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Topic: Manfred of Sicily

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Battle of Benevento

Conradin

Conrad IV of Germany

James II of Aragon

Margaret of Sicily

Peter III of Aragon

Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor

Henry II, Duke of Swabia

Hohenstaufen

Yolande of Jerusalem

Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor

Isabella Plantagenet

Manfred Eigen

Pretender

Sancho I of Aragon

	In Italy Online - Sicily Through the Centuries
		It is to the Normans that we owe the most spectacular of Sicily's architectural treasures, from the cathedrals of Cefalù, Messina and Monreale to Palermo's Zisa and Cuba, the churches of San Giovanni degli Eremiti, San Cataldo and the Martorana.
		nder the realm of Frederick II, the Swabian king, Sicily became one of the centers of the Western world, and perhaps it is not surprising that the principal architectural endeavors of this era, which lasted only from 1220 to 1250, were of a military nature, such as the castles in Siracusa, Catania and Salemi.
		When Frederick died in 1250, his successor Manfred was murdered by the ruthless Charles of Anjou, whose French allies streamed into the island and established a new aristocracy so despised that it led to the popular uprising called the Sicilian Vespers.
	www.initaly.com /regions/sicily/history.htm (590 words)

	Manfred - LoveToKnow 1911
		Although only about eighteen years of age Manfred acted loyally and with vigour in the execution of his trust, and when Conrad appeared in southern Italy in 1252 his authority was quickly and generally acknowledged.
		But Manfred's suspicions being aroused by the demeanour of the papal retinue, he fled to the Saracens at Lucera.
		Undeterred by this sentence Manfred sought to obtain power in central and northern Italy, and in conjunction with the Ghibellines his forces defeated the Guelphs at Monte Aperto on the 4th of September 1260.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Manfred (718 words)

	Manfred. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Conrad died in 1254, and Manfred seized the regency for Conrad’s young son, Conradin.
		Papal forces invaded Sicily, and Manfred was forced to restore (1254) the kingdom to the papacy, retaining only the duchy of Taranto in fief from the pope.
		Manfred died in the battle, and Conradin was later captured and executed.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ma/Manfred.html (222 words)

	Chronology of the Middle Ages in Europe
		King Manfred of Sicily was killed in the Battle of Beneventum in Southern Italy.
		This rebellion is known as the "Sicilian Vespers." The rebels invoked the aid of King Peter III of Aragon, the grandson of King Manfred.
		Charles of Anjou's attempt to land an army on the coast of Sicily was thwarted.
	www.studybuddy.nl /english/contenteur2.html (5990 words)

	Britain.tv Wikipedia - Sicily
		Sicily has been noted for two millennia as a grain-producing territory: olives and wine are among its other agricultural products.
		The original inhabitants of Sicily, long absorbed into the population, were tribes known to Greek writers as the Elymians, the Sicani and the Siculi or Sicels.
		Sicily created under the auspices of Frederick II and his court of notaries, or Magna Curia, which, headed by Giacomo da Lentini also gave birth to the Scuola Siciliana, widely inspired by troubadour literature.
	www.britain.tv /wikipedia.php?title=Sicily (4218 words)

	Manfred - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Manfred is a dramatic poem written in 1816-1817 by Lord Byron; it contains supernatural elements, in keeping with the popularity of the ghost story in England at the time.
		Manfred was adapted musically by Robert Schumann in 1852, in a composition entitled Manfred: Dramatic Poem with music in Three Parts, and later by Pyotr Tchaikovsky in his Manfred Symphony, Op.
		Manfred is a Faustian noble living in the Bernese Alps.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Manfred (475 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Manfred
		Manfred MANFRED [Manfred], c.1232-1266, king of Sicily (1258-66), the last Hohenstaufen on that throne.
		He was an ardent supporter of the Hohenstaufen cause in Sicily and attempted to secure the island for Manfred and Conradin against the claims of Charles of Anjou, who was given Sicily by the pope.
		Charles I CHARLES I [Charles I] (Charles of Anjou), 1227-85, king of Naples and Sicily (1266-85), count of Anjou and Provence, youngest brother of King Louis IX of France.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Manfred (677 words)

	Manfred - King of Sicily
		This coin is of Manfred, King of Sicily from 1257-1266.
		Manfred was the "bastard" son of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor.
		Named regent of Sicily for his underage nephew Conradin in 1257, he usurped the throne three years later in 1260.
	members.tripod.com /~Charlemagne64/manfred.html (168 words)

	Sicilian Peoples: The Swabians - Best of Sicily Magazine - Swabians in Sicilian History
		In 1186, Constance Hauteville, the youngest child of King Roger II of Sicily, was betrothed to Henry VI, second son of Frederick Barbarossa.
		In 1200, Sicily was a multicultural kingdom; by the end of the Swabian era a half-century later it was an essentially "European" one.
		An illegitimate son, Manfred, was killed at the Battle of Benevento in 1266 when his army was defeated by an Angevin force commanded by Charles of Anjou, the papal choice to succeed as king of Sicily.
	www.bestofsicily.com /mag/art174.htm (1540 words)

	Manfred of Sicily - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Manfred, who initially bore the mother's surname, studied in Paris and Bologna and shared with his father the love for poetry and science.
		Manfred was able to subdue numerous rebel cities, with the exception of Naples.
		In that year Manfred supported the Ghibelline communes in Tuscany, in particular Siena, to which he provided a corps of German knight that was later instrumental in the defeat of Florence at the Battle of Montaperti.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Manfred_of_Sicily (1130 words)

	Sicily, Italy (Photo Archive) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Sicily became a separate kingdom ruled by a branch of the House of Aragon, but the conflict with the Angevins in Naples continued for decades to come, with repeated and reciprocal invasions in Sicily and Southern Italy.
		Sicily was ruled by a viceroy with residence in the Norman Palace of Palermo.
		John Julius Norwich: The Normans in Sicily: The Normans in the South 1016-1130 and the Kingdom in the Sun 1130-1194, Penguin, 1992.
	sights.seindal.dk /sight/613_Sicily.html (3754 words)

	Conradin - LoveToKnow 1911
		Having assumed the title of king of Jerusalem and Sicily, Conradin took possession of the duchy of Swabia in 1262, and remained for some time in his dukedom.
		Proclaimed king of Sicily, his partisans both in the north and south of Italy took up arms; his envoy was received with enthusiasm in Rome; and the young king himself was welcomed at Pavia and Pisa.
		In November 1267 he was excommunicated; but his fleet was victorious over that of Charles duke of Anjou, who had taken possession of Sicily on Manfred's death; and in July 1268 he was himself greeted with immense enthusiasm at Rome.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Conradin (556 words)

	Hohenstaufen Family
		Manfred's death in 1258 and Conradin's execution in 1268 ended the family power, and with the death of Frederick's illegitimate son Enzio in 1272, the family became extinct.
		When Frederick began his reign, Sicily was in debt and the King was forced to impose high taxes.
		All of these things resulted in Frederick's unpopularity among his Sicilian subjects, although Sicily became prosperous under his rule, and his interest in scholarship and the arts made Frederick's court a major cultural and scientific center of the time.
	9sshohenstaufen.com /HohenFamily.html (865 words)

	Castles in Sicily
		Fortresses, castles and palazzi across Sicily are imposing symbols of wealth and authority.
		On the front of the castle are two rampant lions, an entrance with three archs, the central one supported by four columns with capitals; it has an imposing 15th century façade with a tower, called Torre Pisana or Santa Ninfa, where a Treasure Chamber was discovered.
		As far as the close of the 19th century, the tower was the property of the Monastery of St. Martin, then it was acquired by privates.
	www.sicilyhotels.com /castles_in_sicily.htm (4224 words)

	Sicily - WOI Encyclopedia Italia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		New data on the genetic structure of the population of Sicily: analysis of the Alia population (Palermo, Italy) Autosomal microsatellite and mtDNA genetic analysis in Sicily (Italy) Genetic analysis of a Sicilian population using 15 short tandem repeats However, other research has failed to detect any such division.
		(1997) GM and KM allotypes in nine population samples of Sicily No data exists on the contribution of Normans, but a number of studies hint that North African and Middle Eastern gene flow was limited by the physical barrier of the Mediterranean Sea and resulting cultural differentiation.
		Conrad I of Sicily (and Conrad IV of Germany), King of Sicily 1250 – 1254
	www.wheelsofitaly.com /wiki/index.php/Sicily (3897 words)

	Conquest of Sicily by Anjou French (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The Papacy plotted continually to undermine the rule of Frederick II and his descendants as kings of Sicily.
		The object was to break the perceived encirclement of the Papal States by the Holy Roman Empire and to install a more pliable ruler who would acknowledge the overriding supremacy in the Kingdom of Sicily of the Pope himself.
		Manfred ruled the Kingdom of Sicily first as regent and protector for Frederick's son and grandson and then in his own name.
	www.boglewood.com /sicily/angevins.html (178 words)

	AllRefer.com - Peter III, king of AragOn and king of Sicily (Spanish And Portuguese History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		From his marriage (1262) to Constance, daughter and heir of Manfred of Sicily, were derived the claims of the house of AragOn to Sicily and S Italy.
		After the insurrection of the Sicilian Vespers against Charles I of Anjou, Peter was offered the crown of Sicily and took possession of the island (1282).
		Peter was succeeded in AragOn by his eldest son, Alfonso III, and in Sicily by his second son, James (later James II of AragOn).
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/P/Peter3-Arag.html (359 words)

	The Thirteenth Century
		1233 Frederick II of Germany (reigned 1220-50) tranferred 20,000 Muslim inhabitants of Sicily to Italy in the wake of a Muslim revolt on the island.
		Forces under Michael, despot of Epiros, Manfred of Sicily, and William of Achaea met a smaller force under John Paleologus (the Nicaean emperor Michael’s brother).
		The Roman (Byzantine) emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus, being hard-pressed militarily by Charles of Anjou, monarch of Sicily, needed the protection of the papacy.
	www.geocities.com /Heartland/Pines/7224/Rick/chrono13.htm (7571 words)

	1266 - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		February 26 - In the Battle of Benevento, an army led by Charles, Count of Anjou, defeats a combined German and Sicilian force led by King Manfred of Sicily.
		Manfred is killed in the battle and Pope Clement IV invests Charles as king of Sicily and Naples.
		October - In England, the Second Barons' War winds down as supporters of the slain rebel leader Simon de Montfort make an offer of peace to the king in the Dictum of Kenilworth; after slight modifications to the peace settlement, it is agreed to the following year.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/1266 (498 words)

	The Imperial Menace to the Freedom of Religion
		Manfred fled to raise supporters among his father's Saracens at Lucera, and by November the war was on once more.
		He had already determined to set up in Sicily the French prince Charles of Anjou, and until that delicate scheme was safe he had to use all his skill to keep Manfred from a new offensive.
		Manfred was as strong as ever, and before the French could pass through Lombardy the papal diplomacy must defeat Manfred in the courts and cities of the north of Italy.
	www.songsouponsea.com /Promenade/ImperialMenace.html (9762 words)

	Frederick II, Stupor Mundi
		The death of Henry VI, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and King of Sicily, in 1197 brought the crown of Sicily to Henry's remarkable son Frederick II before his third birthday.
		Even within his own lifetime Frederick II was widely regarded as one of the most brilliant rulers in the history of European monarchy, combining in a unique mixture the cultural heritage of his German father and Sicilian mother.
		Later, with Frederick II's son Manfred on the throne of Sicily, Pope Clement IV found the key for a major victory.
	www.boglewood.com /sicily/frederick2.html (437 words)

	Manfred \| English \| Dictionary & Translation by Babylon
		For the king of Sicily, see Manfred of Sicily.
		Manfred is a dramatic poem written in 1816-1817 by Lord Byron; it contains supernatural elements, in keeping with the popularity of the ghost story in England at the time.
		Manfred was adapted musically by Robert Schumann in 1852, in a composition entitled Manfred: Dramatic Poem with music in Three Parts, and later by Pyotr Tchaikovsky in his Manfred Symphony, Op.
	www.babylon.com /definition/Manfred (115 words)

	The Byzantine Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		In Sicily, and throughout the Mediterranean, Byzantine arms were less successful, but, thanks to Photius' diplomatic skill, the see of Constantinople maintained its position against Rome during the so-called Photian Schism.
		In 902 the Arabs completed the conquest of Sicily, but they were kept out of the Byzantine province of South Italy, for whose defense Basil I had even made some effort to cooperate with the Western emperor Louis II.
		Basil II's project of recovering Sicily from the Arabs had been almost realized in 1042 by the one great general of the post-Macedonian era, George Maniaces, who was recalled by Constantine IX and killed as a pretender to the throne.
	www.reu.org /public/theological/Schism1054/webdoc4.htm (20047 words)

	thePeerage.com - Pedro III, Rey de Aragón and others (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		He married Constance of Sicily, daughter of Manfred von Hohenstaufen, King of Naples and Sicily, in 1262.
		She was the daughter of Manfred von Hohenstaufen, King of Naples and Sicily.
		As a result of her marriage, Constance of Sicily was styled as Queen Constance of Sicily in 1282.
	thepeerage.com /p11335.htm (841 words)

	egg2
		Princess Beatrice was the daughter of King Manfred of Sicily and the granddaughter of the Norman/Swabian Emperor, Frederick II, who was not only the King of Sicily and ruler of all Southern Italy, but also head of the Holy Roman Empire.
		Meanwhile, Manfred's daughter, 6-year old Princess Beatrice, and her mother, Helen of Epirus, along with her three little brothers, were staying in the castle of Lucera in Apulia, protected by their faithful Saracen guards.
		Knowing that Charles and his spies were searching for her and her children, especially the male heirs of the Norman/Swabian Kingdom, Helena, panic-stricken and desperate, took refuge in that same castle until she could find a ship to take them all to Epirus, her homeland in Greece.
	faculty.ed.umuc.edu /~jmatthew/naples/egg2.html (966 words)

	History: Despotate of Epirus / Angevins
		Michael II seeking the alliance of King Manfred of Sicily gave him his daughter Helen in marriage in 1259 and bestowed upon her Corfu as a dowry.
		After the death of Manfred at the battle of Benevento in 1266, his commander in Corfu Philippe Eschinard became master of the island.
		Eschinard was shortly afterwards assassinated on the order of the Despot Michael II who tried to recover the island but failed, as the leader of Eschinard's troops surrender the island to the Angevins of Naples in 1267.
	www.corfuxenos.gr /History/despotate.htm (477 words)

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