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Roxbury, Massachusetts

1986

	Nelson Mandela - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mandela was born to a Thembu family in the small village of Mvezo in the Mthatha district, capital of the Transkeian Territories of the Cape Province of the Union of South Africa.
		Mandela's father, Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa, was a councillor to the Thembu king (a position he was groomed for from his birth and which Mandela was also destined to inherit).
		Mandela went on to explain how they developed the Manifesto of Umkhonto on 16 December 1961 intent on exposing the failure of the National Party's policies after the economy would be threatened by foreigner's unwillingness to risk investing in the country.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mandela (3663 words)

	Nelson Mandela - MSN Encarta
		Mandela became an international symbol of resistance to apartheid during his long years of imprisonment, and world leaders continued to demand his release.
		Mandela, who enjoyed enormous popularity, assumed the leadership of the ANC and led negotiations with the government for an end to apartheid.
		Mandela, who had announced that he would not run for reelection in 1999, stepped down as party leader of the ANC in late 1997 and was succeeded by South African deputy president Thabo Mbeki.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761556825 (1084 words)

	Biography of Nelson Mandela
		Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was born in a village near Umtata in the Transkei on the 18 July 1918.
		Mandela arrived at the conclusion very early on that the Bantustan policy was a political swindle and an economic absurdity.
		Mandela s statements in court during these trials are classics in the history of the resistance to apartheid, and they have been an inspiration to all who have opposed it.
	www.anc.org.za /people/mandela.html (3581 words)

	Nelson Mandela hero file
		Mandela is the first of his family to go to school, beginning his primary education when he is seven at a Methodist missionary school, where he is given the name Nelson.
		Mandela, who is both president of the Youth League and of the Transvaal region of the ANC, is now elected an ANC deputy national president.
		Mandela and de Klerk are awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in December for "their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new, democratic South Africa".
	www.moreorless.au.com /heroes/mandela.html (5692 words)

	Donate to Mandela Institute for Human Rights (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Thus, the Mandela Institute was chosen for its efforts in defense of rights of political prisoners, particularly, the rights of female prisoners.
		The Mandela Institute gratefully thanks the French government, the Prime Minister and the overseeing Committee for the honor bestowed upon the organization.
		Mandela considers this honor as a great incentive to carry on with the struggle for human rights, rule of law and the defense of political prisoners.
	www.mandela-palestine.org /award.htm (375 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Africa \| Profile: Nelson Mandela
		Mr Mandela was born in 1918 into the Madiba tribal clan - part of the Thembu people - in a small village in the eastern Cape of South Africa.
		In 1958, Mr Mandela married Winnie Madikizela, who was later to take a very active role in the campaign to free her husband from prison.
		Mr Mandela's greatest problem as president was the housing shortage for the poor, and slum townships continued to blight major cities.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/africa/1454208.stm (1119 words)

	TIME 100: Leaders & Revolutionaries - Nelson Mandela
		Just a short stroll from Nelson Mandela's modest country house in the Transkei is the even more humble village where he was born.
		But Mandela has always made his authority felt on two levels: by standing at the head of the African National Congress as symbol and standard bearer and by forming strategy from behind by suggestion, pressure, indirection.
		Mandela witnessed the dynamic of leadership early on.
	www.time.com /time/time100/leaders/profile/mandela_related.html (597 words)

	Mandela
		Mandela was greatly encouraged by the eventual outcomes of his interventions in East Timor and the handing over by Libya of those accused of the bombing of the Pan Am flight over the Scottish town of Lockerbie in 1988.
		Mandela speaks of the influence that veteran ANC leader Walter Sisulu had had on him while in prison and how he was instrumental in taking care of fellow prisoners regardless of their political background.
		Mandela said that real leaders were those who thought about the poor 24 hours a day and who knew in their hearts that poverty was the single biggest threat to society.
	www.csmonitor.com /durable/2000/02/10/p15s1.htm (2871 words)

	Mandela Institute - Human Rignts - Palestine - Prisoners - Peace (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Mandela: Prisoners at Negev prison refuse to receive their breakfast meals in protest against the warden’s policy
		Sources from Negev prison stated to Mandela Institute on Tuesday morning 5/9/2006 that prisoners in the mentioned prison refused to receive their breakfast meals in protest against the warden’s bad treatment, its refusal to recognize the sentenced and administrative prisoners’ representatives, and against searching those representatives when they leave their sections.
		Mandela: The lawyer of the Institute visits prisoners Husam Khader and Musa Dudeen at Beir Shevea’ prison
	www.mandela-palestine.org (1031 words)

	Mr. Dowling's Nelson Mandela Page
		Mandela was initially opposed to violence, but after a massacre of unarmed fl South Africans in 1962, he began advocating acts of sabotage against the government.
		During his imprisonment, Mandela became a symbol of the anti-apartheid movement among South Africa’s fl population and among the international community that opposed apartheid.
		Mandela’s government was praised for its treatment of South Africa’s white minorities.
	www.mrdowling.com /609-mandela.html (339 words)

	Nelson Mandela - Biography
		Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was born in Transkei, South Africa on July 18, 1918.
		Mandela himself was educated at University College of Fort Hare and the University of Witwatersrand and qualified in law in 1942.
		Mandela was arrested in 1962 and sentenced to five years' imprisonment with hard labour.
	nobelprize.org /peace/laureates/1993/mandela-bio.html (588 words)

	USATODAY.com - Mandela announces eldest son died of AIDS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The U.N. AIDS agency said Mandela's decision Thursday was an example of his unwavering leadership in the fight against stigma and discrimination associated with HIV.
		Nelson Mandela's position was in stark contrast to that of current President Thabo Mbeki, who once denied knowing anyone who died of AIDS-related complications.
		Mbeki was among the many visitors at Mandela's residence Thursday who came to extend condolences, but his African National Congress party made no mention of AIDS in a statement issued to express sympathy with the family.
	www.usatoday.com /news/world/2005-01-06-mandela_x.htm (657 words)

	The My Hero Project - Nelson Mandela
		Mandela played a part in many dramatic demonstrations against the white-ruled government.
		But even while in prison, Mandela continued to be a beacon of hope for his people who carried on the struggle against Apartheid in his absence.
		Nelson Mandela is one of the world's true freedom fighters, and his life and personal triumphs will be remembered long after the world has forgotten the evils of Apartheid.
	myhero.com /myhero/hero.asp?hero=nelsonMandela (981 words)

	Long Walk to Freedom
		Nelson Mandela is one of the great moral and political leaders of our time: an international hero whose lifelong dedication to the fight against racial oppression in South Africa won him the Nobel Peace Prize and the presidency of his country.
		The foster son of a Thembu chief, Mandela was raised in the traditional, tribal culture of his ancestors, but at an early age learned the modern, inescapable reality of what came to be called apartheid, one of the most powerful and effective systems of oppression ever conceived.
		In classically elegant and engrossing prose, he tells of his early years as an impoverished student and law clerk in Johannesburg, of his slow political awakening, and of his pivotal role in the rebirth of a stagnant ANC and the formation of its Youth League in the 1950s.
	archives.obs-us.com /obs/english/books/Mandela/Mandela.html (900 words)

	Nelson Mandela and the Rainbow of Culture
		Nelson Mandela negotiated the dismantling of the apartheid regime in South Africa, settled an agreement on universal suffrage and democratic elections, and became the first fl president of the country in 1994.
		Mandela was forever to praise his teachers, and these school experiences are part and parcel of the stress on education in the ANC Program of Action of 1949, which, in its basic aims, established the educational means and the cultural ends of liberation:
		In his Nobel lecture, Nelson Mandela referred to the organic world-view expressed already in the manifesto of 1944, calling himself a mere representative of the millions of people across the globe who "recognised that an injury to one is an injury to all;" which is the essence of ubuntu philosophy universally applied.
	nobelprize.org /nobel_prizes/peace/articles/mandela (4965 words)

	For Mandela's Visit, Some Words of Caution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Second, though Mandela has spoken out against apartheid, he is not likely to support economic and political freedom if he or the ANC takes power in South Africa.
		Mandela said in Cape Town on February 11: "We are heartened by the fact that the alliance between ourselves and the [communist] party remains as
		Mandela was not jailed because of his political viewpoints.
	www.heritage.org /Research/Africa/EM269.cfm (1051 words)

	Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela
		However, after a group of peaceful demonstrators were massacred (1960) in Sharpeville, Mandela organized a paramilitary branch of the ANC to carry out guerrilla warfare against the white government.
		Mandela and de Klerk were jointly awarded the Nobel peace prize in 1993.
		Winnie Madikizela-Mandela remained head of the ANC Women's League and a member of parliament, but she resigned those positions in 2003 when she was convicted on charges of theft and fraud relating to her involvement in a scheme to obtain loans for nonexistent Women's League employees.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/people/A0831499.html (386 words)

	CNN.com - Mandela: Rich must feed the poor - Feb 3, 2005
		Mandela, former South African president and former prisoner of that country's apartheid government, called for trade justice, an end to rising debts for the poorest countries, and more and higher-quality aid.
		Walking with a stick and wrapped in a fl coat and brown fur hat, Mandela made an impassioned speech in front of South Africa House, for decades a symbol of apartheid.
		Mandela called on the world's leaders to honor their commitments to the world's people.
	www.cnn.com /2005/WORLD/europe/02/03/mandela.london/index.html (340 words)

	USAfricaonline.com \| Chido Nwangwu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		To rank Tiger as "equal" to Mandela, in historic and present terms, is a maddening leap in grandiloquence.
		Mandela, rock ribbed nationalist, visionary, exemplary icon in personal dignity, durable boxer, principled symbol for all believers in the inevitable triumph of committed democratic forces over any army/gang of tyranny and oppression in Africa and elsewhere, has become this decade's ultimate measure for statesmanship, leadership, character and will.
		To rank Tiger as "equal" to Mandela in historical and present terms, is a maddening leap into uncertain phantasmagoria and imaginative assumptions.
	www.usafricaonline.com /chido.mandelawoods.html (1590 words)

	All Bush Wants is Iraqi Oil, Says Mandela
		Mandela speaks at an event to announce the partnership between the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund and The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund in London on November 2, 2002.
		Criticism of Bush dominated the former president's address as Mandela encouraged women throughout the world to be "bold with its leadership and condemn the looming war America is preparing for".
		Mandela also questioned whether the US was ignoring the UN because its secretary-general is fl.
	www.commondreams.org /headlines03/0130-05.htm (573 words)

	Mandela
		Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was born in Qunu, near the city of Umata, South Africa on July 18
		His listening skills and his compassion were very important to Mandela in becoming a skilled leader because he made people feel that he cared about them and their feeling and he demonstrated his sympathy to the individual.
		Mandela made it clear that he was willing to give his life for the cause.
	www.ccds.charlotte.nc.us /History/Africa/03/campbell/campbell.htm (987 words)

	frontline: the long walk of nelson mandela: the boy from the transkei
		He collaborated on Mandela's memoirs and offers here an insightful analysis of the traits of character that are rooted in Mandela's "royal" upbringing.
		Those who have studied his life feel Mandela's grounded sense of himself comes from this African heritage; that his relationship to power today can be traced to these roots in a traditional society and his understanding of tribal leadership.
		The old Madiba chiefs still remember Mandela as a young boy whose values and attitudes were shaped by tradition and royal prerogative.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/mandela/boy (177 words)

	Mandela High School
		Mandela High is a place where everyone works to ensure that our students have the ability to enter college or pursue their career goals.
		At Mandela High, we believe that it's hard to be a good student if you don't have good teachers.
		Consequently, at Mandela, literacy will be infused into all subjects, and all classes will focus on understanding content, developing vocabulary, and engagement in the reading process.
	www.mandelahigh.net /index.html (358 words)

	Movie Info for Mandela on MSN Movies
		Described as a "biographical drama," the made-for-TV Mandela is the story of South African human-rights advocate Nelson Mandela, who at the time this film was made was in the 25th year of a prison sentence.
		Thrown in jail by the white-dominated government in 1962, Mandela passes the cudgel to his wife Winnie (Alfre Woodard), who perseveres despite constant persecution from the powers-that-be.
		Filmed on location in Zimbabwe, Mandela originally ran 139 minutes when it first aired September 20, 1977 over the HBO Cable service; it was subsequently shortened to 135 minutes when shown on network television.
	entertainment.msn.com /Movies/Movie.aspx?m=504739 (201 words)

	frontline: the long walk of nelson mandela
		Credited with the reversal of apartheid in a South Africa controlled by two generations of stern Afrikaner leaders who enforced the ideology of racial separation, Mandela stands as an all-embracing giant who brought about his nationís extraordinary peaceful transformation to democracy.
		In the most in-depth film biography of Mandela ever undertaken, the broadcast tells the story of his life through interviews with intimates--from his most trusted associates to his jailers on Robben Island, the prison where he was held for twenty-seven years.
		The two-hour film offers an insider's account of his extraordinary will to lead and of the great risk and personal sacrifice he endured to achieve democracy and equality for the people of his nation.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/mandela (160 words)

	CNN.com - Mandela: U.S. wants holocaust - Jan. 30, 2003
		Former South African President Nelson Mandela blasts President Bush and the U.S. stance on Iraq.
		Mandela said U.S. President George W. Bush covets the oil in Iraq "because Iraq produces 64 percent of the oil in the world.
		Mandela said he would support without reservation any action agreed upon by the United Nations against Iraq, which Bush and Blair say has weapons of mass destruction and is a sponsor of terror groups, including Osama bin Laden's al Qaeda network.
	www.cnn.com /2003/WORLD/meast/01/30/sprj.irq.mandela/index.html (435 words)

	Nelson Mandela
		"Astonishing court recordings of the last speech that Nelson Mandela made before he was sentenced to life imprisonment can be heard for the first time..." Mandela's famous speech at the Rivonia Trial of 1963-4 that led to his imprisonment was retrieved from an old dictabelt sound recording.
		Article about Nelson Mandela's Harvard visit to accept an honorary degree in the 100th Anniversary issue, November-December 1998 of Harvard Magazine.
		Established when its Chairperson Nelson Mandela pledged 1/3 of his salary for five years to the fund.
	www-sul.stanford.edu /depts/ssrg/africa/southafrica/mandela.html (705 words)

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