, especially to Mande languages, or rather the necessary adaptions and changed objectives concerning the method.
		The already established principles for reconstruction in the Mande languages are applied to the data of approx.
	www.koeppe.de /katalogE/3-89645-071-9.html (360 words)

	Detail Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Languages in the West Atlantic branch include Wolof, spoken in Senegal; Temne, a language of Sierra Leone; and Fula, a language spread by nomads south of the Sahara from Senegal to Chad, though primarily in Nigeria and Guinea.
		The best known Mande languages are Mende, a Liberian tongue, and Malinke, of Mali, as well as languages spoken along the valley of the Niger River and in Sierra Leone.
		Kordofanian, the primary group of languages of southern Kordofan (the central Sudan), is often classified as a seventh branch of the Niger-Congo family.
	www.fofweb.com /Onfiles/Ancient/AncientDetail.asp?iPin=AFR0384 (504 words)

	PanAfrLoc \| PanAfrLoc / Manding (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		A version of Manding based on use of the N'ko script seems to be emerging as a sort of literary standard for at least some Mandephones.
		It is a separate language from Bambara and Malinke, and ethnically distinct.
		The basis of a Romanized Manding orthography was established at the UNESCO expert meeting in Bamako, Mali, in l966.
	www.bisharat.net /wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Manding (1174 words)

	Ross Jones home page
		The study of Niger-Congo and Mande languages has now come to a state where the data are sufficient and convincing enough, so that even minor classifications are widely accepted.
		The original Mande people on the other hand were owners of the land, responsible for the worship of local bush or nature spirits.
		Mande association with long distance trade between the Sahel and the edge of the west of the delta, a centre which flourished between the 14th and 15th centuries, has been established.
	members.optusnet.com.au /~rossjones12/a2_borguhistory.htm (12965 words)

	Ama, a Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade: Texts and Sources: Languages
		Twi, is the language prevalent in the Gold Coast countries between the rivers Asini and Tanno on the W. and the Volta on the E., and extends even beyond this river; its southern boundary is the sea-coast, while the upper course of the Volta, and the Kong mountains are its northern limits.
		The Ga, or Accra language, a comparatively young dialect, and the cognate and older dialects of Adangme and Krobo, W. of the lower Volta and in some parts E. of it.
		The Mandingo or Mande languages, spoken in western Sudan, between the two last-named groups, and north of the western parts of the Kwa group.
	www.ama.africatoday.com /languages_m.htm (2324 words)

	Mande Language Family
		In deciding which speech forms constitute separate languages, the emphasis is more sociolinguistic in nature than purely linguistic, though of course in most cases the two converge.
		The starting point for language locations is based on the Global Ministry Mapping System 1997, but extensive revisions have been made to that in the process of preparing this work.
		Manding in Guinea and Senegal: Unpublished data received from Tim Geysbeek on the location of Manding variants in South Guinea.
	www.sil.org /silesr/2000/2000-003/silesr2000-003.htm (1292 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> N'Ko (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		N'Ko is both a script devised by Solomana Kante in 1949 as a writing system for the Mande languages of West Africa, and the name of the literary language itself written in the script.
		The introduction of the alphabet led to a movement promoting literacy in the N'Ko alphabet among Mande speakers in both Anglophone and Francophone West Africa.
		The literary language used is intended as a koine blending elements of the principal Manding languages (which are mutually intelligible), but has a particularly strong Maninka flavour.
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/N'Ko (696 words)

	language
		The data can be accessed by country or territory name, language or dialect name and through a language family tree.
		Cary Campbell is researching the topic of the history of the Mande peoples and the development of their language.
		Gwenyth J. Lafleur covers a wider area of languages than Cary Campbell in "Mande Roots", thereby presenting the Mande language in the larger context of the Niger-Congo familiy, with over 1400 different languages.
	tcd.freehosting.net /djembemande/language.html (196 words)

	The U of MT -- Mansfield Library LangFing Mande (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		You have reached the page for the Mande languages, which is just one part of the "Language Finger" homepage, which is an index by language to the holdings of the Mansfield Library of The University of Montana.
		There are a number of languages in the Mande sub-branch, including Bembara, Dyula, Kpelle, Loma, Malinke, Mende (not to be confused with the name of the sub-branch), Soninke, Susu, and Vai.
		The Mande languages are spoken in western Africa.
	www.lib.umt.edu /guide/lang/wsudanih.htm (140 words)

	UN Chronicle \| Languages as Historical Archives
		In that case, it might derive from an existing older word in the language: for example, in English, "worker" was coined by adding a suffix to the much older verb, "work".
		Conversely, when a word is borrowed from one language to another, the reason may be that the item named by the word is also new.
		Scholars believe that the proto-Mande language was spoken by a society that lived somewhere in or close to the Inland Delta, just where rice cultivation originated.
	www.un.org /Pubs/chronicle/2003/issue4/0403p68.asp (1286 words)

	Mande - Ethnos - Books about the Mande People
		The Mande Blacksmiths: Knowledge, Power, and Art in West Africa (Traditional Arts of Africa)
		Mande Music : Traditional and Modern Music of the Maninka and Mandinka of Western Africa (Chicago Studies in Ethnomusicology)
		Mande Potters and Leatherworkers: Art and Heritage in West Africa
	www.almudo.com /ethnos/Mande.htm (395 words)

	Adopt-a-Country: Cote d'Ivoire
		In the northern half of the country, the Voltaic peoples in the northeast and the Mandé in the northwest constitute the remaining one-third of the population.
		Their language is in the Kwa branch of the Niger-Congo language family.
		In the northwest are descendants of early Mandé conquerors.
	www.tjhsst.edu /~swise/ic/diversity.php (364 words)

	Foundation For Endangered Languages.
		We have a brief report on his recent activity, a Joint Research Project on the lexicography of Mani-Bandama (South Mande) languages, which is to appear in the next Ogmios.
		The languages of Erromango, Tanna and Aneityum in Southern Vanuatu form a closed subgroup of Oceanic, and have often been regarded as 'aberrant', especially in terms of their phonological history.
		Three chapters are devoted to the phonological history of these languages, and there is also a detailed discussion of historical developments in their morphology and syntax.
	www.ogmios.org /1712.htm (1185 words)

	African Languages African Linguistics on the Internet
		One of its goals is to promote the use of African languages in African intergovernmental organisations.
		Publishes on the "arts and sciences that bear on the language, culture and society of the Dagaaba of West Africa." "Dagaare is the language of the Dagaaba (plural of Dagao), a predominantly agricultural community of approximately one million people located in north-western Ghana...
		"The main aim of LPCA is to document and further the study of expressions of popular language and culture in Africa." Maintained by Johannes Fabian and Vincent de Rooij of the Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Amsterdam.
	www-sul.stanford.edu /depts/ssrg/africa/lang.html (6043 words)

	Web resources for Niger-Congo languages
		There are some 1000-1500 Niger-Congo (Niger-Kordofanian) languages spoken from western Africa via eastern Africa to southern Africa.
		The Niger-Congo languages: a classification and description of Africa's largest language family.
		On the manifestation of stress in African languages (PDF).
	goto.glocalnet.net /maho/webresources/nigercongo.html (291 words)

	HRELP - Friederike Lüpke
		Her PhD thesis on verbal argument structure in Jalonke, a previously undocumented Mande language of Guinea, received a cum laude (distinction for special achievements) from the Radboud University Nijmegen.
		Within Mande linguistics, she has worked so far on the Central Mande languages Bambara (Manding) and Jalonke and has started work on contact phenomena between Mande and Atlantic languages.
		She is concerned with the role of theory in description and documentation and has a strong interest in multidisciplinary aspects of language documentation and description.
	www.hrelp.org /aboutus/staff/index.php?cd=fl (265 words)

	Mande - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		- group of West African languages: a group of around 20 languages spoken in West Africa, especially in Sierra Leone, Mali, Guinea, and the Ivory Coast.
		It is a branch of the Niger-Congo family of languages.
		- Mande speaker: a member of a West African group of people who speak a Mande language
	encarta.msn.com /Mande.html (104 words)

	LINGUIST List 4.180: Pro-drop Languages
		I was rather surprised at the small number of replies; perhaps that should be taken as an indication that there aren't many such languages.
		There was an attempt in 1961 to treat this subject pronoun as an agreement particle, which required that all Temne pronouns, which were never observed, be obligatorily deleted after the verbs were made to agree with them.
		Of these 100 languages, only 7 do not allow null subjects in finite clauses, and these 7 include one Indo-European language and 2 Indo-European-based Creoles.
	www.linguistlist.org /issues/4/4-180.html (1004 words)

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