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Topic: Manganese nodule

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	Manganese nodules
		Since the 1960's manganese nodules have been recognized as a potential ore source, investigation of which is stimulated by the progressive depletion of land-based mineral resources.
		Although the function of microorganisms in manganese and the mechanism of oxidation are still under debate, it is believed that the biogenic factor determines to a considerable extent the manganese destiny on its ways to the ocean.
		Manganese species in water and suspension are associated with the occurrence of organic mater and activity of sea bacteria.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Sciences/Earthscience/Oceanography/OceanSediments/Manganesenodules/Manganesenodules.htm (706 words)

	Manganese nodule - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nodule growth is one of the slowest of all geological phenomena – in the order of a centimeter over several million years.
		Nodules of economic interest have been found in three areas: the north central Pacific Ocean, the Peru Basin in the southeast Pacific, and the center of the north Indian Ocean.
		The promise of nodule exploitation was one of the main factors that led developing nations to propose that the deep seabed beyond the limits of national jurisdiction should be treated as a “common heritage of mankind”, with proceeds to be shared between those who developed this resource and the rest of the international community.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Manganese_nodule (959 words)

	Nodule - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In medicine, a nodule refers to a small aggregation of cells.
		In geology, a nodule refers to a small knobbly rock or mineral cluster.
		In plant biology, a root nodule is a root outgrowth formed on the roots of legumes and house symbiotic bacteria that fix atmospheric nitrogen and provide it to the plant in exchange for carbon.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nodule (143 words)

	Lung Nodule -- Recommendations and Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Nodules are normally benign and often painless although they can affect the functioning of the organ.
		From this microcolony, the bacteria enter the developing nodule through a structure called an infection thread, which grows through the root hair into the basal part of the epidermis cell, and onwards into the root cortex; they are then surrounded by a plant-derived membrane and differentiate into bacteroids that fix nitrogen.
		About 5% of nodules turn out to be malignant growths representing cancers that can spread beyond the thyroid gland to other parts of the neck and other areas of the body.
	www.becomingapediatrician.com /health/89/lung-nodule.html (1002 words)

	Deep Sea Nodules - Mining in Manitoba (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Since the 1960's manganese nodules have been recognized as a potential ore source, investigation of which is stimulated by the progressive depletion of land-based mineral resources.
		Although the function of microorganisms in manganese and the mechanism of oxidation are still under debate, it is believed that the biogenic factor determines to a considerable extent the manganese destiny on its ways to the ocean.
		Manganese species in water and suspension are associated with the occurrence of organic mater and activity of sea bacteria.
	www.digistar.mb.ca /minsci/future/nodules.htm (678 words)

	National Institute of Oceanography, India
		Nodules in the CIOB are associated with practically all types of sediment and the nodule abundance varies from traces to 20 kg/m.
		Manganese micronodules are small counterparts of manganese nodules and occur both in the surface and subsurface sediments.
		For the growth of manganese nodules and crusts, a suitable nucleus is a prerequisite.The nucleus could either be a rock fragment, rock outcrop, older nodule, shark tooth, etc. In this respect, the abundant volcanics in the CIOB have acted as potential nuclei for the manganese nodules and crusts.
	www.nio.org /projects/shamprasad/project_shyamprasad.jsp (3817 words)

	deep sea mining (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Metaliferous oxides such as manganese nodules were collected by the HMS Challenger in 1872 and their potential has been dreamed about ever since, but deep ocean mining of these minerals is still in its infancy.
		Ferromanganese nodules (manganese nodules) and ferromanganese crusts (crusts) have a wide distribution and have in common a composition dominated by manganese and iron oxides.
		Manganese nodule recovery is low due to the controversies of the LOS treaty.
	geology.uprm.edu /Morelock/GEOLOCN_/resdeep.htm (2060 words)

	Essay: Should Manganese nodules be exploited as a source of metals? - Coursework.Info
		Manganese nodules are a dark lump of mineral found on the ocean floor, some floors can be packed with them.
		Manganese nodules are found in large quantities in the seabeds of oceans proximate to the regions of Russia, Brazil, Australia, Cook Islands, South Africa, Gabon, India and the Solomon Islands.
		Manganese nodules are a potential source of minerals to the world.
	www.coursework.info /University/Geography/Should_Manganese_nodules_be_exploited_as_a_source_of_metals_L20829.html (292 words)

	Manganese nodules and sediments in the equatorial North Pacific Ocean. von Stackelberg, Ulrich;Beiersdorf, Helmut ...
		Manganese nodules and sediments in the equatorial North Pacific Ocean.
		In this volume we present the interpretation of a bathymetric and reflection seismic survey, of sedimentological, geochemical and radiometrical studies of deep-sea sedimentation and of investigations of the growth structure, mineralogy, chemistry and micropaleontology of surface manganese nodules and buried nodules.
		The further nodule growth is mainly determined by the sedimentary accumulation rate, the geochemical environment, the supply or decomposition of organic matter and the degree of bioturbation.
	www.schweizerbart.de /pubs/books/geologi-186068700-desc.html (256 words)

	Historique Nodules
		Nodules were also collected in cores and dredges by the scientific expeditions that surveyed the global ocean.
		Polymetallic nodules are small balls, dark-brown colored and lightly flattened, 5 to 10 centimeters in diameter, which lay on the seabed at 4.000 to 6.000 meters deep.
		The growth rate of the nodules is one of the slowest phenomenon (in the order of a centimeter by several millions years).
	www.ifremer.fr /drogm_uk/Realisation/Miner/Nod/texte/txt1_2.html (934 words)

	Soybean Cultivar Differences in Ureides and the Relationship to Drought Tolerant Nitrogen Fixation and Manganese ...
		Nodules were counted, and plant parts were dried at 70°C, weighed, and ground to pass through a 1-mm sieve.
		The rapid decrease in ARA in response to allantoin
		In the absence of sufficient manganese, ureide breakdown is impaired, leading to an accumulation of leaf ureides.
	crop.scijournals.org /cgi/content/full/40/4/1062 (5110 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		A nodule is a small cluster of metals and minerals that have accumulated around a core, such as a shark tooth, over a few million years.
		Often nodules are referred to as manganese nodule because manganese constitutes nearly twenty five percent of the nodule (Manganese).
		Nodules are mined one of three ways: In the continuous line bucket system, a series of buckets attached to a looped rope circulates between the seabed and the mining ship and brings the nodule to the surface in the buckets.
	www.rpi.edu /AFS/home/98/clubik/public/thesis[1].doc (2402 words)

	Manganese Oxidation by Pseudomonas putida
		Manganese is distinctive for being able to exist in a great number of oxidation states, from 0 to +7.
		Since the chemistry of manganese is similar to that of iron, and since oxides of the two metals are often found together in association with certain bacteria, there has been a tendency to equate iron-oxidizing and manganese-oxidizing bacteria.
		The concentration of manganese oxides is difficult to determine at these higher levels, however, because the oxide-covered cells tend to aggregate in liquid and tend to stick to the sides of the flask.
	genepath.med.harvard.edu /~depalma/mn/thesis.html (15466 words)

	calvin-HmPg.html
		Manganese nodules are fl, pea- to potato- sized concretions which are foun d on the seabed of deep ocean basins (Figure 1-1).
		However, the interest in nodules centers on their nickel, copper, cobalt, and ma nganese content since they are the most valuable recoverable constituents of manganese n odules.
		Manganese nodules consist of a complex mixture of materials, including fine- grained crystallites of several minerals of detrital and authigenic origins, org anic and colloidal matter, and igneous and metamorphic rocks of varying degrees of degrad ation.
	www2.hawaii.edu /~ajitha/calvin-HmPg.html (855 words)

	[No title]
		Manganese, which is found in extremely high concentrations in these ballast specimens, is used in the production of many alloys: "More than 95 percent of the manganese produced is used in the form of ferroalloys by the metal industries, chiefly for steel manufacture....
		Manganese steel (12-14 percent manganese) is used for very rugged service; it presents a hard, wear resistant, and self-renewing surface over a wrought unbreakable core.
		Manganese produced electrolytically is used mostly in steelmaking but also in the production of nonferrous alloys of copper, aluminum, magnesium and the nickel-base alloys and in the production of high purity chemicals.
	www.pilgrimpromo.com /WAR/discovered/html/chapter02.htm (6955 words)

	Glasby' et al: Manganese nodule occurrence in . . .
		The nodules have todorokite as the main manganese oxide phase, high Mn/Fe ratios (av.
		They therefore have many of the characteristics of nodules with a diagenetic input of Mn from the underlying sediments.
		The nodules are formed in the Tasman abyssal hill province on brown clay sediments at depths > 4500 m.
	www.rsnz.org /publish/nzjmfr/1986/46.php (204 words)

	Manganese - Periodic Table: Manganese
		Manganese steels may have a high percentage of manganese (70-80% manganese, The principal ore of manganese is pyrolusite, MnO2, which occurs in fl,
		Manganese is a trace element and eating a small amount from food or water is needed to stay healthy.
		Manganese, symbol Mn, silvery white, brittle metallic element used Manganese is one of the transition elements of the periodic table (see Periodic Law).
	newinfoseek.com /nwis/manganese.html (367 words)

	25 Manganese
		This material is a layer of manganese plated out onto an electrode in the purification process known as electrowinning.
		Manganese reacts with air to form an ugly fl coating, which has been carefully cleaned off these pieces before they were sealed in this argon-purged glass ampoule for safe keeping.
		At one time there was great excitement about the commercial potential of mining manganese nodules, but it turns out that the story of their potential was fabricated as a cover to explain why a large American deep-ocean retrieval vessel was sent to poke around in an area where a Soviet submarine had sunk earlier.
	www.theodoregray.com /PeriodicTableDisplay/Elements/025/index.s7.html (260 words)

	Nodules - Manganese nodule - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Osler's nodules: Painful indurated areas on the pads of the fingers and toes, the thenar and hypothenar eminences, seen in bacterial endocarditis.
		Milker's Nodules - Milker's nodule, first described in the literature in 1799, is a localized, cutaneous, and mostly benign infection caused by a DNA virus
		Nodules vary in size from tiny particles visible only under a microscope to large pellets However, most nodules are between 5 and 10 cm in diameter,
	supersearching.com /?q=nodules (423 words)

	Oceanic Sediments
		Managanese nodules form in the deep ocean and are particularly common in the Pacific where they are estimated to cover 30-50% of the sea floor.
		It has often been proposed that manganese nodules could be mined from the deep ocean (eg off the Cook Islands), however there is currently no shortage of easily mined manganese on land so it seen unlikely that such an undertaking would be economically viable in the near future.
		Phosphate precipitates as nodules or crust, composed principally of carbonate phosphate (apatite).
	www.odp.usyd.edu.au /odp_CD/oceplat/opindex3.html (1250 words)

	Manganese
		Manganese at Butte, Montana, (Contributions to economic geology) (Contributions to economic geology)
		Manganese superoxide dismutase regulates the malignant phenotype through the production of mitochondrial derived hydrogen peroxide
		Differential expression and function of wheat manganese superoxide dismutase multigene family in response to cold
	www.veryhappening.com /things/manganese (113 words)

	Government and academic resources on MANGANESE
		Manganese is a mineral element that is both nutritionally essential and potentially toxic.
		Manganese is a reactive, silvery-gray metal, with a pinkish tinge.
		Manganese is a cofactor for enzymes involved in hydrolysis, phosphorylation, decarboxylation, and transamination.
	names.mongabay.com /drugs/ingredients/MANGANESE.html (677 words)

	Minerals in Your World: Minerals and Materials - Manganese (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Manganese is mined mainly, in order of tonnage, in South Africa, Brazil, Australia, Ukraine, Gabon, India, and China.
		Manganese is also used in aluminum alloys, batteries, colorants, and fertilizers.
		Mining manganese nodules from the deep ocean has been investigated, but such an undertaking will probably not be feasible in the near future because of economic constraints.
	resourcescommittee.house.gov /subcommittees/emr/usgsweb/materials/manganese.html (150 words)

	NodReply
		No claims were made for the efficiency of GLORIA in assessing nodule abundance within a particular nodule field; indeed, a specific conclusion was that higher resolution sonar, photography and sampling might all be required to fully assess a field's economic value.
		The increase in acoustic backscatter over our nodule field, relative to sedimented seafloor, is +11 dB in the near and medium range of the sonar field at the GLORIA frequency of 6.5 kHz (Fig.
		In addition, Mitchell assumes that the nodules can be considered as individual spheres, building on Weydert (1990) who noted that, in his study area, nodule distribution on the seabed was not random and that nodules were usually separated from one another by at least one nodule diameter.
	pubs.usgs.gov /of/2000/of00-006/htm/nodreply.htm (977 words)

	Hao Xie's Home Page - SPEED Model (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Manganese nodule mining at deep-sea bottom has interested a lot of country, e.g.
		However, the mining operation generates sediment plumes both at the sea bottom (due to the mining tools) and at the surface (due to the residue discharge) and the plumes may affect the marine environment.
		The detailed information about SPEED model is in the paper Simulating the Behavior and the Environmental Effects of Sediment Plumes from Manganese Nodule Mining by Xie and Yapa (2002).
	people.clarkson.edu /~xiehao/SPEED_model_sur90.htm (552 words)

	Mn Nodule Info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In this photo you see approximately one quarter of a square meter of manganese nodule pavement in the abyssal Pacific.
		Manganese slowly precipitates as oxides at the sediment surface to form the fl nodules.
		Nodules grow so slowly in fact, that these are probably several million years old.
	bell.mma.edu /~jbouch/Nodules.HTML (105 words)

	Publications Dr. Anton Eisenhauer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		A spike of CO in the atmosphere at glacial-interglacial boundaries induced by rapid deposition of manganese in the oceans.
		A. Mangini, A. Eisenhauer, and Walter, P.: Response of Manganese in the Ocean to the Climatic Cycles in the Quaternary; Paleoceanography, Vol.
		A. Mangini, A. Eisenhauer, and Walter, P.: The Relevance of Manganese in the Ocean for the Climatic Cycles in the Quaternary; Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften; Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse; Jahrgang 1990, 4.
	www.uni-geochem.gwdg.de /docs/staff/scien/eisenhauer/pubaeisen.htm (1155 words)

	NOAA History - NOAA Legacy/Agency History/NOAA History
		Scientists were aware that the seafloor contained potentially recoverable deposits of materials rich in such strategic minerals as nickel, cobalt, copper, manganese, gold, tin, platinum, iron, titanium, and chromium.
		Of particular interest at the time of NOAA's creation were deep seabed deposits of manganese nodules which would, during the seventies and eighties, become the center of substantial debate both in the U.S. Congress and in the international Law of the Sea Treaty negotiations.
		Industry was already, similarly, involved in commercial dredging of oyster shells and the extraction of chemicals and salts from sea water.
	www.history.noaa.gov /legacy/noaahistory_10.html (550 words)

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