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	Mani pulite - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mani pulite (Italian for clean hands) was a nationwide Italian police investigation into political corruption held in the 1990s, following the scandal of Banco Ambrosiano in 1982, which implicated mafia, Vatican Bank and P2.
		Many think that this move was to preserve his many industries from possible corruption charges.
		Most of the Mani pulite investigation pool declared that they would respect the state's laws, but they could not work in a situation where duty and conscience were to conflict: they requested therefore to be reassigned to other duties.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mani_Pulite (1864 words)

	Tangentopoli - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Bettino Craxi, viewed by many as the symbol of Tangentopoli, leader of the Italian Socialist Party, is greeted by a salvo of coins as a sign of loath by protesters contesting him.
		Licio Gelli, the infamous headmaster of Propaganda Due (aka "P2") outlawed masonic lodge, was a main character of this scandal, as of the Banco Ambrosiano krach scandal and the Gladio NATO clandestine structure, which engaged itself in domestic terror during Italy's strategy of tension in the 1970s-80s.
		However, the uninterrupted presence in power of many powerful and less powerful politicians undoubtedly contributed to the rise of a political class that did not have much consideration of popular opinion, as they were confident that the majority would not vote for the Communists anyway.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tangentopoli (1313 words)

	mani pulite (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		It led to the demise of the so-called First Republic, with the disappearance of the Democrazia Cristiana party (Christian-Democrats, or DC) that was the party of power in Italy from the end of World War II.
		Many industry leaders committed suicide after their crimes were exposed.
		During April 1992, many industrial figures and politicians, both from the majority party and from the opposition, were arrested with charges of corruption.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /Mani_pulite.html (876 words)

	Mani pulite: Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Mani pulite (Italian (Italian: A native or inhabitant of Italy) for clean hands) was a nationwide Italian (Italian: A native or inhabitant of Italy) police investigation into political corruption.
		There was however no opposition leadership, and many votes went to Lega Nord (Lega Nord: more facts about this subject), a party that was not inclined to alliances at the time.
		It was later found that the main prosecutor of Di Pietro in these times, Fabio Salamone from Brescia (Brescia: An ancient Italian city in central Lombardy), was the brother of a man that Di Pietro himself had prosecuted, and who was sentenced to 18 months of jail for various corruption charges.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/mani_pulite (2100 words)

	Encyclopedia: Mani Pulite (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Antonio di Pietro Antonio Di Pietro (born Montenero di Bisaccia, Italy, October 2, 1950) is an Italian Senator and was a magistrate in the team of the so-called Mani Pulite.
		He has been accused for many crimes related to his firms (Mediaset, Fininvest): he was accused of many cases of false accounting, tax fraud, bribery and corruption but the conviction yielded no actual prison sentences, as the trials took so long that they were closed because of the statute of limitations.
		Many suspects on his person are rised by his enduring refuse to explain his past: apparently, his empire was founded and developed with money (about 250 millions Euro) coming from nowhere and he never ever explained anything about where that money came from.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Mani-Pulite (3970 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Antonio Di Pietro
		Antonio Di Pietro (born on 12 October 1950 in Montenero di Bisaccia, Italy) is a Member of the European Parliament, former Italian Senator and was a magistrate in the team of the so-called "Mani Pulite".
		He soon became the most popular among Mani Pulite judges, due to his popular way of speaking, with a number of dialectal inflections and expressions, coupled with a sensible accent and a determined temper.
		After the effects of the Mani Pulite investigations disbanded the previously ruling parties (first of all, Democrazia Cristiana), Di Pietro was called by Romano Prodi in his new governing team, as a minister for the Public Works, with competences on all what was primarily object of bribery (all the initiatives financed by the state).
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Antonio_Di_Pietro (795 words)

	Mani pulite - Unipedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		De "Mani Pulite" a "PuÃ±etas Oscuras".(reformas al sistema judicial son necesarias en EspaÃ±a)(TT: From "Mani Pulite" to " Dark Hands".)(TA: reforms to judicial...
		Storia della magistratura in Italia: Da Piazza Fontana a Mani Pulite (I saggi)
		Mani pulite and bocche aperte: Le frasi celebri di Tangentopoli (Ingrandimenti)
	unipedia.info /Mani_Pulite.html (1827 words)

	Recent Italian Politics
		The judges of Mani Pulite(clean hands) have contributed to uncovering the lodge Tangentopoli, (city of tangents), a network through which shares of public funds were abusively appropriated by administrators and politicians.
		Mani Pulite staged a campaign to promote integrity in the public administration.
		Since Anzio, many reforms and modernization have come into being, some of which are more advanced than their American equivalents.
	zena.secureforum.com /Znet/zmag/articles/jan94donofrio.htm (1376 words)

	A & I Review America & Italia Review
		Their own statements during Mani pulite spoke of revolution, of being available to rule if the politicians couldn’t do the job, and of the real job having been completed as soon as an enemy politician, perhaps just on receiving notice that he was being investigated, resigned his posts and withdrew from politics.
		This view of Mani pulite, antithetical to the popular passions of the early 1990s, is now generally accepted.
		There is of course a third, quite respectable, view that, terrible as some of the abuses may have been, Mani pulite performed a necessary cleansing function, achieved an end that justified some rather terrible means.
	www.aiweekly.com /art7.htm (888 words)

	TIME Europe \| TIME Trail: Italy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The incident seemed innocuous enough, but for the investigators who caught Chiesa the bust was the beginning of a dizzying two years of arrests and inquiries that became known as the mani pulite, or "clean hands," affair (TIME, Sept.
		The mani pulite probe swept away almost an entire class of political leaders (TIME, March 8, 1993).
		Even though the mani pulite inquiries had run out of steam, men such as Prodi "would never have come to power had the old graft-ridden party system not collapsed under the weight of the anti-corruption campaign that began in 1992."
	www.time.com /time/europe/timetrails/italy (1362 words)

	Bettino Craxi - Art History Online Reference and Guide
		Things were further complicated by the fact that many parties had internal currents that would have welcomed the Communist in the government coalition; in particular, within the DC, Democrazia Cristiana (Christian Democrats), the largest party in Italy from 1945 to end of the "Prima Repubblica ".
		During the "Mani pulite" period, Craxi tried to use a daring defense tactic: he maintained that all parties needed and took money illegally, however they could get it, to finance their activities.
		Craxi's lifestyle was perceived to be unjustified for the secretary of a party with so many alleged financial problems: he used to live in an expensive Hotel in Rome's centre (Piazza Navona), the Raphael, and had a large villa in Hammamet, Tunisia.
	www.arthistoryclub.com /art_history/Bettino_Craxi (1633 words)

	An Italian Story - Global Policy Forum - Nations and States
		Since 1994, however, magistrates have investigated many allegations against Mr Berlusconi, including money-laundering, association with the Mafia, tax evasion, complicity in murder and bribery of politicians, judges and the finance ministry’s police, the Guardia di Finanza.
		Mr Berlusconi, who strongly denies all the allegations, maintains that left-wing magistrates dominate the judiciary, and that the mani pulite investigations were politically motivated.
		Mr Berlusconi is alleged to have bribed an appeal-court judge, Vittorio Metta, with 400m lire to rule in his favour in a case that decided the battle with Mr De Benedetti.
	www.globalpolicy.org /nations/corrupt/2001/0426it.htm (3997 words)

	Insight on the News: Pax romana or chaos for Italy's electorate? - Cover Story
		Still, the general attitude in Italy is that Mani Pulite is over, although there is still some pulizia (housecleaning) that must be finished.
		Italians may have reached a saturation point with scandal and corruption; the mood of the country and the electorate definitely is eager for the future.
		We want many of the same things that these other parties want; the difference is that we have an understanding that changes in the economy should be tempered by policies that don't cause undue suffering.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1571/is_n13_v10/ai_14976254/pg_2 (1460 words)

	Antonio Di Pietro - TheBestLinks.com - Antonio di Pietro, Florence, Italy, Law, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Antonio Di Pietro (born Montenero di Bisaccia, Italy, October 2, 1950) is an Italian Senator and was a magistrate in the team of the so-called "Mani Pulite".
		Berlusconi the famous "warning of investigation" (a formal act to inform a citizen that an investigation is being run about him) while the prime minister was heading an international meeting on police cooperation.
		He soon became the most popular among Mani Pulite judges, due to his popular way of speaking (practically, he mainly uses his native dialect, and with a relevant accent, even in official or formal moments).
	www.thebestlinks.com /Antonio_di_Pietro.html (492 words)

	Socialist Party New PSI - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Despite its name and purported ideology, the party is affiliated to the ruling right-of-centre House of Freedoms coalition, led by Silvio Berlusconi, who also was a close friend of Bettino Craxi.
		The party's members are often former followers of Bettino Craxi, whom they often portray as a victim of political persecution, notwithstanding the many convictions he received on corruption charges.
		The party leader is Gianni De Michelis, former minister of foreign affairs in a number of Italian governments, and formerly a close ally of Craxi.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/NPSI (724 words)

	Economist Tips Italian Election By Anne Applebaum
		In the early 1990s, however, Italy went through the wrenching drama of the Mani Pulite ("clean hands") campaign, during which (for those who don't remember it) corruption investigations led to the downfall of virtually the entire Italian political class.
		For Italy, it was every bit as big a watershed as the 1989 fall of the Berlin Wall was in Eastern Europe (to which it was not unrelated, but that is another story).
		Rightly or wrongly, at least a part of the voting public has now recovered from the trauma of Mani Pulite and wants to forgive, forget, and move on.
	www.slate.com /id/106030 (951 words)

	Italy: Court overturns Berlusconi's immunity law (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		At the start of the 1990s, Di Pietro, in his capacity as state attorney, had played a leading role in the Mani Pulite (clean hands) anti-corruption campaign that led to the prosecution of hundreds of politicians and business executives.
		At the beginning of the 1990s, he was around 1.3 billion euros in debt and faced a host of court cases.
		Many of the legal changes made to benefit Berlusconi were subsequently exploited by the head of Parmalat.
	www.wsws.org /articles/2004/jan2004/ital-j23_prn.shtml (1848 words)

	A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union --T--
		The campaign to clean up the system was known as 'mani pulite' ('clean hands').
		In the general perception, the Community's right to intervene in tax matters is restricted under the Treaty of Rome to harmonisation of indirect taxes such as VAT and excise duties (from which source the EU also collects most of its own budgetary funding).
		While it was unlikely that many of these proposals would find their way undiluted into the 'Treaty of Nice' against the expected opposition of the UK and the Nordic member states, the fact that they were being made at all suggested that the EU was as bent on integration as ever.
	www.euro-know.org /dictionary/t.html (4298 words)

	A & I Review America & Italia Review
		Di Pietro was in New York for a Bronx evening of solidarity to raise funds for the victims in the earthquake of Molise his home town.
		Their main criticism of Mani Pulite, is that it's not that the judges didn't arrest the corruptors and the corrupted, but that they investigated some harder than others...
		Because of Mani Pulite, he could continually convince the citizenry that he represented the new.
	www.americaitaliareview.com /art6.htm (2054 words)

	Italy's Sad Choice
		Corruption in the form of kickbacks and bribes was rampant a few years ago, until the Mani pulite campaign (‘Clean Hands,’ and anti-corruption probe into various facets of Italian political life) brought some semblance of legality to the political process.
		Craxi, a corrupt politician from the 1980s whose downfall leads to the Mani pulite campaign.
		Italy is a major trading partner, an ally in NATO and an active member of many important international bodies.
	baltimorechronicle.com /italy_may01.html (831 words)

	mani - Books, journals, articles @ The Questia Online Library
		...Hocaba 55 6 The Province of Mani, or Tutul-Xiu 61 7 The...6.
		Mani Pulite began three years ago when Antonio Di Pietro...Carlo de Benedetti and Fiat president Gianni Agnelli.
		Manis Life Mani (called Manes by the Greeks and Romans) was born...the Old Testament and parts of the New Testament, Mani claimed Buddha, Zoroaster, Hermes, and Plato as...
	www.questia.com /search/mani (1527 words)

	Whiskey Bar: Clean Hands (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		There are many precedents for this -- but the one I've been thinking about lately is Italian, not American.
		In the early 1990s, a group of magistrates (a position combining some of the functions of both prosecutors and judges) in Milan began digging into the twin dung heaps of criminality that were the Italian political system and the Italian corporate establishment.
		While the economy has deteriorated (without a constantly depreciating lira, many Italian companies have lost their competitive edge) the right has compensated by ditching most of Berlusconi's original free market rhetoric and returning to Italy's traditional love affair with deficit spending.
	billmon.org /archives/001969.html (2262 words)

	The Fruits of Office - Global Policy Forum - Nations and States (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The magistrates who launched the mani pulite (clean hands) investigations into corruption in 1992 have used the current legislation to prosecute a string of businessmen, including Mr Berlusconi.
		Under it, as proposed (but rejected by the opposition), the speakers of the two houses would name a three-person watchdog to point out legislation that might lead to such conflicts, for him or other ministers.
		Mr Berlusconi failed in an attempt during his first spell as prime minister in 1994 to pass a law, known to its foes as the decreto salva ladri (save-the-thieves law), that would have let off people under investigation by the mani pulite.
	www.globalpolicy.org /nations/launder/regions/2001/0809ital.htm (959 words)

	MONEY FILE$: UNITED NATIONS ARCHIVES
		Berlusconi's defenders claim the left has commandeered Italy's mani pulite (clean hands) campaign that was designed to clean up the notorious warrens of Italian politics.
		The prime minister's party says that mani pulite is being used by the left against Berlusconi and others who cannot be beaten at the polls.
		It has taken and still has, in many cases, a leading role in Kosovo, North Korea, Southern Africa, Southern Sudan, the Great Lakes region of Africa, Afghanistan, Sierra Leone, Somalia and Iraq.
	www.moneyfiles.org /UN05.html (2526 words)

	Articles - 1990s (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Many countries, institutions, companies, and organizations experienced the 1990s as "a prosperous time." In many Western countries, political stability and decreased militarization due to the winding down of the Cold War lead to economic growth and higher standards of living for many upper class citizens.
		Oil and gas were discovered in many countries in the former Soviet bloc, leading to economic growth and wider adoption of Western-style free market economies and free trade between nations.
		However critics of western-style capitalism contend that the economic gains of the 1990s were unevenly distributed throughout society, widening the gap between the wealthiest and poorest citizens.
	www.vacuum-center.net /articles/1990s (3332 words)

	Argentina amid the political crisis and the institutional crisis
		When Alvarez officially stated, denouncing the alleged bribes, that ‘this may be the Italian mani pulite’, he raised the conflict.
		The Italian crisis triggered the dissolution of the two traditional political parties –Socialists and Christian Democrats- the government collapsed, new elections were called, an electoral law reform was submitted and the many politicians were imprisoned.
		No renowned UCR or PJ leader could agree with this scenario but Cavallo for he and Alvarez are the political beneficiaries of the traditional party system crisis.
	www.nuevamayoria.com /english/analysis/fragaarg/ifragaarg1110.htm (587 words)

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