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	Manhattan Project - MSN Encarta
		Manhattan Project, the name given to the United States effort—strongly aided by the United Kingdom—to build the atomic bombs that helped end World War II (1939-1945).
		The Manhattan Project ranks as the largest industrial and scientific effort in the history of the world, costing more than $2 billion in 1945 dollars and involving more than 175,000 workers.
		Among the scientists and mathematicians who participated in the Manhattan Project were Philip H. Abelson, Hans Bethe, Niels Bohr, Sir James Chadwick, Enrico Fermi, Richard Feynman, Otto Frisch, George Kistiakowsky, Ernest Lawrence, Philip Morrison, Seth Neddermeyer, John von Neumann, Rudolf Peierls, I.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_701610456/Manhattan_Project.html (2564 words)

	[No title]
		In September 1942, the Corps of Engineers established the Manhattan Engineer District to oversee the development of a nuclear weapon.
		MED obtained permission to use the site from the Commanding General of the Second Air Force (Army Air Forces) on 7 September 1944 (12).
		LASL, though administered by the University of California, was part of the Manhattan Project, supervised by the Army Corps of Engineers Manhattan Engineer District.
	www.cddc.vt.edu /host/atomic/trinity/prjtr10.txt (9815 words)

	LANL \| History \| Road \| Oppenheimer's Plan
		They were helped by consultants and a committee appointed by the Manhattan Engineer District's leadership to review their plans to ensure they would accomplish that goal.
		James Bryant Conant, chairman of the NDRC Committee charged with scientific oversight of the nuclear weapons program, persuaded Groves that such a review committee was necessary to ensure the soundness of the research program and assured him that scientists in university and industrial laboratories were accustomed to such review committees.
		Engineering a weapon would more than double the personnel of the Laboratory, require local testing of weapon components and demand more liaison with the military services.
	www.lanl.gov /history/road/oversight.shtml (1100 words)

	The Manhattan Project
		From the study of nuclear physics and chemistry to the practical engineering and processing of uranium 235 and plutonium 239 and the final construction of the weapons, scientific knowledge grew at an exponential rate to critical levels.
		Although originally established in Manhattan, New York by the Manhattan Engineer District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the majority of the research took place under director General Leslie Groves at the Los Alamos laboratory in New Mexico.
		Aside from scientific curiosity, the main motivation of the Manhattan project scientists throughout the duration of the development of the atomic bomb was a fear of a nuclear-empowered Hitler.
	www.pitt.edu /~sdb14/atombomb.html (3496 words)

	LANL \| History \| People of Wartime Los Alamos \| Special Engineering Detachment (SEDs)
		In October 1943, the 9812th Special Engineer Detachment (SED) of the Manhattan Engineer District (MED) began to supply technical personnel to the Laboratory.
		The MED was often reluctant to intervene with local draft boards to secure deferments because it could not reveal the nature of its work.
		The MED's Selective Service Section took drastic steps to secure their deferments, and by the end of the war, more than 60,000 deferment actions, involving scientists at Los Alamos; Oak Ridge, Tenn.; Chicago; and Berkeley, Calif., among other MED installations, were processed.
	www.lanl.gov /history/wartime/engineers.shtml (1402 words)

	Reorganization of the Manhattan Engineer District \| The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb \| History of the ...
		Reorganization of the Manhattan Engineer District: Groves and the Military Policy Committee
		Groves was an engineer with impressive credentials, including building of the Pentagon, and, most importantly, had strong administrative abilities.
		With Groves in overall command (Marshall remained as District Engineer, where his cautious nature proved useful in later decision making) and the Military Policy Committee in place (the Top Policy Group retained broad policy authority), Bush felt that early organizational deficiencies had been remedied.
	www.atomicarchive.com /History/mp/p3s2.shtml (451 words)

	Manhattan Project Summary
		The Manhattan Engineer District, a secret U.S. government project begun in 1942 to develop an atomic bomb, was managed by Brigadier General Leslie Groves and undertaken by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
		Formally designated as the Manhattan Engineering District(MED), it refers specifically to the period of the project from 1942-1946 under the control of the U.S. Army Corps...
		Manhattan Project: The Manhattan Project resulted in the development of the first nuclear weapons, and the first-ever nuclear detonation, at the Trinity test of July 16, 1945.
	www.bookrags.com /Manhattan_Project (337 words)

	Manhattan Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		To disguise this super-secret project, the Corps created a Manhattan Engineer District, with a headquarters initially based in New York City.
		Grove's major task was to build the huge industrial facilities needed to separate the small amounts of uranium and plutonium needed for a bomb.
		At Hanford, Washington, the Corps of Engineers supervised the construction of a giant facility that used nuclear reactors to generate plutonium 239, which became the principal bomb fuel.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /~mfujita/manhattanproject.htm (243 words)

	Middlesex Sampling Plant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Manhattan Engineer District established the sampling plant in 1943 to sample, store, and ship uranium, thorium, and beryllium ores.
		Manhattan Engineer District operations at the site ceased in 1955, but the Atomic Energy Commission later used the site for storage and limited sampling of thorium residues.
		A third radiological survey was conducted in 1983 to prepare for an engineering evaluation for future cleanup of the site in its entirety.
	web.em.doe.gov /bemr96/misp.html (1633 words)

	Manhattan Project - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Manhattan Project refers to the project to develop the first nuclear weapons during World War II by the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada.
		Born out of a small research program that began in 1939, the Manhattan Project would eventually employ more than 130,000 people and cost a total of nearly $2 billion USD ($20 billion in 2004 dollars based on CPI), and result in the creation of multiple production and research sites operated in secret.
		Chicago pile - 1 As the Manhattan project progressed, Fermi and his crew worked on what was to be known as the very first nuclear chain reaction.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Manhattan_Project (5353 words)

	MANHATTAN DISTRICT WAC DETACHMENT1
		Early in 1943 preliminary construction work for Manhattan District was well under way and as work progressed, the volume of classified information, regarding all phases of the project, increased proportionately.
		The volume of work had increased; also the number of Manhattan District Area offices in which Women's Army Corps members were used, and as a result allotments were increased progressively until Manhattan District had authority for a total of 425 enlisted women.
		The first enlisted woman assigned to the Manhattan District WAC Detachment on 25 June 1943 was Myrtle L. Hayes, who served as First Sergeant for more than two years.
	www.army.mil /cmh-pg/topics/women/ManWac.htm (1064 words)

	Spying without Spies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Manhattan Engineer District ran the first rudimentary detection system on Germany in 1944 using A-26s with xenon-detection equipment.
		Manhattan Engineer District was the cover name assigned to the Army organization that designed, built, and tested the first atomic bombs.
		Atomic science was still in its infancy, and during the war the Manhattan Engineer District had focused only on producing the bomb.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/bookrev/ziegler.html (688 words)

	THE ATOMIC BOMBINGS OF HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI
		It is of interest to note that Dr. Hans Bethe, then a member of the Manhattan Engineer District on loan from Cornell University, predicted the existence and characteristics of this ball of fire months before the first test was carried out.
		Throughout the period of the Manhattan Engineer District investigation, Japanese doctors and patients were repeatedly requested to bring to them any patients who they thought might be examples of persons harmed from persistent radioactivity.
		On the broad street in the Hakushima district, naked burned cadavers are particularly numerous.
	www.cddc.vt.edu /host/atomic/hiroshim/hiro_med.html (20606 words)

	FUSRAP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		During the 1940s, uranium ore was shipped to the Manhattan Engineer District from the Belgian Congo or mined in the western United States and Canada.
		When the Manhattan Engineer District/Atomic Energy Commission operations at the university ceased, the facilities were decontaminated to meet health and safety criteria then in effect, and the first three buildings were dismantled.
		Work for the Manhattan Engineer District/Atomic Energy Commission during the 1940s and early 1950s included research and development of fuel reprocessing and component testing with uranium hexafluoride as well as development and use of uranium processing and recovery techniques.
	web.em.doe.gov /bemr96/fusrap.html (6747 words)

	Clinton Engineer Works (Oak Ridge) \| The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb \| History of the Atomic Age \| ...
		Original plans called for the Clinton Engineer Works, as the military reservation was named, to house approximately 13,000 people in prefabricated housing, trailers, and wood dormitories.
		By the time the Manhattan Engineer District headquarters were moved from Washington to Tennessee in the summer of 1943 (Groves kept the Manhattan Project's office in Washington and placed Nichols in command in Tennessee), estimates for the town of Oak Ridge had been revised upward to 4045,000 people.
		At the end of the war, Oak Ridge was the fifth largest town in Tennessee, and the Clinton Engineer Works was consuming one-seventh of all the power being produced in the nation.
	www.atomicarchive.com /History/mp/p4s2.shtml (348 words)

	Introduction: The Manhattan Project: A New and Secret World of Human Experimentation
		In August 1942, the Manhattan Engineer District was created by the government to meet the goal of producing an atomic weapon under the pressure of ongoing global war.
		The need to protect the Manhattan Project workers soon gave rise to a new discipline, called health physics, which sought to understand radiation effects and monitor and protect nuclear worker health and safety.
		For example, a July 1945 Manhattan Project memo discussed whether to inform a worker that her case of nephritis (a kidney disease) may have been due to her work on the Project.
	www.eh.doe.gov /ohre/roadmap/achre/intro_3.html (1689 words)

	THE MANHATTAN PROJECT
		The Manhattan Project was the code name for the US effort during World War II to produce the atomic bomb.
		It was named for the Manhattan Engineer District of the US Army Corps of Engineers, because much of the early research was done in New York City.
		Sparked by refugee physicists in the United States, the program was slowly organized after nuclear fission was discovered by German scientists in 1938, and many US scientists expressed the fear that Hitler would attempt to build a fission bomb.
	members.tripod.com /summerbr5/manhattan.html (350 words)

	The Manhattan Project
		The project was named after the Manhattan Engineer District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, based in New York City, where much of the early research for the project was done.
		The Manhattan Project produced three bombs: the first bomb was known as "Gadget" and was used as a test model.
		The Manhattan Project allowed the United States to unlock the mysteries of the atom, but it also introduced the most destructive creation of warfare known to mankind.
	www.u-s-history.com /pages/h1644.html (907 words)

	The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki \| Historical Documents \| atomicarchive.com
		This report describes the effects of the atomic bombs which were dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945, respectively.
		It summarizes all the authentic information that is available on damage to structures, injuries to personnel, morale effect, etc., which can be released at this time without prejudicing the security of the United States.
		This report has been compiled by the Manhattan Engineer District of the United States Army under the direction of Major General Leslie R. Groves.
	www.atomicarchive.com /Docs/MED/index.shtml (202 words)

	NSDL Metadata Record -- Correspondence ("Top Secret") of the Manhattan Engineer District 1942?1946
		This collection of declassified documents pertaining to the creation of the first atomic bombs contains selected correspondence of Major General Leslie Groves, commander of the Manhattan Engineering District from 1942 to 1946.
		The documents were chosen because of their particular connection to General Groves or because of their originally high security classification.
		The collection is an important source of primary documents, and would be most useful to persons researching the history of the Manhattan Project.
	nsdl.org /mr/440301 (125 words)

	The Manhattan Project
		On June 3, after visiting the thermal diffusion uranium enrichment pilot plan at the Naval Research Laboratory, a team of Manhattan Project experts recommended that a plant be built to feed enriched material to the electromagnetic enrichment plant at Oak Ridge.
		This discovery was a turning point for Los Alamos, the Manhattan Project, and eventually for the practice of large scale science after the war.
		Instead of being organized around scientific and engineering areas of expertise, all work was organized around whether it applied to implosion, or the uranium gun weapon, with the former receiving most of the resources.
	nuclearweaponarchive.org /Usa/Med/Med.html (3448 words)

	Groves and the MED, 1942
		Marshall immediately moved from Syracuse, where he served in the Corps’s Syracuse Engineer District, to New York City.
		The resulting lack of coordination complicated attempts to gain a higher priority for scarce materials and boded ill for the future of the entire bomb project.
		Though traditional scientific caution might be short-circuited in the process, there was no alternative if a bomb was to be built in time to be used in the current conflict.
	www.cfo.doe.gov /me70/manhattan/groves_med.htm (659 words)

	Long-Term Environmental Stewardship
		Thus, Oxnard Field was transferred from the jurisdiction of the Army Air Corps to the U.S. Army Service Forces Chief of Engineer District and thereafter assigned to the Manhattan Engineer District.
		In July of 1945, the forerunner of Sandia Laboratory, known as "Z" Division, was established at Oxnard Field to handle future weapons development, testing, and bomb assembly for the Manhattan Engineer District.
		Upon its arrival, the Manhattan Engineer District authorized construction of guard, storage, administrative, and laboratory facilities for "Sandia Base." The use of the term "Sandia Base" in this directive should be noted, as it is apparently the first official recognition of the name.
	www.sandia.gov /ltes/snl_history.htm (1432 words)

	Chapter 5: The Manhattan District Experiments
		The final report, unlike other reports on the Manhattan District metabolism studies, briefly discusses the question of consent: "the general problem was outlined to a number of hospital patients with no previous or probable future contact with polonium.
		Under the Manhattan District contract, Hamilton's studies originally had involved exposing rats to plutonium in an effort to determine its metabolic fate and thereby project the risk to workers at atomic plants.
		[76] In January 1945, Hamilton confirmed to the Manhattan District that he planned "to undertake, on a limited scale, a series of metabolic studies with [plutonium] using human subjects."[77] The purpose of this work, Hamilton wrote, "was to evaluate the possible hazards.
	biotech.law.lsu.edu /research/reports/ACHRE/chap5_2.html (5030 words)

	A-Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, The Manhattan Engineer District
		It was prepared by the Manhattan Engineer District of the United States Army under the direction of Major General Leslie R. Groves.
		At that time, under the scientific assumptions which turned out to be correct, the summer of 1945 was named as the most likely date when sufficient production would have been achieved to make it possible actually to construct and utilize an atomic bomb.
		It was essential before this time to develop the technique of constructing and detonating the bomb and to make an almost infinite number of scientific and engineering developments and tests.
	www.bookmice.net /darkchilde/japan/atomic2.html (1692 words)

	Copenhagen . Glossary \| PBS
		The isolated area in New Mexico where the first atomic bomb was designed and constructed by a team of scientists from the Manhattan Project.
		The Manhattan Engineer District, or the Manhattan Project, was the district of the Army Corps of Engineers established to coordinate and oversee the myriad projects involved in the effort to produce the first atomic bomb.
		The name derives from the Manhattan (New York City) location of the district headquarters.
	www.pbs.org /hollywoodpresents/copenhagen/glossary.html (1608 words)

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