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Topic: Mangrove

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	Mangrove Solutions
		Mangrove restoration is an essential tool in the campaign to protect, restore, and increase nearshore habitats.
		Restoring our lost and degraded mangroves to their natural state is essential to ensure the health of the world's ecosystems.
		The roots of the Red Mangrove look like legs walking into the water which is why it is sometimes called the 'Walking Mangrove.' Red Mangroves are commonly grown by nurseries and their habitat value is well documented and appreciated by environmentalists.
	www.mangrovesolutions.com (481 words)

	Mangroves
		Mangrove branches are rookeries, or nesting areas, for beautiful coastal birds such as brown pelicans and roseate spoonbills.
		This mangrove, in particular, appears to be standing or walking on the surface of the water.
		Mangroves are common as far north as Cedar Key on the Gulf coast and Cape Canaveral on the Atlantic coast.
	www.dep.state.fl.us /coastal/habitats/mangroves.htm (1076 words)

	AllRefer.com - mangrove, Plant (Plants) - Encyclopedia
		Mangroves are most abundant in tropical Asia, Africa, and the islands of the SW Pacific.
		Mangroves produce from their trunks aerial roots that become embedded in the mud and form a tangled network; this serves both as a prop for the tree and as a means of aerating the root system.
		Mangroves have been harvested destructively on a large scale; the bark is a rich source of tannins, and the wood is used for wharf pilings and other purposes.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/M/mangrove.html (355 words)

	Mangrove Forests
		Mangroves are woody, specialized types of trees of the tropics that can live on the edge, where rainforests meet oceans.
		Mangrove forests are affected by the rising and falling of the ocean's tides.
		Mangrove roots are very susceptible to pollutants like crude oil clogging their lenticels, and continual flooding from artificial dikes and sea walls.
	www.blueplanetbiomes.org /mangrove_forests.htm (723 words)

	Mangrove Rules
		The mangroves that are the subject of the trimming activity may not exceed 10 feet in pretrimmed height as measured from the substrate and may not be trimmed so that the overall height of any mangrove is reduced to less than 6 feet as measured from the substrate.
		The riparian mangrove fringe must be located on lands owned or controlled by the professional mangrove trimmer or by the person contracting with the professional mangrove trimmer to perform the trimming activities, or on sovereign submerged lands immediately waterward and perpendicular to such lands.
		The mangroves that are the subject of the trimming activity may not exceed 24 feet in pretrimmed height and may not be trimmed so that the overall height of any mangrove is reduced to less than 6 feet as measured from the substrate.
	www.flwaterfront.com /mangrove.htm (4907 words)

	Mangrove Planting Simulation
		Mangroves offer significant and unique habitat to birds, mammals, crustacea, and fish populations through a complex marine food chain, creation of breeding habitat, and establishment of restrictive areas that offer protection for maturing offspring.
		In addition, mangroves contribute to improved water quality by filtering and assimilating pollutants, stabilizing bottom sediments, and protecting shorelines from erosion."> Inadequacies in conventional red mangrove replenishment methods are primarily a result of their sensitivity to water depth, tidal action, and wave activity.
		Mangrove trees are an indigenous species to Florida and a major contributor to the state's marine environment.
	www.mangrove.org /sim.htm (765 words)

	More on Florida Mangroves
		The fl mangrove, Avicennia germinans, usually occupies slightly higher elevations upland from the red mangrove and can be identified by numerous finger-like projections, called pneumatophores, that protrude from the soil around the tree's trunk.
		A very narrow fringe of mangroves offers only a limited amount of protection while a wide fringe can considerable reduce wave and flood damage to landward areas enabling overflowing water to be absorbed into the expanse of forest.
		Mangroves cannot be removed, pruned, or disturbed on either state or private land wihtout a premit from the Florida Department of Environmental Protection.
	www.fknms.nos.noaa.gov /sanctuary_resources/moremangrove.html (827 words)

	Mangrove Creek - Crosskeys Retreat
		Mangrove Creek is a major tributary of the lower Hawkesbury River and drains a heavily dissected plateau, immediately to the west of the Central Coast Region of New South Wales.
		Mangrove Creek is a diverse and beautiful region, forming a buffer zone between two major National Parks, Dharug on the west and Popran to the east.
		Mangrove Creek meanders around the base of the ridge in a giant loop, touching the property on the north and the south.
	www.crosskeys.net /crosskeyspublish/crosskeys.html (3263 words)

	Mangrove
		Diagnosis of the ecological status of mangroves in Majagual - Esmeraldas.
		Through an agreement of cooperación, we are supporting the Association of crabmen “6 de Julio” in the sustainable management of 1366 hectares of mangrove that were given to the Association by the ministry of the environment for the custody of this forest for ten years.
		The protection of this area is very hard due to the many conflicts in the zone that include the deforestation of mangrove for wood and the illegal harvest of red crab during ban season.
	www.jambeli.com.ec /mangrove.htm (409 words)

	Mangrove crab: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Topography, a term in geography, has come to refer to the "lay of the land", or the physiogeographic characteristics of land in terms of elevation, slope,...
		Their findings support the hypothesis that mangrove crabs are a keystone species[Click link for more facts about this topic].
		Scylla serrata (often called mud crab or mangrove crab, although both terms are highly ambiguous, as well as fl crab) is an economically important...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/m/ma/mangrove_crab.htm (1053 words)

	mangrove trees in general: info fact sheet, photos
		Most mangrove trees lack a heartwood and instead have narrow vessels that are densely and evenly distributed throughout the wood.
		Mangroves also protect their hard won parts with spiny leaves (e.g., Sea Holly) or waxy leaves; and high levels of tannins and other toxins (e.g., Blind Your Eye).
		Mangrove plants are thus a precious resource of chemicals that have myriad potential uses for humans.
	www.naturia.per.sg /buloh/plants/mangrove_trees.htm (1407 words)

	SDNHM - Mangroves
		Mangrove wetlands are found closest to the sea and are flooded by daily tides.
		Mangrove forests are currently among the most threatened habitats in the world and are disappearing at an accelerated rate.
		Lenticels in the exposed portions of mangrove roots are highly susceptible to clogging by crude oil and other pollutants, attacks by parasites, and prolonged flooding from artificial dikes and sea walls.
	www.oceanoasis.org /fieldguide/mangroves.html (864 words)

	Mangrove
		Mangroves, the evergreen trees that grow in salty water of tidal zones, are not only beautiful to look at but also a source of innumerable benefits.
		Mangrove forests are boon to coastal areas because they can protect the shores against erosion and juvenile fisheries get protection in mangrove trees.
		Mangroves in the Qurum Reserve and Mahout are nursery grounds for juveniles of many commercial fish, including mullet, milkfish, croakers, snappers, cragnids and seabream, according to studies conducted by environmental experts of MRME.
	www.nizwa.net /env/mangrove/mangrove.html (803 words)

	Mangrove Summary
		Mangrove swamps or forests are the tropical equivalent of temperate salt marshes.
		Mangroves are communities of plants and animals existing within swampy intertidal mudflats in the Tropics, mainly at estuaries, riverbanks, and coastal regions subject to brackish water.
		Mangroves are woody trees or shrubs that grow in coastal habitats or mangal (Hogarth, 1999), for which the term mangrove swamp also applies.
	www.bookrags.com /Mangrove (253 words)

	Habitat Awareness Mangrove swamps
		Mangroves are found along muddy estuaries of large rivers, and in sheltered intertidal coastal settings that include lagoons, bays, tidal creeks and inlets.
		Mangrove Swamps often are mistakenly thought to be breeding grounds for mosquitos and either flooded with insecticides or filled in with dirt hoping to prevent a mosquito infestation..
		Mangroves are vulnerable to oil spills because oil floats into these swamps and strands among the roots and sediments, killing and damaging trees and fauna, and persisting in sediments afterwards.
	www.inchinapinch.com /hab_pgs/marine/mangrove/mangrove.htm (1655 words)

	red mangrove
		Red mangroves generally are found closest to the water's edge and are distinguished easily from other mangroves by their prominent prop roots which extend into the water from higher up on the stem of the plant.
		Red mangroves are generally the dominant species of mangrove at or immediately adjacent to the water line, though they may often occur with fl mangroves and white mangroves.
		Mangroves form intertidal forests in which red mangrove prop roots, fl mangrove pneumatophores, and their associated peat banks serve as the dominant intertidal substrata for other members of the mangrove community.
	www.sms.si.edu /irlspec/Rhizop_mangle.htm (1435 words)

	home
		Mangroves dominate 75% of the tropical coastlines between latitudes 25 degrees N -25 degrees S or higher latitudes bathed by equatorial originating water masses.
		Black mangroves are found farther north to Jacksonville on the east coast and along the panhandle in the Gulf due to their ability to grow from the undestroyed roots after a freeze.
		Mangroves are tropical species which do not develop well where the average temperature is less than 660 F (l90 C).
	www.nhmi.org /mangroves/index.htm (929 words)

	MANGROVE REPLENISHMENT INITIATIVE
		Mangrove trees offer significant and unique habitat to birds, mammals, crustacea, and fish populations through a complex marine food chain, creation of breeding habitat, and establishment of restrictive areas that offer protection for maturing offspring.
		Inadequacies in conventional red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) restoration methods are primarily a result of their sensitivity to water depth, tidal action, wave activity, and the wrack line.
		Inadequacies in conventional red mangrove replenishment methods are primarily a result of their sensitivity to water depth, tidal action, wrack, and wave activity.
	mangrove.org /armor.htm (846 words)

	Mangrove Programme
		As knowledge of the significant role that mangrove ecosystems play in the tropical coastal zone grew world-wide, it also became clear that mangroves are marginal ecosystems, vulnerable to sudden or drastic changes in the environment.
		Mangroves do not recover spontaneously after the impact of natural or manmade catastrophic events such as cyclones or total felling of the mangrove forests.
		Mangrove ecosystems throughout the world have in common only the fact that they are tidally inundated by brackish or saline waters at regular intervals that may vary from twice daily to seasonal flooding in monsoonal areas.
	www.unesco.org /csi/intro/mangrove.htm (2350 words)

	AIMS ProjectNET - A mangrove is more than just a tree
		Mangroves are also home to lots of snakes and spiders, flying foxes and a favourite spot for salt water crocodiles to tuck into for a rest and to look for food.
		Today all mangrove forests and any part of a mangrove, including stumps, seeds and leaves, are protected in Queensland under the Queensland Fisheries Act, and any activity involving mangroves requires a permit from the Queensland Department of Primary Industry.
		Conserving water is also important in the mangroves, and many of the plants have thick, waxy skins or dense hairs on their leaves to reduce the amount of water they lose.
	www.aims.gov.au /pages/research/project-net/mangroves-01/apnet-mangroves01.html (1255 words)

	WWF - Mangrove forests: ecology
		Mangrove forests consist of diverse, salt-tolerant tree and other plant species, ranging from small shrubs to tall trees tens of metres high.
		Although a wide variety of plant species are found in mangrove forests, only some 54 species belonging to 16 families are recognized as "true mangroves" - species which are rarely found outside mangrove habitats.
		Mangrove trees have various adaptations that allow them to live in saline, tidal areas.
	www.panda.org /about_wwf/what_we_do/marine/blue_planet/coasts/mangroves/mangrove_ecology/index.cfm (245 words)

	Mangrove Wetlands
		This type of wetland is usually the result of tidal flooding or occurs where a freshwater river flows into the ocean and exist in the area of the river that is effected by the changing ocean tides.
		The word mangrove comes for the Portuguese word (mangue) for "tree" and the English word grove for "a stand of trees" and is used to describe the wetland and the salt-tolerant trees that grow in this climate.
		The red mangrove tree and the fl mangrove tree are the dominate plant life in the mangrove wetland.
	www.cas.psu.edu /DOCS/WEBCOURSE/WETLAND/WET5/mangrove_wetlands.htm (472 words)

	The value of Mangroves (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Mangroves are valuable ecosystems -- they act as nurseries and feeding grounds for many fish and crustaceans and non-resident fish enter the mangroves to feed at high tide.
		Mangrove productivity is closely linked with the life cycle of mangrove crabs and many economically important Penaeid prawn species, and the dependence of prawn fisheries on adjacent mangroves is indicated by the strong positive correlation (r = 0.89) between total area of mangrove forests and commercial catch of prawns.
		Logging of mangroves for timber and other products have continued for several decades and this apparently sustainable logging is a very important factor in mangrove swamp conservation because it is an ongoing demonstration of the value of undamaged mangrove forests.
	www.tracc.org.my /Borneocoast/MANGROVES/MANG_VALUE.html (395 words)

	The Mangrove Forest: background paper
		Mangrove forests are comprised of taxonomically diverse, salt-tolerant tree and other plant species which thrive in intertidal zones of sheltered tropical shores, "overwash" islands, and estuaries.
		Mangrove trees have specially adapted aerial and salt-filtering roots and salt-excreting leaves that enable them to occupy the saline wetlands where other plant life cannot survive.
		Mangroves have also been useful in treating effluent, as the plants absorb excess nitrates and phosphates thereby preventing contamination of nearshore waters.
	www.ramsar.org /about/about_mangroves_2.htm (1854 words)

	EPA > Wetlands > Wetland Types > Mangrove Swamps (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Mangrove swamps are coastal wetlands found in tropical and subtropical regions.
		Mangrove trees dominate this wetland ecosystem due to their ability to survive in both salt and fresh water.
		Since these estuarine swamps are constantly replenished with nutrients transported by fresh water runoff from the land and flushed by the ebb and flow of the tides, they support a bursting population of bacteria and other decomposers and filter feeders.
	www.epa.gov /owow/wetlands/types/mangrove.html (453 words)

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